Causes of male infertility

Male Infertility: Contemporary Clinical Approaches, Andrology, ART and Antioxidants

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 3-14

  Wiser, Herbert J ^a   Sandlow, Jay ^b   Köhler, Tobias S ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Causes of male infertility; Cryptorchidism; Medications and infertility; Pharmacologic causes; Pre testicular causes; Testicular cancer; Testicular causes; Varicocele

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904051619     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3335-4_1     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. Mosher WE. Reproductive impairments in the United States, 1965-1982. Demography. 1985;22:415-30.
2. Tielemans E, Burdorf A, te Velde E, Weber R, van Kooij R, Heederik D. Sources of bias in studies among infertility clients. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:86-92.
3. Sigman M. Male Infertility. Med Health R I. 1997;80(12):406-9.
4. Buvat J. Hyperprolactinemia and sexual function in men: a short review. Int J Impot Res. 2003;15(5):373-7.
5. Carter JN, Tyson JE, Tolis G, et al. Prolactin-screening tumors and hypogonadism in 22 men. N Engl J Med. 1978;299(16):847-52.
6. Patel SS, Bamigboye V. Hyperprolactinaemia. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;27(5):455-9.
7. Fasano S, Meccariello R, Cobellis G, et al. The endocannabinoid system: an ancient signaling involved in the control of male fertility. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1163:112-24.
8. Rettori V, De Laurentiis A, Fernandez-Solari J. Alcohol and endo- cannabinoids: neuroendocrine interactions in the reproductive axis. Exp Neurol. 2010;224(1):15-22.
9. Hallinan R, Byrne A, Agho K, et al. Hypogonadism in men receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment. Int J Androl. 2009;32(2):131-9.
10. Dode C, Hardelin JP. Kallmann syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009;17:139-46.
11. Fechner A, Fong S, McGovern P. A review of Kallmann syndrome: genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2008;63(3):189-94.
12. Hardelin JP, Dode C. The complex genetics of Kallmann syndrome: KAL1, FGFR1, FGF8, PROKR2, PROK2, et al. Sex Dev. 2008;2:181-93.
13. Kamischke A, Baumgardt A, Horst J, et al. Clinical and diagnostic features of patients with suspected Klinefelter Syndrome. J Androl. 2003;24:41-8.
14. Blanco J, Egozcue J, Vidal F. Meiotic behavior of the sex chromosomes in three patients with sex chromosome abnormalities (47, XXY, mosaic 46, XY/47, XXY, and 47, XYY) assessed by flourescence in-situ hybridization. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(5):887-92.
15. Bergere M, Wainer R, Nataf V, et al. Biopsied testis cells of four 47, XXY patients: fluorescence in-situ hybridization and ICSI results. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:32-7.
16. Wikstrom AM, Dunkel L. Testicular function in Klinefelter syndrome. Horm Res. 2008;69(6):317-26.
17. Nagler HM, Grotas AB. Varicocele. In: Lipshultz LI, Howards SS, Niederberger CS, editors. Infertility in the male. 4th ed. New York City, NY: Cambridge University; 2009.
18. World Health Organization. The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. Fertil Steril. 1992;57:1289-93.
19. MacLeod J. Seminal cytology in the presence of varicocele. Fertil Steril. 1965;16(6):735-57.
20. Paduch DA, Niedzielski J. Semen analysis in young men with varicocele: preliminary study. J Urol. 1996;156:778-90.
21. Hjollund NH, Storgaard L, Ernst E, et al. The relation between daily activities and scrotal temperature. Reprod Toxicol. 2002; 16(3):209-14.
22. Ivell R. Lifestyle impact and the biology of the human scrotum. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007;5:15.
23. Paul C, Murray AA, Spears N, et al. A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes DNA damage, subfertility and impairs formation of blastocysts in mice. Reproduction. 2008;136(1):73-84.
24. Dada R, Gupta NP, Kucheria K. Spermatogenic arrest in men with testicular hyperthermia. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 2003;S1: 235-43.
25. Esfandiari N, Saleh RA, Blaut AP, et al. Effects of temperature on sperm motion characteristics and reactive oxygen species. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2002;47(5):227-33.
26. Bedford JM. Effects of elevated temperature on the epididymis and testis: experimental studies. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991;286: 19-32.
27. Hjollund NH, Bonde JP, Jensen TK, et al. Diurnal scrotal skin temperature and semen quality. The Danish first pregnancy planner study team. Int J Androl. 2000;23(5):309-18.
28. Wang C, McDonald V, Leung A, et al. Effect of increased scrotal temperature on sperm production in normal men. Fertil Steril. 1997;68(2):334-9.
29. Zorgniotti AW, MacLeod J. Studies in temperature, human semen quality, and varicocele. Fertil Steril. 1973;24(11):854-63.
30. Jung A, Eberl M, Schill WB. Improvement of semen quality by nocturnal scrotal cooling and moderate behavioral change to reduce genital heat stress in men with oligoasthenoteratozoo- spermia. Reproduction. 2001;121(4):595-603.
31. Goldstein M, Eid JF. Elevation of intratesticular and scrotal skin surface temperature in men with varicocele. J Urol. 1989;142(3): 743-5.
32. Trsinar B, Muravec UR. Fertility potential after unilateral and bilateral orchidopexy for cryptorchidism. World J Urol. 2009;27(4): 513-9.
33. Gracia J, Sánchez Zalabardo J, Sánchez García J, et al. Clinical, physical, sperm and hormonal data in 251 adults operated on for cryptorchidism in childhood. BJU Int. 2000;85(9):1100-3.
34. Lee PA, O'Leary LA, Songer NJ, et al. Paternity after unilateral cryptorchidism: a controlled study. Pediatrics. 1996;98:676-9.
35. Lee PA, O'Leary LA, Songer NJ, et al. Paternity after bilateral cryptorchidism. A controlled study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(3):260-3.
36. Canavese F, Mussa A, Manenti M, et al. Sperm count of young men surgically treated for cryptorchidism in the first and second year of life: fertility is better in children treated at a younger age. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2009;19(6):388-91.
37. Wiser A, Raviv G, Weissenberg R, et al. Does age at orchidopexy impact on the results of testicular sperm extraction? Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;19(6):778-83.
38. Cooper ER. The histology of the retained testis in the human subject at different ages and its comparison to the testis. J Anat. 1929;64:5-10.
39. Murphy F, Paran TS, Puri P. Orchidopexy and its impact on fertility. Pediatr Surg Int. 2007;23(7):625032. Epub 13 Mar 2007.
40. Setchell BP. The Parkes Lecture: heat and the testis. J Reprod Fertil. 1998;114(2):179-94.
41. Leissner J, Füipas D, Wolf HK, et al. The undescended testis: considerations and impact on fertility. BJU Int. 1999;83(8):885-91.
42. Hadziselimovic F, Zivkovic D, Bica DTG, et al. The importance of mini-puberty for fertility in cryptorchidism. J Urol. 2005;174: 1536-9.
43. Kurpisz M, Havryluk A, Nakonechnyj A, et al. Cryptorchidism and long-term consequences. Reprod Biol. 2010;10(1):19-35.
44. J0rgensen N, Meyts ER, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome comprises some but not all cases of hypospadias and impaired spermatogenesis. Int J Androl. 2010;33 (2):298-303. Epub 4 Feb 2010.
45. Abe T, Takaha N, Tsujimura A, et al. Leydig cell tumor of the testis presenting male infertility: a case report. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2003;49(1):39-42.
46. Shiraishi Y, Nishiyama H, Okubo K, et al. Testicular Leydig cell tumor presenting as male infertility: a case report. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2009;55(12):777-81.
47. Chovelidze S, Kochiashvüi D, Gogeschvili G, et al. Cases of Leydig cell tumor in male infertility. Georgian Med News. 2007; 143: 76-9.
48. Hayashi T, Arai G, Hyochi N, et al. Suppression of spermatogenesis in ipsilateral and contralateral testicular tissues in patients with seminoma by human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit. Urology. 2001;58(2):251-7.
49. Ho GT, Gardner H, DeWolf WC, et al. Influence of testicular carcinoma on ipsilateral spermatogenesis. J Urol. 1992;148(3): 821-5.
50. Carmignani L, Gadda F, Paffoni A, et al. Azoospermia and severe oligospermia in testicular cancer. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2009;81(1):21-3.
51. Rowley MJ, Leach DR, Warner GA, et al. Effect of graded doses of ionizing radiation on the human testis. Radiat Res. 1974;59(3): 665-78.
52. Paulsen CA. The study of radiation effects on the human testis: including histologic, chromosomal and hormonal aspects. Final progress report of AEC contract AT(45-1)-2225, Task Agreement 6. RLO-2225-2. 1973.
53. Speiser B, Rubin P, Casarett G. Aspermia following lower truncal irradiation in Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer. 1973;32(3):692-8.
54. Ash P. The influence of radiation on fertility in man. Br J Radiol. 1980;53:271-8.
55. Giwercman A, von der Maase H, Berthelsen JG, et al. Localized irradiation of testes with carcinoma in situ: effects of Leydig cell function and eradication of malignant germ cells in 20 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73(3):596-603.
56. Shapiro E, Kinsella TJ, Makuch RW, et al. Effects of fractionated irradiation on endocrine aspects of testicular function. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3(9):1232-9.
57. Spitz S. The histological effects of nitrogen mustard on human tumours and tissues. Cancer. 1948;1(3):383-98.
58. Watson AR, Rance CP, Bain J. Long term effects of cyclophosphamide on testicular function. BMJ. 1985;291:1457-60.
59. Pryzant RM, Meistrich ML, Wilson G, et al. Long-term reduction in sperm count after chemotherapy with and without radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(2):239-47.
60. da Cunha MF, Meistrich ML, Fuller LM, et al. Recovery of spermatogenesis after treatment for Hodgkin’s disease: limiting dose of MOPP chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2(6):571-7.
61. Meistrich ML, Chawla SP, Da Cunha MF, et al. Recovery of sperm production after chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Cancer. 1989;63(n):2115-23.
62. Pectasides D, Pectasides M, Farmakis D. Testicular function in patients with testicular cancer treated with Bleomycin-Etoposide- Carboplatin (BEC90) combination chemotherapy. Eur Urol. 2004;45(2):187-93.
63. Pont J, Albrect W. Fertility after chemotherapy for testicular germ cell cancer. Fertil Steril. 1997;68:1-5.
64. Ishikawa T, Kamidono S, Fujisawa M. Fertility after high-dose chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Urology. 2004;63:137-40.
65. Sakamoto H, Oohta M, Inoue K, et al. Testicular sperm extraction in patients with persistent azoospermia after chemotherapy for testicular germ cell tumor. Int J Urol. 2007;14(2):167-70.
66. Ferlin A, Raicu F, Gatta V, Zuccarello D, Palka G, Foresta C. Male infertility: role of genetic background. Reprod Biomed Online. 2007;14(6):734-45.
67. Foresta C, Moro E, Ferlin A. Y chromosome microdeletions and alterations of spermatogenesis. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(2):226-39.
68. Vogt PH. Azoospermia factor (AZF) in Yq11: towards a molecular understanding of its function for human male fertility and spermatogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2005;10(1):81-93.
69. Stahl PJ, Masson P, Mielnik A, et al. A decade of experience emphasizes that testing for Y microdeletions is essential in American men with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(5):1753-6.
70. Bojesen A, Gravholt CH. Klinefelter syndrome in clinical practice. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2007;4(4):192-204.
71. Ferlin A, Garolla A, Foresta C. Chromosome abnormalities in sperm of individuals with constitutional sex chromosomal abnormalities. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005;111:310-6.
72. Zhou-Cun A, Yang Y, Zhang SZ, et al. Chromosomal abnormality and Y chromosome microdeletion in Chinese patients with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 2006;33(2):111-6.
73. Foresta C, Garolla A, Bartoloni L, Bettella A, Ferlin A. Genetic abnormalities among severely oligospermic men who are candidates for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(1):152-6.
74. Schiff JD, Palermo GD, Veeck LL, et al. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(11):6263-7.
75. O'FlynnO’Brien KL, Varghese AC, Agarwal A. The genetic causes of male factor infertility: a review. Fertil Steril. 2010;93(1):1-12.
76. Shafik A. Contraceptive efficacy of polyester-induced azoospermia in normal men. Contraception. 1992;45(5):439-51.
77. Munkelwitz R, Gilbert BR. Are boxer shorts really better? A critical analysis of the role of underwear type in male subfertility. J Urol. 1998;160(4):1329-33.
78. Bonde JP. Semen quality in welders exposed to radiant heat. Br J Ind Med. 1992;49(1):5-10.
79. Jung A, Schuppe HC. Influence of genital heat stress on semen quality in humans. Andrologia. 2007;39:203-15.
80. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, et al. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008;89:124-8.
81. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, et al. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009;92: 1318-25.
82. Collodel G, Capitani S, Pammolli A, et al. Semen quality of male idiopathic infertile smokers and nonsmokers: an ultrastructural study. J Androl. 2010;31:108-13.
83. Calogero A, Polosa R, Perdichizzi A, et al. Cigarette smoke extract immobilizes human spermatozoa and induces sperm apoptosis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;19:564-71.
84. Gaur DS, Talekar MS, Pathak VP. Alcohol intake and cigarette smoking: impact of two major lifestyle factors on male fertility. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010;53:35-40.
85. Kunzle R, Mueller MD, Hanggi W, et al. Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples. Fertil Steril. 2003;79:287-91.
86. Brandes SB, Buckman RF, Chelsky MJ, et al. External genitalia gunshot wounds: a ten-year experience with fifty-six cases. J Trauma. 1995;39:266-71.
87. Cass AS, Ferrara L, Wolpert J, et al. Bilateral testicular injury from external trauma. J Urol. 1988;140:1435-6.
88. Kuhlmann J, Bohme H, Tauber R. Bilateral testicular gunshot injuries. Urologe A. 2005;44:918-20.
89. Tomomasa H, Oshio S, Amemiya H, et al. Testicular injury: late results of semen analyses after uniorchiectomy. Arch Androl. 1992;29:59-63.
90. Lin WW, Kim ED, Quesada ET, et al. Unilateral testicular injury from external trauma: evaluation of semen quality and endocrine parameters. J Urol. 1998;159:841-3.
91. Kukadia AN, Ercole CJ, Gleich P, et al. Testicular trauma: potential impact on reproductive function. J Urol. 1996;156:1643-6.
92. Philip J, Selvan D, Desmond A. Mumps orchitis in the nonimmune postpubertal male: a resurgent threat to male fertility? BJU Int. 2006;97:138-41.
93. Masarani M, Wazait H, Dinneen M. Mumps orchitis. J R Soc Med. 2006;99:573-5.
94. Osegbe DN. Testicular function after unilateral bacterial epididymo-orchitis. Eur Urol. 1991;19:204-8.
95. Schuppe HC, Meinhardt A, Allam JP, et al. Chronic orchitis: a neglected cause of male infertility? Andrologia. 2008;40:84-91.
96. Zariwala MA, Knowles MR, Omran H. Genetic defects in ciliary structure and function. Annu Rev Physiol. 2007;69:423-50.
97. Leigh MW, Pittman JE, Carson JL, et al. Clinical and genetic aspects of primary ciliary dyskinesia/Kartagener syndrome. Genet Med. 2009;11:473-87.
98. Terada T, Hatakeyama S. Morphological evidence for two types of idiopathic “Sertoh-ceU-only” syndrome. Int J Androl. 1991;14(2):117-26.
99. Weller O, Yogev L, Yavetz H, et al. Differentiating between primary and secondary Sertoh-cell-only syndrome by histologic and hormonal parameters. Fertil Steril. 2005;83(6):1856-8.
100. Collins JA, Burrows EA, Yeo J, et al. Frequency and predictive value of antisperm antibodies among infertile couples. Hum Reprod. 1993;8(4):592-8.
101. Menge AC, Medley NE, Mangione CM, et al. The incidence and influence of antisperm antibodies in infertile human couples on sperm-cervical mucus interactions and subsequent fertility. Fertil Steril. 1982;38:439-46.
102. Sinisi AA, Di Finizio B, Pasquali D, et al. Prevalence of antisperm antibodies by SpermMARtest in subjects undergoing a routine sperm analysis for infertility. Int J Androl. 1993;16:311-4.
103. Heidenreich A, Bonfig R, Wilbert DM, et al. Risk factors for antisperm antibodies in infertile men. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1994;31:69-76.
104. Walsh T, Turek P. Immunologic infertility. In: Lipshultz LI, Howards SS, Niederberger CS, editors. Infertility in the male. 4th ed. New York City, NY: Cambridge University; 2009.
105. Meinertz H, Linnet L, Fogh-Andersen P, et al. Antisperm antibodies and fertility after vasovasostomy: a follow-up study of 216 men. Fertil Steril. 1990;54:315-21.
106. Hammiche F, Laven J, Boxmeer J, et al. Semen quality decline among men below 60 years of age undergoing IVF or ICSI treatment. J Androl. 2010;32:70-6. Epub ahead of print.
107. Belloc S, Benkhalifa M, Junca AM, et al. Paternal age and sperm DNA decay: discrepancy between chromomycin and aniline blue staining. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;19:264-9.
108. Escobar MA, Grosfeld JL, Burdick JJ, et al. Surgical considerations in cystic fibrosis: a 32-year evaluation of outcomes. Surgery. 2005;138:560-71.
109. Wilschanski M, Corey M, Durie P, et al. Diversity of reproductive tract abnormalities in men with cystic fibrosis. JAMA. 1996;276: 607-8.
110. Lissens W, Mercier B, Tournaye H, et al. Cystic fibrosis and infertility caused by congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and related clinical entities. Hum Reprod. 1996;S4:55-78.
111. Donat R, McNeill AS, Fitzpatrick DR, et al. The incidence of cystic fibrosis gene mutations in patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens in Scotland. Br J Urol. 1997;79:74-7.
112. Sokol RZ. Infertility in men with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2001;7:421-6.
113. Dork T, Dworniczak B, Aulehla-Scholz C, et al. Distinct spectrum of CFTR gene mutations in congenital absence of vas deferens. Hum Genet. 1997;100:365-77.
114. Gaillard DA, Carré-Pigeon F, Lallemand A. Normal vas deferens in fetuses with cystic fibrosis. J Urol. 1997;158:1549-52.
115. Radpour R, Gourabi H, Gilani M, et al. Correlation between CFTR gene mutations in Iranian men with congenital absence of the vas deferens and anatomical genital phenotype. J Androl. 2008;29:35-40.
116. Donohue RE, Fauver HE. Unilateral absence of the vas deferens. A useful clinical sign. JAMA. 1989;261:1180-2.
117. Shapiro E, Goldfarb DA, Ritchey ML. The congenital and acquired solitary kidney. Rev Urol. 2003;5:2-8.
118. Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, et al. Young’s syndrome. Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:3-9.
119. Domingo C, Mirapeix RM, Encabo B, et al. Clinical features and ultrastructure of primary ciliary dyskinesia and Young syndrome. Rev Clin Esp. 1997;197:100-3.
120. Goeminne PC, Dupont LJ. The sinusitis-infertility syndrome: Young’s saint, old devil. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:698.
121. Arya AK, Beer HL, Benton J, et al. Does Young’s syndrome exist? J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123:477-81.
122. Smith JF, Walsh TJ, Turek PJ. Ejaculatory duct obstruction. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:221-7.
123. Paick JS, Kim SH, Kim SW. Ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertile men. BJU Int. 2000;85:720-4.
124. Carson CC. Transurethral resection for ejaculatory duct stenosis and oligospermia. Fertil Steril. 1984;41:482-4.
125. Wieder JA, Lynne CM, Ferrell SM, et al. Brown-colored semen in men with spinal cord injury. J Androl. 1999;20:594-600.
126. Labrecque M, Nazerali H, Mondor M, et al. Effectiveness and complications associated with 2 vasectomy occlusion techniques. J Urol. 2002;168:2495-8.
127. Freund MJ, Weidmann JE, Goldstein M, et al. Microrecanalization after vasectomy in man. J Androl. 1989;10:120-32.
128. Cruickshank B, Eidus L, Barkin M. Regeneration of vas deferens after vasectomy. Urology. 1987;30:137-42.
129. Hallan RI, May AR. Vasectomy: how much is enough? Br J Urol. 1988;62:377-9.
130. Adams CE, Wald M. Risks and complications of vasectomy. Urol Clin North Am. 2009;36:331-6.
131. Sokal DC, Labrecque M. Effectiveness of vasectomy techniques. Urol Clin North Am. 2009;36:317-29.
132. Cook LA, Van Vliet H, Lopez LM, et al. Vasectomy occlusion techniques for male sterilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;2:CD003991.
133. Jee SH, Hong YK. One-layer vasovasostomy: microsurgical versus loupe-assisted. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(6):2308-11. Epub 13 Jan 2010.
134. Belker AM, Thomas Jr AJ, Fuchs EF, et al. Results of 1,469 microsurgical vasectomy reversals by the Vasovasostomy Study Group. J Urol. 1991;145:505-11.
135. Nagler HM, Jung H. Factors predicting successful microsurgical vasectomy reversal. Urol Clin North Am. 2009;36:383-90.
136. Magheli A, Rais-Bahrami S, Kempkensteffen C, et al. Impact of obstructive interval and sperm granuloma on patency and pregnancy after vasectomy reversal. Int J Androl. 2010;41(1):52-7.
137. Witt MA, Heron S, Lipshultz LI. The post-vasectomy length of the testicular vasal remnant: a predictor of surgical outcome in microscopic vasectomy reversal. J Urol. 1994;151:892-4.
138. Hollingsworth MR, Sandlow JI, Schrepferman CG, et al. Repeat vasectomy reversal yields high success rates. Fertil Steril. 2007;88:217-9.
139. Talbot HS. The sexual function in paraplegia. J Urol. 1955;73: 91-100.
140. Utida C, Truzzi JC, Bruschini H, et al. Male infertility in spinal cord trauma. Int Braz J Urol. 2005;31:375-83.
141. Narayan P, Lange PH, Fraley EE. Ejaculation and fertility after extended retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer. J Urol. 1982;127:685-8.
142. Lange PH, Narayan P, Vogelzang NJ, et al. Return of fertility after treatment for nonseminomatous testicular cancer: changing concepts. J Urol. 1983;129:1131-5.
143. Pizzocaro G, Salvioni R, Zanoni F. Unilateral lymphadenectomy in intraoperative stage I nonseminomatous germinal testis cancer. J Urol. 1985;134:485-9.
144. Richie JP. Clinical stage 1 testicular cancer: the role of modified retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. J Urol. 1990;144:1160-3.
145. Donohue JP, Foster RS, Rowland RG, et al. Nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with preservation of ejaculation. J Urol. 1990;144:287-91.
146. Heidenreich A, Albers P, Hartmann M, et al. Complications of primary nerve sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: experience of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. J Urol. 2003;169:1710-4.
147. Pettus JA, Carver BS, Masterson T, et al. Preservation of ejaculation in patients undergoing nerve-sparing postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testicular cancer. Urology. 2009;73:328-31.
148. Hellstrom WJ, Sikka SC. Effects of acute treatment with tamsu- losin versus alfuzosin on ejaculatory function in normal volunteers. J Urol. 2006;176:1529-33.
149. Marks LS, Gittelman MC, Hill LA, et al. Rapid efficacy of the highly selective alpha1A-adrenoceptor antagonist silodosin in men with signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia: pooled results of 2 phase 3 studies. J Urol. 2009;181:2634-40.
150. Hisasue S, Furuya R, Itoh N, et al. Ejaculatory disorder caused by a-1 adrenoceptor antagonists is not retrograde ejaculation but a loss of seminal emission. Int J Urol. 2006;13:1311-6.
151. Kobayashi K, Masumori N, Hisasue S, et al. Inhibition of seminal emission is the main cause of an ejaculation induced by a new highly selective a1A-blocker in normal volunteers. J Sex Med. 2008;5:2185-90.
152. Smith SM, O’Keane V, Murray R. Sexual dysfunction in patients taking conventional antipsychotic medication. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:49-55.
153. Loh C, Leckband SG, Meyer JM, et al. Risperidone-induced retrograde ejaculation: case report and review of the literature. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;19:111-2.
154. Haefliger T, Bonsack C. Atypical antipsychotics and sexual dysfunction: five case-reports associated with risperidone. Encéphale. 2006;32:97-105.
155. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Cocuzza M, et al. Effect of vaginal lubricants on sperm motility and chromatin integrity: a prospective comparative study. Fertil Steril. 2008;89:375-9.
156. Kutteh WH, Chao CH, Ritter JO, et al. Vaginal lubricants for the infertile couple: effect on sperm activity. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1996;41:400-4.
157. Anderson L, Lewis SE, McClure N. The effects of coital lubricants on sperm motility in vitro. Hum Reprod. 1998; 13: 3351-6.
158. Nangia AK, Likosky DS, Wang D. Distribution of male infertility specialists in relation to the male population and assisted reproductive technology centers in the United States. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(2):599-609.
159. Blau H, Freud E, Mussaffi H, et al. Urogenital abnormalities in male children with cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87: 135-8.
160. Chen-Mok M, Bangdiwala SI, Dominik R, et al. Termination of a randomized controlled trial of two vasectomy techniques. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24:78-84.
161. Fejes I, Zavaczki Z, Koloszar S, et al. Hypothesis: safety of using mobile phones on male fertility. Arch Androl. 2007;53:105-6.