Pediatric resistance training: Current issues and concerns;Stato dell'arte dell'allenamento con sovraccarichi in età pediatrica: Indicazioni e precauzioni

Minerva Pediatrica

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 217-227

  Moro, T ^a   Bianco, A ^b   Faigenbaum, A D ^c   Paoli, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^c The College of New Jersey   (United States)

Author keywords

Child; Fitness; Resistance training

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; PEDIATRICS; RESISTANCE TRAINING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL;

CHILD; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RESISTANCE TRAINING;

EID: 84904498775     PISSN: 00264946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Cruz-Sanchez Ede L, Feu S, Martinez-Santos R. Inactivity, obesity and mental health in the Spanish population from 4 to 15 years of age. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2011;85:373-82.
2. Blair SN. Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:1-2.
3. Schmidt RA. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review 1975;82:225.
4. Largo RH, Caflisch JA, Hug F, Muggli K, Molnar AA, Molinari L. Neuromotor development from 5 to 18 years. Part 2: associated movements. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:444-53.
5. Largo RH, Caflisch JA, Hug F, Muggli K, Molnar AA, Molinari L et al. Neuromotor development from 5 to 18 years. Part 1: timed performance. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:436-43.
6. Huttenlocher PR, Dabholkar AS. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 1997;387:167-78.
7. Hills AP, Byrne NM. An overview of physical growth and maturation. Med Sport Sci 2010;55:1-13.
8. Rogol AD. Gender and hormonal regulation of growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17(Suppl 4):1259-65.
9. Maone A. Crescere con lo sport. Milano: Alea Edizioni; 2000.
10. Manno R. Muscle strength development in children and adolescents: training and physical conditioning. Med Sport 2008;61:273-97.
11. Ozmun JC, Mikesky AE, Surburg PR. Neuromuscular adaptations following prepubescent strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:510-4.
12. Ramsay JA, Blimkie CJ, Smith K, Garner S, MacDougall JD, Sale DG. Strength training effects in prepubescent boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22:605-14.
13. Granacher U, Goesele A, Roggo K, Wischer T, Fischer S, Zuemy C et al. Effects and mechanisms of strength training in children. Int J Sports Med 2011;32:357-64.
14. Israel S. Age-related changes in strength and special groups. Strength and Power in Sport 1992; Oxford: BlacKwell Scientific Edition; 1992.
15. Mersch F, Stoboy H. Strength training and muscle hypertrophy in children. Children and Exercise 1989;13:165-82.
16. Dimitrov D. Age to begin with weightlifting training. Proceedings of the International Weightlifting Symposium. Budapest: International Weightlifting Federation; 1993. p. 25-30.
17. Honkola A, Forsen T, Eriksson J. Resistance training improves the metabolic profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 1997;34:245-8.
18. D'Hooge R, Hellinckx T, Van Laethem C, Stegen S, De Schepper J, Van Aken S et al. Influence of combined aerobic and resistance training on metabolic control, cardiovascular fitness and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2011;25:349-59.
19. Kim Y, Lee S. Physical activity and abdominal obesity in youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009;34:571-81.
20. Riddell MC, Iscoe KE. Physical activity, sport, and pediatric diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2006;7:60-70.
21. Paoli A. Resistance training: the multifaceted side of exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012;302:E387.
22. Paoli A, Bianco A. Not all exercises are created equal. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:305.
23. Lo MS, Lin LL, Yao WJ, Ma MC. Training and detraining effects of the resistance vs. endurance program on body composition, body size, and physical performance in young men. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:2246-54.
24. Santos AP, Marinho DA, Costa AM, Izquierdo M, Marques MC. The effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training follow a detraining period in elementary school students. J Strength Cond Res 2012;26:1708-16.
25. Shaw BS, Shaw I, Mamen A. Contrasting effects in anthropometric measures of total fatness and abdominal fat mass following endurance and concurrent endurance and resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2010;50:207-13.
26. Paoli A, Pacelli F, Bargossi AM, Marcolin G, Guzzinati S, Neri M, Bianco A, Palma A. Effects of three distinct protocols of fitness training on body composition, strength and blood lactate. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2010;50:43-51.
27. Farinatti PT, Castinheiras Neto AG. The effect of between-set rest intervals on the oxygen uptake during and after resistance exercise sessions performed with large- and small-muscle mass. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:3181-90.
28. Kelleher AR, Hackney KJ, Fairchild TJ, Keslacy S, Ploutz-Snyder LL. The metabolic costs of reciprocal supersets vs. traditional resistance exercise in young recreationally active adults. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:1043-51.
29. Da Silva RL, Brentano MA, Kruel LF. Effects of different strength training methods on postexercise energetic expenditure. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:2255-60.
30. Drummond MJ, Vehrs PR, Schaalje GB, Parcell AC. Aerobic and resistance exercise sequence affects excess postexercise oxygen consumption. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19:332-7.
31. Schuenke MD, Mikat RP, McBride JM. Effect of an acute period of resistance exercise on excess postexercise oxygen consumption: implications for body mass management. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002;86:411-7.
32. Bateman LA, Slentz CA, Willis LH, Shields AT, Piner LW, Bales CW et al. Comparison of aerobic versus resistance exercise training effects on metabolic syndrome (from the Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention Through Defined Exercise -STRRIDE-AT/RT). Am J Cardiol 2011;108:838-44.
33. Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Willis LH, Shields AT, Tanner CJ, Piner LW et al. Effects of aerobic vs. resistance training on visceral and liver fat stores, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance by HOMA in overweight adults from STRRIDE AT/RT. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011;301:E1033-9.
34. de Mello MT, de Piano A, Carnier J, Sanches Pde L, Correa FA, Tock L et al. Long-term effects of aerobic plus resistance training on the metabolic syndrome and adiponectinemia in obese adolescents. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011;13:343-50.
35. Hernan Jimenez O, Ramirez-Velez R. Strength training improves insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid levels without altering body composition in overweight and obese subjects. Endocrinol Nutr 2011;58:169-74.
36. Poehlman ET, Dvorak RV, DeNino WF, Brochu M, Ades PA. Effects of resistance training and endurance training on insulin sensitivity in nonobese, young women: a controlled randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2463-8.
37. Landt KW, Campaigne BN, James FW, Sperling MA. Effects of exercise training on insulin sensitivity in adolescents with type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1985;8:461-5.
38. Costa RR, Lima Alberton C, Tagliari M, Martins Kruel LF. Effects of resistance training on the lipid profile in obese women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2011;51:169-77.
39. Elmahgoub SM, Lambers S, Stegen S, Van Laethem C, Cambier D, Calders P. The influence of combined exercise training on indices of obesity, physical fitness and lipid profile in overweight and obese adolescents with mental retardation. Eur J Pediatr 2009;168:1327-33.
40. Sung RY, Yu CW, Chang SK, Mo SW, Woo KS, Lam CW. Effects of dietary intervention and strength training on blood lipid level in obese children. Arch Dis Child 2002;86:407-10.
41. Weltman A, Janney C, Rians CB, Strand K, Katch FI. The effects of hydraulic-resistance strength training on serum lipid levels in prepubertal boys. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:777-80.
42. Fripp RR, Hodgson JL. Effect of resistive training on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in male adolescents. J Pediatr 1987;111:926-31.
43. Phillips B, Williams J, Atherton P, Smith K, Hildebrandt W, Rankin D, Greenhaff P et al. Resistance exercise training improves age-related declines in leg vascular conductance and rejuvenates acute leg blood flow responses to feeding and exercise. J Appl Physiol 2012;112:347-53.
44. Rossow LM, Fahs CA, Sherk VD, Seo DI, Bemben DA, Bemben MG. The effect of acute blood-flowrestricted resistance exercise on postexercise blood pressure. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2011;31:429-34.
45. Clark BC, Manini TM, Hoffman RL, Williams PS, Guiler MK, Knutson MJ et al. Relative safety of 4 weeks of blood flow-restricted resistance exercise in young, healthy adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011;21:653-62.
46. Tompkins CL, Moran K, Preedom S, Brock DW. Physical activity-induced improvements in markers of insulin resistance in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Curr Diabetes Rev 2011;7:164-70.
47. Shaibi GQ, Cruz ML, Ball GD, Weigensberg MJ, Salem GJ, Crespo NC et al. Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino adolescent males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:1208-15.
48. Kendrick IP, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Kim CK, Dang VH, Lam TQ et al. The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition. Amino Acids 2008;34:547-54.
49. Sartorio A, Lafortuna CL, Silvestri G, Narici MV. Effects of short-term, integrated body mass reduction program on maximal oxygen consumption and anaerobic alactic performance in obese subjects. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2003;16:24-31.
50. Lafortuna CL, Resnik M, Galvani C, Sartorio A. Effects of non-specific vs individualized exercise training protocols on aerobic, anaerobic and strength performance in severely obese subjects during a short-term body mass reduction program. J Endocrinol Invest 2003;26:197-205.
51. Sothern MS, Loftin M, Blecker U, Udall JN Jr. Impact of significant weight loss on maximal oxygen uptake in obese children and adolescents. J Investig Med 2000;48:411-6.
52. Suskind RM, Blecker U, Udall JN Jr, von Almen TK, Schumacher HD, Carlisle L et al. Recent advances in the treatment of childhood obesity. Pediatr Diabetes 2000;1:23-33.
53. Kato J. Obstructed growth of children bone's due to exercise labour in remote corner. Proceedings of the International Congress of Sports Sciences. Tokyo: Japanese Union of Sports Science; 1964.
54. Faigenbaum AD, Micheli LJ. Preseason conditioning for the preadolescent athlete. Pediatr Ann 2000;29:156-61.
55. Micheli LJ, Glassman R, Klein M. The prevention of sports injuries in children. Clin Sports Med 2000;19:821-34.
56. Behm DG, Faigenbaum AD, Falk B, Klentrou P. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008;33:547-61.
57. Behm DG, Wahl MJ, Button DC, Power KE, Anderson KG. Relationship between hockey skating speed and selected performance measures. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19:326-31.
58. Calfas KJ, Taylor WC. Effects of physical activity on psychological variables in adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1994;6:406.
59. Malina RM. Weight training in youth-growth, maturation, and safety: an evidence-based review. Clin J Sport Med 2006;16:478-87.
60. Conroy BP, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, Fleck SJ, Stone MH, Fry AC et al. Bone mineral density in elite junior Olympic weightlifters. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:1103-9.
61. Virvidakis K, Georgiou E, Korkotsidis A, Ntalles K, Proukakis C. Bone mineral content of junior competitive weightlifters. Int J Sports Med 1990;11:244-6.
62. Bass SL. The prepubertal years: a uniquely opportune stage of growth when the skeleton is most responsive to exercise?. Sports Med 2000;30:73-8.
63. Bellew JW, Gehrig L. A comparison of bone mineral density in adolescent female swimmers, soccer players, and weight lifters. Pediatr Phys Ther 2006;18:19-22.
64. Ferry B, Duclos M, Burt L, Therre P, Le Gall F, Jaffre C et al. Bone geometry and strength adaptations to physical constraints inherent in different sports: comparison between elite female soccer players and swimmers. J Bone Miner Metab 2011;29:342-51.
65. Shivane VK, Sarathi V, Lila AR, Bandgar T, Joshi SR, Menon PS et al. Peak bone mineral density and its determinants in an Asian Indian Population. J Clin Densitom 2012;15:152-8.
66. Roy D, Swarbrick C, King Y, Pye S, Adams J, Berry J et al. Differences in peak bone mass in women of European and South Asian origin can be explained by differences in body size. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:1254-62.
67. Faigenbaum AD, Westcott WL. Youth strength training: programs for health, fitness, and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers; 2009.
68. Behm DG, Faigenbaum AD, Falk B, Klentrou P. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008;33:547-61.
69. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans. Be active, healthy, and happy. Sept 22 2008 [cited 2012 march 11], Available from: http://www.health.gov/PAGuidelines/pdf/paguide. pdf.
70. Caine, DJ, Maffulli, N. Epidemiology of children's individual sports injuries. An important area of medicine and sport science research. Med Sport Sci 2005;48:1-7.
71. Erlandson MC, Sherar LB, Mirwald RL, Maffulli N, Baxter-Jones AD. Growth and maturation of adolescent female gymnasts, swimmers, and tennis players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:34-42.
72. Maffulli N, Longo UG, Spiezia F, Denaro V. Sports injuries in young athletes: long-term outcome and prevention strategies. Phys Sportsmed 2010;38:29-34.
73. Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS, Knarr JF, Thomas SD, Griffin LY et al. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2005;33:1003-10.
74. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Reducing knee and anterior cruciate ligament injuries among female athletes: a systematic review of neuromuscular training interventions. J Knee Surg 2005;18:82-8.
75. Kotzamanidis C. Effect of plyometric training on running performance and vertical jumping in prepubertal boys. J Strength Cond Res 2006;20:441-5.
76. Sjolie AN, Ljunggren AE. The significance of high lumbar mobility and low lumbar strength for current and future low back pain in adolescents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001;26:2629-36.
77. Bo Andersen L, Wedderkopp N, Leboeuf-Yde C. Association between back pain and physical fitness in adolescents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:1740-4.
78. Pfeiffer RP, Shea KG, Roberts D, Grandstrand S, Bond L. Lack of effect of a knee ligament injury prevention program on the incidence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:1769-74.
79. Steffen K, Bakka HM, Myklebust G, Bahr R. Performance aspects of an injury prevention program: a ten-week intervention in adolescent female football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008;18:596-604.
80. Zaricznyj B, Shattuck LJ, Mast TA, Robertson RV, D'Elia G. Sports-related injuries in school-aged children. Am J Sports Med 1980;8:318-24.
81. Chalmers DJ, Samaranayaka A, Gulliver P, McNoe B. Risk factors for injury in rugby union football in New Zealand: a cohort study. Br J Sports Med 2012;46:95-102.
82. Gabbett TJ. Incidence of injury in junior and senior rugby league players. Sports Med 2004;34:849-59.
83. Fleck SJ, Falkel JE. Value of resistance training for the reduction of sports injuries. Sports Med 1986;3:61-8.
84. Faigenbaum AD, Myer GD. Pediatric resistance training: benefits, concerns, and program design considerations. Curr Sports Med Rep 2010;9:161-8.
85. Johnson BA, Salzberg CL, Stevenson DA. A systematic review: plyometric training programs for young children. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25:2623-33.
86. Faigenbaum AD, Kraemer WJ, Blimkie CJR, Jeffreys I, Micheli LJ, Nitka M et al. Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2009;23:S60.
87. Kraemer WJ, Fleck SJ. Strength training for young athletes: Human Kinetics Publishers, 2005.
88. Faigenbaum A, McFarland J. Guidelines for implementing a dynamic warm-up for physical education. J Phys Educ Rec Dance 2007;78:25.
89. Jeffreys I. Quadrennial planning for the high school athlete. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2008;30:74.
90. Mediate P, Faigenbaum A. Medicine ball for all kids. Monterey, CA: Healthy Learning; 2007.
91. Robbins DW. Postactivation potentiation and its practical applicability: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19:453-8.
92. Paoli A, Neri M. Principi di metodologia del fitness. Cesena (FC): Elika editrice; 2010.
93. De Salles BF, Simao R, Miranda F, Novaes Jda S, Lemos A, Willardson JM. Rest interval between sets in strength training. Sports Med 2009;39:765-77.
94. Willardson JM, Burkett LN. The effect of rest interval length on bench press performance with heavy vs. light loads. J Strength Cond Res 2006;20:396-9.
95. Dipla K, Tsirini T, Zafeiridis A, Manou V, Dalamitros A, Kellis E, Kellis S. Fatigue resistance during high-intensity intermittent exercise from childhood to adulthood in males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009;106:645-53.
96. Faigenbaum AD, Milliken LA, Loud RL, Burak BT, Doherty CL, Westcott WL. Comparison of 1 and 2 days per week of strength training in children. Res Q Exerc Sport 2002;73:416-24.
97. Ratel S, Duche P, Williams CA. Muscle fatigue during high-intensity exercise in children. Sports Med 2006;36:1031-65.
98. Falk B, Dotan R. Child-adult differences in the recovery from high-intensity exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2006;34:107-12.
99. Zafeiridis A, Dalamitros A, Dipla K, Manou V, Galanis N, Kellis S. Recovery during high-intensity intermittent anaerobic exercise in boys, teens, and men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:505-12.
100. Faigenbaum AD, Ratamess NA, McFarland J, Kaczmarek J, Coraggio MJ, Kang J et al. Effect of rest interval length on bench press performance in boys, teens, and men. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2008;20:457-69.
101. Peterson MD, Rhea MR, Alvar BA. Applications of the dose-response for muscular strength development: a review of meta-analytic efficacy and reliability for designing training prescription. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19:950-8.
102. Blimkie C, Martin J, Ramsay J, Sale D, MacDougall D. The effects of detraining and maintenance weight training on strength development in prepubertal boys. Can J Sport Sci 1989;14:104.
103. DeRenne C, Hetzler RK, Buxton BP, Ho KW. Effects of training frequency on strength maintenance in pubescent baseball players. J Strength Cond Res 1996;10:8-14.
104. Cotunga N, Vickery CE, McBee S. Sports nutrition for young athletes. J Sch Nurs 2005;21:323-8.
105. Casa DJ, Yeargin SW. Avoiding dehydration among young athletes. ACSM's Health Fit J 2005;9:20.
106. Hayes D. Impact of inadequate sleep on unintentional injuries in adolescents. Adolesc Med State Art Rev 2010;21:491-507.
107. Millman RP. Working Group on Sleepiness in Adolescents/Young Adults, AAP Committee on Adolescence. Excessive sleepiness in adolescents and young adults: causes, consequences, and treatment strategies. Pediatrics 2005;115:1774-86.
108. McGuigan MR, Tatasciore M, Newton RU, Pettigrew S. Eight weeks of resistance training can significantly alter body composition in children who are overweight or obese. J Strength Cond Res 2009;23:80-5.
109. Sgro M, McGuigan MR, Pettigrew S, Newton RU. The effect of duration of resistance training interventions in children who are overweight or obese. J Strength Cond Res 2009;23:1263-70.
110. Daly RM. The effect of exercise on bone mass and structural geometry during growth. Med Sport Sci 2007;51:33-49.
111. Faulkner RA, Bailey DA. Osteoporosis: a pediatric concern?. Med Sport Sci 2007;51:1-12.
112. Borer KT. Physical activity in the prevention and amelioration of osteoporosis in women: interaction of mechanical, hormonal and dietary factors. Sports Med 2005;35:779-830.
113. MacKelvie KJ, Petit MA, Khan KM, Beck TJ, McKay HA. Bone mass and structure are enhanced following a 2-year randomized controlled trial of exercise in prepubertal boys. Bone 2004;34:755-64.
114. Faigenbaum AD, Myer GD. Pediatric resistance training: benefits, concerns, and program design considerations. Curr Sports Med Rep 2010;9:161-8.
115. Sedano S, Matheu A, Redondo JC, Cuadrado G. Effects of plyometric training on explosive strength, acceleration capacity and kicking speed in young elite soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2011;51:50-8.
116. Markovic G, Mikulic P. Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Med 2010;40:859-95.
117. Trzaskoma L, Tihanyi J, Trzaskoma Z. The effect of a short-term combined conditioning training for the development of leg strength and power. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:2498-505.
118. Buchheit M, Mendez-Villanueva A, Delhomel G, Brughelli M, Ahmaidi S. Improving repeated sprint ability in young elite soccer players: repeated shuttle sprints vs. explosive strength training. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:2715-22.
119. Diallo O, Dore E, Duche P, Van Praagh E. Effects of plyometric training followed by a reduced training programme on physical performance in prepubescent soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001;41:342-8.