Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemistry of nanotubular polypyrrole and polypyrrole-derived carbon nanotubes

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 118, Issue 27, 2014, Pages 14770-14784

  Ciric Marjanovic, Gordana ^a   Mentus, Slavko ^a   Pašti, Igor ^a   Gavrilov, Nemanja ^a   Krstić, Jugoslav ^a   Travas Sejdic, Jadranka ^b,c   Strover, Lisa T ^b,c   Kopecká, Jitka ^d   Moravková, Zuzana ^e   Trchová, Miroslava ^e   Stejskal, Jaroslav ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^c VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^d INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

^e INSTITUTE OF MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZO DYES; CAPACITANCE; CARBONIZATION; CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; ELECTROCATALYSTS; ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION; EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; FUNCTIONAL GROUPS; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA; NITROGEN; PITTING; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIORS; FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA REDS; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATIONS; OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION; SATURATED CALOMEL ELECTRODE; SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS;

POLYPYRROLES;

EID: 84904358980     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp502862d     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. 60: Buckminsterfullerene Nature (London, U.K.) 1985, 318, 162-163
2. Iijima, S. Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon Nature (London, U.K.) 1991, 354, 56-58
3. Nieto-Márquez, A.; Romero, R.; Romero, A.; Valverde, J. L. Carbon Nanospheres: Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties and Applications J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 1664-1672
4. De Jong, K. P.; Geus, J. W. Carbon Nanofibers: Catalytic Synthesis and Applications Catal. Rev.: Sci. Eng. 2001, 42, 481-510
5. Zhu, S.; Xu, G. Single-Walled Carbon Nanohorns and Their Applications Nanoscale 2010, 2, 2538-2549
6. Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. The Rise of Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183-191
7. Stephan, O.; Ajayan, P. M.; Colliex, C.; Redlich, P.; Lambert, J. M.; Bernier, P. M.; Lefin, P. Doping Graphitic and Carbon Nanotube Structures with Boron and Nitrogen Science 1994, 266, 1683-1685
8. Panchakarla, L. S.; Govindaraj, A.; Rao, C. N. R. Boron- and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Inorg. Chim. Acta 2010, 363, 4163-4174
9. Yang, Z.; Nie, H.; Chen, X.; Chen, X.; Huang, S. Recent Progress in Doped Carbon Nanomaterials as Effective Cathode Catalysts for Fuel Cell Oxygen Reduction Reaction J. Power Sources 2013, 236, 238-249
10. Maiti, U. N.; Lee, W. J.; Lee, J. M.; Oh, Y.; Kim, J. Y.; Kim, J. E.; Shim, J.; Han, T. H.; Kim, S. O. Chemically Modified/Doped Carbon Nanotubes & Graphene for Optimized Nanostructures & Nanodevices Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2014, 26, 40-67
11. Ewels, C. P.; Glerup, M. Nitrogen Doping in Carbon Nanotubes J. Nanosci. Nanotechnology 2005, 5, 1345-1363
12. Ayala, P.; Arenal, R.; Rummeli, M.; Rubio, A.; Pichler, T. The Doping of Carbon Nanotubes with Nitrogen and Their Potential Applications Carbon 2010, 48, 575-586
13. Wong, W. Y.; Daud, W. R. W.; Mohamad, A. B.; Kadhum, A. A. H.; Majlan, E. H.; Loh, K. S. Nitrogen-Containing Carbon Nanotubes as Cathodic Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Diamond Relat. Mater. 2012, 22, 12-22
14. Li, Y.; Wang, J.; Li, X.; Liu, J.; Geng, D.; Yang, J.; Li, R.; Sun, X. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Cathode for Lithium-Air Batteries Electrochem. Commun. 2011, 13, 668-672
15. Gavrilov, N.; Pašti, I. A.; Vujković, M.; Travas-Sejdic, J.; Ćirić-Marjanović, G.; Mentus, S. V. High-Performance Charge Storage by N-Containing Nanostructured Carbon Derived from Polyaniline Carbon 2012, 50, 3915-3927
16. Gavrilov, N.; Pašti, I. A.; Mitrić, M.; Travas-Sejdić, J.; Ćirić-Marjanović, G.; Mentus, S. V. Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Polyaniline-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanoparticle Surfaces in Alkaline Media J. Power Sources 2012, 220, 306-316
17. Chen, Y. Z.; Zhu, H. Y.; Liu, Y. N. Preparation of Activated Rectangular Polyaniline-Based Carbon Tubes and Their Application in Hydrogen Adsorption Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36, 11738-11745
18. Rebollo-Plata, B.; Munoz-Sandoval, E.; Lopez-Urias, F.; Hernandez-Cortina, E. L.; Terrones, H.; Terrones, M. Efficient Vapor Sensors Using Foils of Dispersed Nitrogen-Doped and Pure Carbon Multiwalled Nanotubes J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2010, 10, 3965-3972
19. Xu, X.; Jiang, S.; Hu, Z.; Liu, S. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes: High Electrocatalytic Activity Toward the Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Application for Biosensing ACS Nano 2010, 4, 4292-4298
20. Van Dommele, S.; De Jong, K. P.; Bitter, J. H. Activity of Nitrogen Containing Carbon Nanotubes in Base Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation Top. Catal. 2009, 52, 1575-1583
21. Perez-Aguilar, N. V.; Munoz-Sandoval, E.; Diaz-Flores, P. E.; Rangel-Mendez, J. R. Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead onto Oxidized Nitrogen-Doped Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solution: Equilibrium and Kinetics J. Nanopart. Res. 2010, 12, 467-480
22. Laiho, P.; Susi, T.; Askela, A.; Nasibulin, A. G.; Kauppinen, E. I. Optoelectronic Performance of Nitrogen-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron. 2012, 7, 68-72
23. Goran, J. M.; Mantilla, S. M.; Stevenson, K. J. Influence of Surface Adsorption on the Interfacial Electron Transfer of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide and Glucose Oxidase at Carbon Nanotube and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Electrodes Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 1571-1581
24. Alidori, S.; Asqiriba, K.; Londero, P.; Bergkvist, M.; Leona, M.; Scheinberg, D. A.; McDevitt, M. R. Deploying RNA and DNA with Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 5982-5992
25. Santana, C.; Garcia, A.; Perez, J.; Hoyos, L.; Martinez, V.; Bustamante, J. Nitrogen, potassium and aluminum doped carbon nanotubes for atheroma-lipoproteins interaction on atherosclerosis treatment. Proceedings of the 2013 Pan American Health Care Exchanges (PAHCE), Medellin, Colombia, April 29-May 4, 2013; DOI: 10.1109/PAHCE.2013.6568282.
26. Chen, Z.; Dai, X. J.; Magniez, K.; Lamb, P. R.; de Celis Leal, D. R.; Fox, B. L.; Wang, X. Improving the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized by a Novel Plasma Treatment Composites, Part A 2013, 45, 145-152
27. Yin, J.; Xia, X.; Xiang, L.; Zhao, X. Conductivity and Polarization of Carbonaceous Nanotubes Derived from Polyaniline Nanotubes and Their Electrorheology When Dispersed in Silicone Oil Carbon 2010, 48, 2958-2967
28. Wu, C.; Guo, Q.; Yin, P.; Li, T.; Yang, Q.; Xie, Y. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures by the Reactions of Small Molecule Carbon Halides with Sodium Azide J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 2597-2604
29. Wu, X.; Tao, Y.; Mao, C.; Wen, L.; Zhu, J. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Horn-Shaped Carbon Nanotubes by Reduction of Pentachloropyridine with Metallic Sodium Carbon 2007, 45, 2253-2259
30. Droppa, R., Jr.; Hammer, P.; Carvalho, A. C. M.; Dos Santos, M. C.; Alvarez, F. Incorporation of Nitrogen in Carbon Nanotubes (Part 2) J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2002, 299-302, 874-879
31. x-SWNTs Phys. Status Solidi B 2008, 245, 1986-1989
32. Cao, L. M.; Zhang, X. Y.; Gao, C. X.; Wang, W. K.; Zhang, Z. L.; Zhang, Z. High-Concentration Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Arrays Nanotechnology 2003, 14, 931-934
33. Blank, V. D.; Polyakov, E. V.; Batov, D. V.; Kulnitskiy, B. A.; Bangert, U.; Gutiérrez-Sosa, A.; Harvey, A. J.; Seepujak, A. Formation of N-Containing C-Nanotubes and Nanofibres by Carbon Resistive Heating under High Nitrogen Pressure Diamond Relat. Mater. 2003, 12, 864-869
34. Badzian, A.; Badzian, T.; Breval, E.; Piotrowski, A. Nanostructured, Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials for Hydrogen Storage Thin Solid Films 2001, 398-399, 170-174
35. Bulusheva, L. G.; Okotrub, A. V.; Kudashov, A. G.; Shubin, Y. V.; Shlyakhova, E. V.; Yudanov, N. F.; Pazhetnov, E. M.; Boronin, A. I.; Vyalikh, D. V. Effect of Fe/Ni Catalyst Composition on Nitrogen Doping and Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Carbon 2008, 46, 864-869
36. Jian, G.; Zhao, Y.; Wu, Q.; Yang, L.; Wang, X.; Hu, Z. Structural and Compositional Regulation of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes with Nitrogen-Containing Aromatic Precursors J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 7811-7817
37. Shan, C.; Zhao, W.; Lu, X. L.; O'Brien, D. J.; Li, Y.; Cao, Z.; Elias, A. L.; Cruz-Silva, R.; Terrones, M.; Wei, B.; Suhr, J. Three-Dimensional Nitrogen-Doped Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Sponges with Tunable Properties Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 5514-5520
38. Ning, G.; Xu, C.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, R.; Qian, W.; Wei, F.; Fan, Z.; Gao, J. MgO-Catalyzed Growth of N-Doped Wrinkled Carbon Nanotubes Carbon 2013, 56, 38-44
39. Allen, B. L.; Keddie, M. B.; Star, A. Controlling the volumetric parameters of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups Nanoscale 2010, 2, 1105-1108
40. 3/Ar Plasma Treatment Carbon 2010, 48, 939-948
41. + Ion Implantation Carbon 2008, 46, 1489-1496
42. Wang, P. C.; Liao, Y. C.; Lai, Y. L.; Lin, Y. C.; Su, C. Y.; Tsai, C. H.; Hsu, Y. J. Thermally Induced Variation in Redox Chemical Bonding Structures of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exposed to Hydrazine Vapor Carbon 2012, 50, 1650-1658
43. Vikkisk, M.; Kruusenberg, I.; Joost, U.; Shulga, E.; Tammeveski, K. Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction on Nitrogen-Containing Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes Electrochim. Acta 2013, 87, 709-716
44. He, C.; Shen, P. K. Synthesis of the Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube (NCNT) Bouquets and Their Electrochemical Properties Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 35, 80-83
45. Maiyalagan, T. Synthesis and Electro-catalytic Activity of Methanol Oxidation on Nitrogen Containing Carbon Nanotubes Supported Pt Electrodes Appl. Catal., B 2008, 80, 286-295
46. Ćirić-Marjanović, G.; Pašti, I.; Gavrilov, N.; Janošević, A.; Mentus, S. Carbonized Polyaniline and Pyrrole: Towards Advanced Nitrogen-Containing Carbon Materials Chem. Pap. 2013, 67, 781-813
47. Ćirić-Marjanović, G. Recent Advances in Polyaniline Research: Polymerization Mechanisms, Structural Aspects, Properties and Applications Synth. Met. 2013, 177, 1-47
48. Mentus, S.; Ćirić-Marjanović, G.; Trchová, M.; Stejskal, J. Conducting Carbonized Polyaniline Nanotubes Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 245601
49. Trchová, M.; Konyushenko, E. N.; Stejskal, J.; Kovařova, J.; Ćirić-Marjanović, G. The Conversion of Polyaniline Nanotubes to Nitrogen-Containing Carbon Nanotubes and Their Comparison with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2009, 94, 929-938
50. Gavrilov, N.; Dašić-Tomić, M.; Pašti, I.; Ćirić-Marjanović, G.; Mentus, S. Carbonized Polyaniline Nanotubes/Nanosheets-Supported Pt Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrocatalysis Mater. Lett. 2011, 65, 962-965
51. Gavrilov, N.; Vujković, M.; Pašti, I. A.; Ćirić-Marjanović, G.; Mentus, S. V. Enhancement of Electrocatalytic Properties of Carbonized Polyaniline Nanoparticles Upon a Hydrothermal Treatment in Alkaline Medium Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 9197-9202
52. Janošević, A.; Pašti, I.; Gavrilov, N.; Mentus, S.; Ćirić-Marjanović, G.; Krstić, J.; Stejskal, J. Micro/Mesoporous Conducting Carbonized Polyaniline 5-Sulfosalicylate Nanorods/Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrocatalysis Synth. Met. 2011, 161, 2179-2184
53. Jang, J.; Oh, J. H. A Facile Synthesis of Polypyrrole Nanotubes Using a Template Mediated Vapor Deposition Polymerization and the Conversion to Carbon Nanotubes Chem. Commun. (Cambridge, U.K.) 2004, 7, 882-883
54. Zhang, X.; Manohar, S. K. Microwave Synthesis of Nanocarbons from Conducting Polymers Chem. Commun. (Cambridge, U.K.) 2006, 31, 2477-2479
55. Dong, H.; Jones, W. E., Jr. Preparation of Submicron Polypyrrole/ Poly(methyl methacrylate) Coaxial Fibers and Conversion to Polypyrrole Tubes and Carbon Tubes Langmuir 2006, 22, 11384-11387
56. Shang, S.; Yang, X.; Tao, X. M. Easy Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes with Polypyrrole Nanotubes as the Carbon Precursor Polymer 2009, 50, 2815-2818
57. Bae, J.; Jang, J. Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes from Conducting Polymer Precursor as Field Emitter J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2012, 18, 1921-1924
58. Xu, G.; Ding, B.; Nie, P.; Shen, L.; Wang, J.; Zhang, X. Porous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Derived from Tubular Polypyrrole for Energy-Storage Applications Chem.-Eur. J. 2013, 19, 12306-12312
59. Liu, Q.; Pu, Z.; Tang, C.; Asiri, A. M.; Qusti, A. H.; Al-Youbi, A. O.; Sun, X. N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes from Functional Tubular Polypyrrole: A Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 36, 57-61
60. Wua, M.; Chena, J.; Wanga, C.; Wanga, F.; Yia, B. Non-graphitic PPy-Based Carbon Nanotubes Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries Electrochim. Acta 2013, 105, 462-467
61. Guo, C.; Li, N.; Ji, L.; Li, Y.; Yang, X.; Lu, Y.; Tu, Y. N- and O-Doped Carbonaceous Nanotubes from Polypyrrole for Potential Application in High-Performance Capacitance J. Power Sources 2014, 247, 660-666
62. Yang, X. M.; Zhu, Z. X.; Dai, T. Y.; Lu, Y. Facile Fabrication of Functional Polypyrrole Nanotubes via a Reactive Self-degraded Template Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005, 26, 1736-1740
63. Skodova, J.; Kopecky, D.; Vrnata, M.; Varga, M.; Prokes, J.; Cieslar, M.; Bober, P.; Stejskal, J. Polypyrrole-Silver Composites Prepared by the Reduction of Silver Ions with Polypyrrole Nanotubes Polym. Chem. 2013, 4, 3610-3616
64. Kopecka, J.; Kopecky, D.; Vrnata, M.; Fitl, P.; Stejskal, J.; Trchová, M.; Bober, P.; Moravkova, Z.; Prokes, J.; Sapurina, I. Polypyrrole Nanotubes: Mechanism of Formation RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 1551-1558
65. Wang, Z.; Qie, L.; Yuan, L.; Zhang, W.; Hu, X.; Huang, Y. Functionalized N-Doped Interconnected Carbon Nanofibers as an Anode Material for Sodium-ion Storage with Excellent Performance Carbon 2013, 55, 328-334
66. Blinova, N. V.; Stejskal, J.; Trchová, M.; Prokeš, J.; Omastová, M. Polyaniline and Polypyrrole: A Comparative Study of the Preparation Eur. Polym. J. 2007, 43, 2331-2341
67. Omastová, M.; Trchová, M.; Kovářová, J.; Stejskal, J. Synthesis and Structural Study of Polypyrroles Prepared in the Presence of Surfactants Synth. Met. 2003, 138, 447-455
68. 13C-Substituted and C-Deuterated Analogues in Doped and Undoped States Synth. Met. 1988, 24, 329-341
69. Zhong, C. J.; Tian, Z. Q.; Tian, Z. W. In Situ ESR and Raman Spectroscopic Studies of the Electrochemical Process of Conducting Polypyrrole Films J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 2171-2175
70. Jenden, C. M.; Davidson, R. G.; Turner, T. G. A Fourier Transform-Raman Spectroscopic Study of Electrically Conducting Polypyrrole Films Polymer 1993, 34, 1649-1652
71. Kostić, R.; Raković, D.; Stepanyan, S. A.; Davidova, I. E.; Gribov, L. A. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polypyrrole, Theoretical-Study J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 102, 3104-3109
72. Gupta, S. Hydrogen Bubble-Assisted Syntheses of Polypyrrole Micro/Nanostructures Using Electrochemistry: Structural and Physical Property Characterization J. Raman Spectrosc. 2008, 39, 1343-1355
73. Dresselhaus, M. S.; Jorio, A.; Hofmann, M.; Dresselhaus, G.; Saito, R. Perspectives on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Raman Spectroscopy Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 751-758
74. van Dommele, S.; de Jong, K. P.; Bitter, J. H. Nitrogen-Containing Carbon Nanotubes as Solid Base Catalysts Chem. Commun. (Cambridge, U.K.) 2006, 4859-4861
75. Rozlívková, Z.; Trchová, M.; Exnerová, M.; Stejskal, J. The Carbonization of Granular Polyaniline to Produce Nitrogen-Containing Carbon Synth. Met. 2011, 161, 1122-1129
76. Janošević, A.; Pašti, I.; Gavrilov, N.; Mentus, S.; Krstić, J.; Mitrić, M.; Travas-Sejdic, J.; Ćirić- Marjanović, G. Microporous Conducting Carbonized Polyaniline Nanorods: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrocatalytic Poperties Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2012, 152, 50-57
77. Maldonado, S.; Stevenson, K. J. Direct Preparation of Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes via Pyrolysis of Iron(II) Phthalocyanine: Electrocatalytic Aspects for Oxygen Reduction J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 11375-11383
78. Chun, K.-Y.; Lee, H. S.; Lee, C. J. Nitrogen Doping Effects on the Structure Behavior and the Field Emission Performance of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Carbon 2009, 47, 169-177
79. Zhang, L.; Xia, Z. Mechanisms of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene for Fuel Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 11170-11176
80. Kundu, S.; Nagaiah, T. C.; Xia, W.; Wang, Y.; Dommele, S. V.; Bitter, J. H.; Santa, M.; Grundmeier, G.; Bron, M.; Schuhmann, W.; Muhler, M. Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability of Nitrogen-Containing Carbon Nanotubes in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction J. Phys. Chem.C 2009, 113, 14302-14310
81. Niwa, H.; Kobayashi, M.; Horiba, K.; Harada, Y.; Oshima, M.; Terakura, K.; Ikeda, T.; Koshigoe, Y.; Ozaki, J.-i.; Miyata, S.; Ueda, S.; Yamashita, Y.; Yoshikawa, H.; Kobayashi, K. X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy Analysis of N-Containing Carbon-Based Cathode Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 1006-1011
82. Liu, G.; Li, X.; Ganesan, P.; Popov, B. N. Studies of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Active Sites and Stability of Nitrogen-Modified Carbon Composite Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 2853-2858
83. Vujković, M.; Gavrilov, N.; Pašti, I.; Krstić, J.; Travas-Sejdic, J.; Ćirić-Marjanović, G.; Mentus, S. Superior Capacitive and Electrocatalytic Properties of Carbonized Nanostructured Polyaniline upon a Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Treatment Carbon 2013, 64, 472-486
84. Nasef, M. M.; Saidi, H.; Nor, H. M.; Yarmo, M. A. XPS Studies of Radiation Grafted PTFE- g -polystyrene Sulfonic Acid Membranes J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 76, 336-349
85. Morozan, A.; Jégou, P.; Campidelli, S.; Palacin, S.; Jouselme, B. Relationship Between Polypyrrole Morphology and Electrochemical Activity Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction Chem. Commun. (Cambridge, U.K.) 2012, 48, 4627-4629
86. Maldonado, S.; Stevenson, K. J. Influence of Nitrogen Doping on Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis at Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 4707-4716
87. Kelemen, S. R.; Gorbaty, M. L.; Kwiatek, P. J. Quantification of Nitrogen Forms in Argonne Premium Coals Energy Fuels 1994, 8, 896-906
88. Rouquerol, F.; Rouquerol, J.; Sing, K. Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids; Academic Press: Waltham, MA, 1999.
89. Gregg, S. J.; Sing, K. S. W. Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity; Academic Press: London, 1982.
90. Dollimore, D.; Heal, G. R. An Improved Method for the Calculation of Pore Size Distribution from Adsorption Data J. Appl. Chem. 1964, 14, 109-114
91. Horvath, G.; Kawazoe, K. Method for the Calculation of Effective Pore Size Distribution in Molecular Sieve Carbon J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1983, 16, 470-475
92. Dubinin, M. M. In Progress in Surface and Membrane Science; Cadenhead, D. A., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1975; p 1.
93. Shi, C.; Zhitomirsky, I. Electrodeposition and Capacitive Behavior of Films for Electrodes of Electrochemical Supercapacitors Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2010, 5, 518-523
94. Fan, L.-Z.; Maier, J. High-Performance Polypyrrole Electrode Materials for Redox Supercapacitors Electrochem. Commun. 2006, 8, 937-940
95. Ramya, R.; Sivasubramanian, R.; Sangaranarayanan, M. V. Conducting Polymers-Based Electrochemical Supercapacitors-Progress and Prospects Electrochim. Acta 2013, 101, 109-129
96. Huang, J.; Wang, K.; Wei, Z. Conducting Polymer Nanowire Arrays with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 1117-1121
97. Xu, B.; Zheng, D.; Jia, M.; Cao, G.; Yang, Y. Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Simply Prepared by Pyrolyzing a Nitrogen-Containing Organic Salt for Supercapacitors Electrochim. Acta 2013, 98, 176-182
98. Yang, X.; Wu, D.; Chen, X.; Fu, R. Nitrogen-Enriched Nanocarbons with a 3-D Continuous Mesopore Structure from Polyacrylonitrile for Supercapacitor Application J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 8581-8586
99. Pandolfo, A. G.; Hollenkamp, A. F. Carbon Properties and Their Role in Supercapacitors J. Power Sources 2006, 157, 11-27
100. Xu, B.; Wu, F.; Su, Y.; Cao, G.; Chen, S.; Zhou, Z.; Yang, Y. Competitive Effect of KOH Activation on the Electrochemical Performances of Carbon Nanotubes for EDLC: Balance Between Porosity and Conductivity Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 7730-7735
101. Sánchez-González, J.; Stoeckli, F.; Centeno, T. A. The Role of the Electric Conductivity of Carbons in the Electrochemical Capacitor Performance J. Electroanal. Chem. 2011, 657, 176-180
102. Zhou, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Peng, H.; Qin, Y.; Li, G.; Chen, K. Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Activated Carbon Nanotubes with Improved Capacitive Properties RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 5524-5530
103. Su, F.; Poh, C. K.; Chen, J. S.; Xu, G.; Wang, D.; Li, Q.; Lin, J.; Lou, X. W. Nitrogen-Containing Microporous Carbon Nanospheres with Improved Capacitive Properties Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 717-724
104. Wang, D.-W.; Li, F.; Yin, L.-C.; Lu, X.; Chen, Z.-G.; Gentle, I. R.; Lu, G. Q.; Cheng, H.-M. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Monolith for Alkaline Supercapacitors and Understanding Nitrogen-Induced Redox Transitions Chem.-Eur. J. 2012, 18, 5345-5351
105. Seredych, M.; Hulicova-Jurcakova, D.; Lu, G. Q.; Bandosz, T. J. Surface Functional Groups of Carbons and the Effects of Their Chemical Character, Density and Accessibility to Ions on Electrochemical Performance Carbon 2008, 46, 1475-1488
106. Jalkanen, T.; Mäkilä, E.; Suzuki, Y. I.; Urata, T.; Fukami, K.; Sakka, T.; Salonen, J.; Ogata, Y. H. Studies on Chemical Modification of Porous Silicon-Based Graded-Index Optical Microcavities for Improved Stability under Alkaline Conditions Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 3890-3898
107. Bard, A. J.; Faulkner, L. R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2 nd ed.; Wiley: New York, 2001.
108. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82 nd ed.; Lide, D. R., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2001.
109. Davis, R. E.; Horvath, G. L.; Tobias, C. W. The Solubility and Diffusion Coefficient of Oxygen in Potassium Hydroxide Solutions Electrochim. Acta 1967, 12, 287-298
110. Ma, Y.; Zhang, L.; LI, J.; Ni, H.; Li, M.; Zhang, J.; Feng, X.; Fan, Q.; Hu, Z.; Huang, W. Carbon-Nitrogen/Graphene Composite as Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Chin. Sci. Bull. 2011, 56, 3583-3589
111. Alexeyeva, N.; Shulga, E.; Kisand, V.; Kink, I.; Tammeveski, K. Electroreduction of Oxygen on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes in Acid and Alkaline Solutions J. Electroanal. Chem. 2010, 648, 169-175
112. Liu, Q.; Pu, Z.; Tang, C.; Asiri, A. M.; Qusti, A. H.; Al-Youbi, A. O.; Sun, X. N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes from Functional Tubular Polypyrrole: A Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 36, 57-61
113. Liu, R.; Wu, D.; Feng, X.; Müllen, K. Nitrogen-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Graphitic Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 2565-2569
114. 2 C-Dominant N-Doped Carbon Sub-micrometer Spheres with a Tunable Size: A Versatile Platform for Highly Efficient Oxygen-Reduction Catalysts Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2013, 25, 998-1003
115. Rufford, T. E.; Hulicova-Jurcakova, D.; Zhu, Z.; Lu, G. Q. Empirical Analysis of the Contributions of Mesopores and Micropores to the Double-Layer Capacitance of Carbons J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 19335-19343
116. Momčilović, M.; Stojmenović, M.; Gavrilov, N.; Pašti, I.; Mentus, S.; Babić, B. Complex Electrochemical Investigation of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Synthesized by Soft-Templating Method: Charge Storage and Electrocatalytical or Pt-Electrocatalyst Supporting Behavior Electrochim. Acta 2014, 125, 606-614