Health-related physical fitness for children with cerebral palsy

Journal of Child Neurology

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1091-1100

  Maltais, Désirée B ^a   Wiart, Lesley ^b   Fowler, Eileen ^c   Verschuren, Olaf ^d   Damiano, Diane L ^e  

^a CENTER FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN REHABILITATION AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^e NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

cerebral palsy; physical activity; physical fitness

Indexed keywords

ANAEROBIC EXERCISE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION; CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; ENDURANCE; FITNESS; HUMAN; MUSCLE EXERCISE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE TRAINING; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRAINING; KINESIOTHERAPY; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL FITNESS;

EID: 84904654046     PISSN: 08830738     EISSN: 17088283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0883073814533152     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. 2010; Available at:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/ 9789241599979-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed March 6, 2014.
2. Carlon SL, Taylor NF, Dodd KJ, Shields N. Differences in habitual physical activity levels of young people with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers: A systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2013 ; 35: 647-655
3. Bjornson KF, Belza B, Kartin D, et al. Ambulatory physical activity performance in youth with cerebral palsy and youth who are developing typically. Phys Ther. 2007 ; 87: 248-257
4. Gorter JW, Noorduyn SG, Obeid J, Timmons BW. Accelerometry: a feasible method to quantify physical activity in ambulatory and nonambulatory adolescents with cerebral palsy. Int J Pediatr. 2012 ; 2012: 329284
5. Maher CA, Williams MT, Olds T, Lane AE. Physical and sedentary activity in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 49: 450-457
6. Bouchard C, Shephard RJ Physical Activity, Fitness and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Bouchard C Shephard RJ Stephen T, ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics ; 1994 :
7. Pate R. The evolving definition of physical fitness. Quest. 1988 ; 40: 174-179
8. Robson P. Cerebral palsy and physical fitness. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1972 ; 14: 811-813
9. Wright FV, Maltais DB, Sanders H, Burtner PA Measures for Children With Developmental Disabilities: An ICF-CY Approach. Majnemer A, ed. London: MacKeith Press ; 2012: 192-230.
10. Verschuren O, Zwinkels M, Ketelaar M, et al. Reproducibility and validity of the 10-meter shuttle ride test in wheelchair-using children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2013 ; 93: 967-974
11. Verschuren O, Bosma L, Takken T. Reliability of a shuttle run test for children with cerebral palsy who are classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System level III. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 ; 53: 470-472
12. Verschuren O, Bloemen M, Kruitwagen C, Takken T. Reference values for aerobic fitness in children, adolescents, and young adults who have cerebral palsy and are ambulatory. Phys Ther. 2010 ; 90: 1148-1156
13. Verschuren O, Takken T, Ketelaar M, et al. Reliability and validity of data for 2 newly developed shuttle run tests in children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2006 ; 86: 1107-1117
14. Ruiz JR, Castro-Piñero J, Artero EG, et al. Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009 ; 43: 909-923
15. Verschuren O, Takken T. Aerobic capacity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2010 ; 31: 1352-1357
16. Dallmeijer AJ, Brehm MA. Physical strain of comfortable walking in children with mild cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil. 2011 ; 33: 1351-1357
17. Lundberg A. Longitudinal study of physical working capacity of young people with spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1984 ; 26: 328-334
18. Balemans ACJ, Van Wely L, De Heer SJA, et al. Maximal aerobic and anaerobic exercise responses in children with cerebral palsy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013 ; 45: 561-568
19. Hoofwijk M, Unnithan V, Bar Or O. Maximal treadmill performance of children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1995 ; 7: 305-313
20. Dencker M, Andersen LB. Accelerometer-measured daily physical activity related to aerobic fitness in children and adolescents. J Sports Sci. 2011 ; 29: 887-895
21. Maltais DB, Pierrynowski MR, Galea VA, Bar-Or O. Physical activity level is associated with the O2 cost of walking in cerebral palsy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 ; 37: 347-353
22. Sallis JF. Epidemiology of physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1993 ; 33: 403-408
23. Lundberg A, Ovenfors CO, Saltin B. Effect of physical training on school-children with cerebral palsy. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1967 ; 56: 182-188
24. Berg K. Effect of physical training of school children with cerebral palsy. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1970 ; 56: 182-188
25. Bar Or O, Inbar O, Spira R. Physiological effects of a sports rehabilitation program on cerebral palsied and post poliomyelitic adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1976 ; 8: 157-161
26. Unnithan VB, Katsimanis G, Evangelinou C, et al. Effect of strength and aerobic training in children with cerebral palsy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 ; 39: 1902-1090
27. Van Den Berg-Emons RJ, Van Baak MA, Speth L, Saris WH. Physical training of school children with spastic cerebral palsy: Effects on daily activity, fat mass and fitness. Int J Rehabil Res. 1998 ; 21: 179-194
28. Verschuren O, Ketelaar M, Gorter JW, et al. Exercise training program in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 ; 161: 1075-1081
29. Nsenga Leunkeu A, Shephard RJ, Ahmaidi S. Six-minute walk test in children with cerebral palsy gross motor function classification system levels I and II: reproducibility, validity, and training effects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 ; 93: 2333-2339
30. Fowler EG, Knutson LM, DeMuth SK, et al. Pediatric endurance and limb strengthening (PEDALS) for children with cerebral palsy using stationary cycling: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2010 ; 90: 367-381
31. Eek MN, Beckung E. Walking ability is related to muscle strength in children with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 2008 ; 28: 366-371
32. Wiley ME, Damiano DL. Lower-extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998 ; 40: 100-107
33. Fowler EG, Staudt LA, Greenberg MB. Lower-extremity selective voluntary motor control in patients with spastic cerebral palsy: increased distal motor impairment. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2010 ; 52: 264-269
34. Peterson MD, Gordon PM, Hurvitz EA, Burant CF. Secondary muscle pathology and metabolic dysregulation in adults with cerebral palsy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 ; 303: E1085 - E1093
35. Rose J, McGill KC. Neuromuscular activation and motor-unit firing characteristics in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005 ; 47: 329-336
36. Smith LR, Lee KS, Ward SR, et al. Hamstring contractures in children with spastic cerebral palsy result from a stiffer extracellular matrix and increased in vivo sarcomere length. J Physiol. 2011 ; 589: 2625-2639
37. Ando N, Ueda S. Functional deterioration in adults with cerebral palsy. Clin Rehabil. 2000 ; 14: 300-306
38. Damiano DL, Abel MF. Functional outcomes of strength training in spastic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998 ; 79: 119-125
39. Novak I, McIntyre S, Morgan C, et al. A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013 ; 55: 885-910
40. Verschuren O, Ada L, Maltais DB, et al. Muscle strengthening in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy: considerations for future resistance training protocols. Phys Ther. 2011 ; 91: 1130-1139
41. Scholtes VA, Becher JG, Comuth A, et al. Effectiveness of functional progressive resistance exercise strength training on muscle strength and mobility in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010 ; 52: e107 - e113
42. Liao HF, Liu YC, Liu WY, Lin YT. Effectiveness of loaded sit-to-stand resistance exercise for children with mild spastic diplegia: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 ; 88: 25-31
43. Dodd KJ, Taylor NF, Graham HK. A randomized clinical trial of strength training in young people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003 ; 45: 652-657
44. Lee JH, Sung IY, Yoo JY. Therapeutic effects of strengthening exercise on gait function of cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil. 2008 ; 30: 1439-1444
45. Taylor NF, Dodd KJ, Baker RJ, et al. Progressive resistance training and mobility-related function in young people with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013 ; 55: 806-812
46. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization ; 2001 :
47. Damiano DL, Arnold AS, Steele KM, Delp SL. Can strength training predictably improve gait kinematics? A pilot study on the effects of hip and knee extensor strengthening on lower-extremity alignment in cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2010 ; 90: 269-279
48. Scholtes VA, Becher JG, Janssen-Potten YJ, et al. Effectiveness of functional progressive resistance exercise training on walking ability in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Res Dev Disabil. 2012 ; 33: 181-188
49. McNee AE, Gough M, Morrissey MC, Shortland AP. Increases in muscle volume after plantarflexor strength training in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009 ; 51: 429-435
50. Damiano DL, Prosser LA, Curatalo LA, Alter KE. Muscle plasticity and ankle control after repetitive use of a functional electrical stimulation device for foot drop in cerebral palsy. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013 ; 27: 200-207
51. Moreau NG, Holthaus K, Marlow N. Differential adaptations of muscle architecture to high-velocity versus traditional strength training in cerebral palsy. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013 ; 27: 325-334
52. Green S. A definition and systems view of anaerobic capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994 ; 69: 168-173
53. Bailey RC, Olson J, Pepper SL, et al. The level and tempo of children's physical activities: an observational study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 ; 27: 1033-1041
54. Van Praagh E, Doré E. Short-term muscle power during growth and maturation. Sports Med. 2002 ; 32: 701-728
55. Rowland JL. Children's Exercise Physiology. 2 nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2005:166-180. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics ; 2005: 166-180.
56. Verschuren O, Maltais DB, Douma-Van Riet D, et al. Anaerobic performance in children with cerebral palsy compared to children with typical development. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2013 ; 25: 409-413
57. Parker DF, Carriere L, Hebestreit H, Bar-Or O. Anaerobic endurance and peak muscle power in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Am J Dis Children. 1992 ; 146: 1069-1073
58. Bar-Or O. The Wingate anaerobic test: an update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports Med. 1987 ; 4: 381-394
59. Verschuren O, Takken T, Ketelaar M, et al. Reliability for running tests for measuring agility and anaerobic muscle power in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007 ; 19: 108-115
60. Verschuren O, Zwinkels M, Obeid J, et al. Reliability and validity of short-term performance tests for wheelchair-using children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013 ; 55: 1129-1135
61. Verschuren O, Bongers BC, Obeid J, et al. Validity of the muscle power sprint test in ambulatory youth with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2013 ; 25: 25-28
62. Williams CA, Armstrong N, Powell J. Aerobic responses of prepubertal boys to two modes of training. Br J Sports Med. 2000 ; 34: 168-173
63. McPherson A, Keith R. Obesity prevention for children with physical disabilities: A scoping review of physical activity and nutrition interventions. Disabil Rehabil. In press ;:
64. Damiano DL. Rehabilitative therapies in cerebral palsy: the good, the not as good, and the possible. J Child Neurol. 2009 ; 24: 1200-1204
65. Kotte EMW, Winkler AMF, Takken T. Fitkids exercise therapy program in the Netherlands. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2013 ; 25: 7-13
66. Rimmer JH, Henley KY. Building the crossroad between inpatient/outpatient rehabilitation and lifelong community-based fitness for people with neurologic disability. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2013 ; 37: 72-77
67. Rimmer JH. Getting beyond the plateau: bridging the gap between rehabilitation and community-based exercise. PM R. 2012 ; 4: 857-861
68. National Center on Health Physical Activity, and Disability. National Center on Health, Physical Activity, and Disability. 2013; Available at: http://www.ncpad.org/
69. Maltais D ACSM's Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Conditions. 4 th ed. Indianapolis, IN: American College of Sports Medicine; 2013. Indianapolis, IN: American College of Sports Medicine ; 2013 :
70. Small EW, McCambridge MT, Benjamin HJ, et al. Strength training by children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008 ; 121: 835-840
71. Kelly M, Darrah J. Aquatic exercise for children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005 ; 47: 838-842
72. Vogtle LK, Malone LA, Azuero A. Outcomes of an exercise program for pain and fatigue management in adults with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil. 2013 ;: 1-8
73. Ferland C, Moffet H, Maltais DB. Locomotor tests predict community mobility in children and youth with cerebral palsy. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2012 ; 29: 266-277
74. Verschuren O, Maltais DB, Takken T. The 220 - age equation does not predict maximum heart rate in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 ; 53: 861-864
75. Maltais DB, Dumas F, Boucher N, Richards CL. Factors related to physical activity in adults with cerebral palsy may differ for walkers and nonwalkers. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 ; 89: 584-597
76. Rimmer JA, Rowland JL. Physical activity for youth with disabilities: a critical need in an underserved population. Dev Neurorehabil. 2008 ; 11: 141-148
77. Wiart L, Darrah J, Kelly M, Legg D. Community fitness programs: what is available for children and youth with motor disabilities and what do parents want?. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. In press ;:
78. Verschuren O, Wiart L, Hermans D, Ketelaar M. Identification of facilitators and barriers to physical activity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 2012 ; 161: 488-494
79. Rimmer JH, Riley B, Wang E, et al. Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: barriers and facilitators. Am J Prev Med. 2004 ; 26: 419-425
80. Murphy NA, Carbone PS. Promoting the participation of children with disabilities in sports, recreation, and physical activities. Pediatrics. 2008 ; 121: 1057-1061
81. Shimmell LJ, Gorter JW. Jackson D, et al. "It's the participation that motivates him": physical activity experiences of youth with cerebral palsy and their parents. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2013 ; 33: 405-420
82. Shikako-Thomas K, Lach L, Majnemer A, et al. Quality of life from the perspective of adolescents with cerebral palsy: "I just think I'm a normal kid, I just happen to have a disability.". Qual Life Res. 2009 ; 18: 825-832
83. George CL, Oriel KN, Blatt PJ, Marchese V. Impact of a community-based exercise program on children and adolescents with disabilities. J Allied Health. 2011 ; 40: e55 - e60
84. Verschuren O, Wiart L, Ketelaar M. Stages of change in physical activity behavior in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil. 2013 ; 35: 1630-1635
85. Verschuren O, Darrah J, Novak I, et al. Health-enhancing physical activity in children with cerebral palsy: more of the same is not enough. Phys Ther. 2014 ; 94: 297-305
86. Tremblay MS, LeBlanc AG, Kho ME, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Physical Activ. 2011 ; 8: 98
87. Innes J, Darrah J. Sedentary behavior: implications for children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2013 ; 25: 402-408