Examining the relationship between active travel, weather, and the built environment: a multilevel approach using a GPS-enhanced dataset

Transportation

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 325-338

  Clark, Andrew F ^a   Scott, Darren M ^a   Yiannakoulias, Nikolaos ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Active travel; Built environment; GIS; Walkability Index; Walking; Weather

Indexed keywords

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; METEOROLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; WEATHERING;

ACTIVE TRAVEL; BUILT ENVIRONMENT; MODE OF TRANSPORT; MULTILEVEL APPROACH; POPULATION DENSITIES; SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS; WALKABILITY INDEX; WALKING;

POPULATION STATISTICS;

EID: 84904305161     PISSN: 00494488     EISSN: 15729435     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11116-013-9476-3     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Alfonzo, M.A.: To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs. Environ. Behav. 37, 808–836 (2005)
2. Alton, D., Adab, P., Roberts, L., Barrett, T.: Relationship between walking levels and perceptions of the local neighbourhood environment. Arch. Dis. Child. 92, 29–33 (2007)
3. Ball, K., Bauman, A.E., Leslie, E., Owen, N.: Perceived environmental aesthetics and convenience and company are associated with walking for exercise among Australian adults. Am. J. Prev. Med. 33, 434–440 (2001)
4. Boer, R., Zheng, Y., Overton, A., Ridgeway, G.K., Cohen, D.A.: Neighborhood design and walking trips in ten U.S. metropolitan areas. Am. J. Prev. Med. 32, 298–304 (2007)
5. Braza, M., Shoemaker, W., Seeley, A.: Neighbourhood design and rates of walking and biking to elementary schools in 34 California communities. Am. J. Health Promot. 19, 128–136 (2004)
6. Brownson, R.C., Hoehner, M.C., Day, K., Forsyth, A., Sallis, J.F.: Measuring the built environment for physical activity: state of the science. Am. J. Prev. Med. 36, S99–S123 (2009)
7. Brownson, R.C., Housemann, R.A.: Promoting physical activity in rural communities: walking trail access, use, and effects. Am. J. Prev. Med. 18, 235–241 (2000)
8. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute: Bulletin 2: physical activity levels of Canadians. 2008 physical activity monitor: facts and figures. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa (2009)
9. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute: Costs of physical inactivity [Online]. Ottawa. http://www.cflri.ca/eng/provincial_data/information/cost_inactivity.php (2010). Accessed 29 Mar 2011
10. Carver, A., Salmon, J., Campbell, K., Baur, L., Garnett, S., Crawford, D.: How do perceptions of local neighbourhood relate to adolescent’s walking and cycling? Am. J. Health Promot. 20, 138–147 (2005)
11. Cervero, R., Duncan, M.: Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: evidence from San Francisco bay area. Am. J. Public Health 93, 1478–1483 (2003)
12. Cragg, S., Cameron, C., Craig, C.L.: 2004 National transportation survey. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa (2006)
13. Craig, C.L., Russell, S.J., Cameron, C., Bauman, A.: Twenty-year trends in physical activity among Canadian adults. Can. J. Public Health 95, 59–63 (2004)
14. Crane, R.: The influence of urban form on travel: an interpretive review. J. Plan. Lit. 15, 3–23 (2000)
15. Environment Canada: National climate data and information archive [Online]. Fredericton, NB. www.weatheroffice.gc.ca (2010). Accessed 25 Nov 2010
16. Ewing, R., Schroeer, W., Greene, W.: School location and student travel: analysis of factors affecting mode choice. Transp. Res. Rec. 1895, 55–63 (2004)
17. Forsyth, A., Schmitz, K.H., Oakes, M., Zimmerman, J., Koepp, J.: Standards for environmental measurement using GIS: toward a protocol for protocols. J. Phys. Act. Health 3, S241–S257 (2006)
18. Frank, L.D., Engelke, P.O.: The built environment and human activity patterns: exploring the impacts of urban form on public health. J. Plan. Lit. 16, 202–218 (2001)
19. Frank, L.D., Sallis, J.F., Conway, T.L., Chapman, J.E., Saelens, B.E., Bachman, W.: Many pathways from land use to health: associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 72, 75–87 (2006)
20. Frank, L.D., Sallis, J.F., Saelens, B.E., Leary, L., Cain, K., Conway, T.L., Hess, P.M.: The development of a walkability index: application to the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study. Br. J. Sports Med. 44, 924–933 (2010)
21. Guo, J.Y., Bhat, C.R., Copperman, R.B.: Effect of the built environment on motorized and nonmotorized trip making: substitutive, complementary, or synergistic? Transp. Res. Rec. 2010, 1–11 (2007)
22. Handy, S.L.: Critical assessment of the literature on the relationships among transportation, land use, and physical activity. Does the built rnvironment influence physical activity? Examining the evidence. Washington, D.C., Transportation Research Board and the Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use (2005)
23. Kerr, J., Rosenberg, D., Sallis, J.F., Saelens, B.E., Frank, L., Conway, T.L.: Active commuting to school: associations with environment and parental concerns. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38, 784–794 (2006)
24. Kreft, I., De Leeuw, J.: Introducing multilevel modeling. SAGE Publications Ltd, London (1998)
25. Krizek, K.J., Johnson, P.J.: The effect of neighborhood trails and retail on cycling and walking in an urban environment. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 72, 33–42 (2006)
26. Leslie, E., Coffee, N., Frank, L., Owen, N., Bauman, A., Hugo, G.: Walkability of local communities: using geographic information systems to objectively assess relevant environmental attributes. Health Place 13, 111–122 (2007)
27. Manaugh, K., El-Geneidy, A.: Validating walkability indices: how do different households respond to the walkability of their neighborhood? Transp. Res. Part D 16, 309–315 (2011)
28. Millward, H., Spinney, J.: Time use, travel behavior, and the rural–urban continuum: results from the Halifax STAR project. J. Transp. Geogr. 19, 51–58 (2011)
29. Owen, N., Cerin, E., Leslie, E., Dutoit, L., Coffee, N., Frank, L.D., Bauman, A.E., Hugo, G., Saelens, B.E., Sallis, J.F.: Neighborhood walkability and the walking behavior of Australian adults. Am. J. Prev. Med. 33, 387–395 (2007)
30. Pinheiro, J.C., Chao, E.C.: Efficient laplacian and adaptive gaussian quadrature algorithms for multilevel generalized linear mixed models. J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 15, 58–81 (2006)
31. Rodriguez, D.A., Joo, J.: The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment. Transp. Res. Part D 9, 151–173 (2004)
32. Rutt, C.D., Coleman, K.J.: The impact of the built environment on walking as a leisure-time activity along the U.S./Mexico border. J. Phys. Act. Health 3, 257–271 (2005)
33. Saelens, B., Handy, S.L.: Built enivornment correlates of walking: a review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 40, S550–S566 (2008)
34. Spinney, J., Millward, H., Scott, D.: Walking for transport versus recreation: a comparison of participants, locations, and timing. J. Phys. Act. Health 9, 153–162 (2012)
35. Spinney, J.E.L., Millward, H.: Weather impacts on leisure activities in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Int. J. Biometeorol. 55, 133–145 (2011)
36. Statacorp STATA Statistics/Data Analysis. 11.0 SE ed. College Station, TX (2009)
37. Winston, E., Ewing, R., Handy, S.L., Brownson, R.C.: The built environment and active travel: developing measures of perceptual urban design qualities. 83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC (2001)