Goat grazing as a wildfire prevention tool: A basic review

IForest

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 260-268

  Lovreglio, Raffella ^a   Meddour Sahar, Ouahiba ^b   Leone, Vittorio ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITÉ MOULOUD MAMMERI   (Algeria)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BASILICATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Fire prevention; Fuel treatment; Goat; Grazing; Prescribed grazing; Prevention; Targeted grazing

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904043444     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19717458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3832/ifor1112-007     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. AFP (2009). Google fields low-tech wildfire prevention: goats. Web site. [online] URL: http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jilr7SJF_sk75rQzGG4PO4Zichnw
2. Anonymous (2012). Meat and dairy goats in cache county. Cooperative Extension, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA, pp. 2. [online] URL: http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/pub__6955528.pdf
3. Ascoli D, Catalanotti A, Valese E, Cabiddu S, Delogu G, Driussi M, Esposito A, Leone V, Lovreglio R, Marchi E, Mazzoleni S, Rutigliano F, Strumia S, Bovio G (2012). Prescribed burning experiences in Italy: an integrated approach to prevent forest fires. Forest@ 9 (1): 20-38. [in Italian with English abstract] - doi: 10.3832/ efor0686-009
4. Ascoli D, Lonati M, Marzano R, Bovio G, Cavallero A, Lombardi G (2013). Prescribed burning and browsing to control tree encroachment in southern European heathlands. Forest Ecology and Management 289: 69-77. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.09.041
5. Baraza E, Hodar JA, Zamora R (2009). Consequences of plant-chemical diversity for domestic goat food preference in Mediterranean forests. Acta Oecologica 35: 117-127. doi: 10.1016/j. actao.2008.09.001
6. Beatson A (1810). Papers relating to the devastation committed by goats on the island of St. Helena, from the period of their introduction to the present time; comprising experiments, observations and hints, connected with agricultural improvement and planting. S. Solomon - J. Coupland Publishing, St. Helena, SC, USA, pp. 80
7. Birot Y (2009). Living with wildfires: what science can tell us - a contribution to the sciencepolicy dialogue. Discussion Paper 15, European Forest Institute, Joenssu, Finland, pp. 82. [online] URL: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093126408.html
8. Blanchemain A (1981). Paturage en forêt: quel est le problème? Forêt méditerranéenne 3 (1): 69. [online] URL: http://www.foret-mediterraneenne.org/upload/biblio/FORET_MED_1981_1_58. pdf
9. Bonnier J (1981). Rôle du paturage dans la prévention des incendies de forêts. Forêt méditerranéenne 3 (1): 71-72. [online] URL: http://www.foret-mediterraneenne.org/upload/bib lio/FORET_MED_1981_1_58.pdf
10. Burgess K (2009). Goats do the yard work at Google headquarters. LA Unleashed, Los Angeles Times, 5 May 2009, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [online] URL: http://latimesblogs.latimes.- com/unleashed/2009/05/goats-do-the-yardwork- at-google-headquarters.html
11. Cabrero A (2009). Camp Williams using goats to fight wildfires. KSL.com, web site. [online] URL: http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=73431 28
12. Cans R (1999). Toutes les forêts brûlent. Forêt méditerranéenne 20: 23-24. [online] URL: http://www.foret-mediterraneenne.org/fr/catalogue/ id-565-toutes-les-forets-brulent-
13. Chapman CK, Reid CR (2004). Sheep and goats: ecological tools for the 21st century. Extension AG/Sheep/2004-1, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA, pp. 4. [online] URL: http://extension. usu.edu/files/factsheets/Sheep%20and%20Goats.pdf
14. Coffey L, Hale M, Wells A (2004). Goats: sustainable production overview. ATTRA, National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, NCAT, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA, pp. 24. [online] URL: http://cemendocino.ucanr.edu/files/ 131469.pdf
15. Calabri G (1981). Le p'turage et les incendies de forêts en Italie. Forêt méditerranéenne 3 (1): 61-64. [online] URL: http://www.foret-mediterraneenne. org/upload/biblio/FORET_MED_1981_1_58.pdf
16. Cavara F (1914). La végétation de la Tripolitaine et l'utilisation économique et agraire de la nouvelle colonie. Naples. In: "Sand-dune fixation and afforestation in Libya" (Messines J ed). Unasylva 6: 50-58. [online] URL: http://www.- fao.org/docrep/x5363e/x5363e02.htm
17. Correa JE (2012). Grazing systems. Pub. UNP- 0007, Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities, Montgomery, AL, USA, pp. 4. [online] URL: http:// www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/U/UNP-0007/index2.tmpl
18. Costa Alcubierre P, Castellnou Ribau M, Larrañaga Otxoa de Egileor A, Miralles Bover M, Kraus PD (2011). Prevention of large wildfires using the fire types concept. EU Fire Paradox Publication, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 83. [online] URL: http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/handbook-prevention-large-fires_en.pdf
19. Deeming J, Lancester JW, Fosberg MA, Furman RW, Schroeder MJ (1972). The national firedanger rating system. Research Paper RM-84, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 165
20. Devendra C (1999). Goats: challenges for increased productivity and improved livelihoods. Outlook on Agriculture 28 (4): 215-226. [online] URL: http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/ Outlk2840/Goats.htm
21. Diamond JM, Christopher A, Call CA, Devoe N (2009). Effects of targeted cattle grazing on fire behaviour of cheatgrass-dominated rangeland in the northern Great Basin, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18: 944-950. doi: 10.1071/WF08075
22. Dimanche M, Coudour R (2005). The pastoralism, partner of forest fire management: 20 years of practices in Languedoc Roussillon region. In: Proceedings of the "2nd International Conference on prevention strategies for fires in Southern Europe, Forest management as a tool for wildfire prevention". Barcelona (Spain) 9-11 May 2005 Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 74-75
23. Du Plessis I, Van der Waal C, Webb EC (2004). A comparison of plant form and browsing height selection of four small stock breeds-preliminary results. South African Journal of Animal Science 34 (Suppl. 1): 31-34. [online] URL: http://www. boergoats.co.za/PDFfiles/Researchdocuments/Br owsingheight.pdf
24. EFIMED (2012). The fight against forest fires: an inconvenient truth? EFIMED Network News, Mediterranean Regional Office of the European Forest Institute, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1. [online] URL: http://news.efi.int/newsletter/view/efimednewsletter- august-2012/1044
25. Fernandes PM, Botelho HS (2003). A review of prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12: 117-128 doi: 10.1071/WF02042
26. Foroughbakhch R, Hernández-Piñero JL, Carrillo- Parra A, Rocha-Estrada X (2013). A composition and animal preference for plants used for goat feeding in semiarid northeastern Mexico. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 23 (4): 1034-1040. [online] URL: http://www.thejaps. org.pk/docs/v-23-4/14.pdf
27. Fuhlendorf SD, Archer SA, Smeins FE, Engle DM, Taylor CA (2008). The combined influence of grazing, fire, and herbaceous productivity on tree-grass interactions. In: "Western North American Juniperus Communities: A Dynamic Vegetation Type" (Van Auken OW ed). Ecological Studies Series, vol. 196, Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 219-238. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387- 34003-6_12
28. Georgoudis A, Rosati A, Mosconi C (2005). Animal production and natural resources utilisation in the Mediterranean mountain areas. EAAP Pub. 115, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 624. [online] URL: http://www.eaap.org/docs/Publications/ea ap115%20-%20665121875A.pdf
29. Goetsch AL, Gipson TA, Askar AR, Puchala R (2009). Feeding behavior of goats. Journal of Animal Science 88 (1): 361-373. doi: 10.2527/ jas.2009-2332
30. Govtrack US (2013). S. 1479: catastrophic wildfire prevention act of 2013. Web site. [online] URL: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/ s1479
31. Graham RT, McCaffrey S, Jain TB (2004). Science basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, FortCollins, CO, USA, pp. 43. [online] URL: http://www.fs.fed-.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr120.pdf
32. Green LR, Newell LA (1982). Using goats to control brush regrowth on fuelbreaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-59, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Albany, Ca, USA, pp. 13. [online] URL: http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/document s/psw_gtr059/psw_gtr059.pdf
33. Guatieri G (1816). Dei vantaggi e dei danni derivanti dalle capre in confronto alle pecore [Benefits and damages resulting from the goats compared to sheep]. In: "Risorse silvo-pastorali, conflitto sociale e sistema alimentare: il ruolo della capra nelle comunità alpine della Lombardia e delle aree limitrofe in età moderna e contemporanea" (Corti M ed). SM Annali di S. Michele 19: 235-340. [in Italian] [online] URL: http://www.ruralpini.it/file/Ruralismo/Materialiruralisti/Risorse_silvo_pastorali_conflitto_sociale_ e_sistema_alimentare.pdf
34. Hagstrom K, Christiansen ML, Cleveland ER (1993). Plants in Hawaii that are eaten by goats. Journal of Hawaian and Pacific Agriculture 4: 101-105
35. Haenlein GFW, Caccese R, Sammelwitz PH (1992). Behavior. In: "National Goat Handbook". National Dairy Database, National Agricultural Library, University of Maryland, MD, USA, pp. 412. [online] URL: http://outlands.tripod.com/farm/national_goat_handbook.pdf
36. Harrington TB (2012). Silvicultural basis for thinning southern pines: concepts and expected responses. Georgia Forestry Commission, Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, pp. 20. [online] URL: http://www.gfc.state.ga.us/resources/publications/SilviculturalApproaches.pdf
37. Harris S (2007). Colonial forestry and environmental history: British policies in Cyprus, 1878- 1960. PhD Thesis, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA, pp. 504. [online] URL: http://repositories. lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/
38. Harris SE (2012). Cyprus as a degraded landscape or resilient environment in the wake of colonial intrusion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109 (10): 3670-3675. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1114085109
39. Hart S (2001). Recent perspectives in using goats for vegetation management in the USA. Journal of Dairy Science 84: E170-E176. doi: 10.3168/ jds.S0022-0302(01)70212-3
40. Hudak AT, Rickert I, Morgan P, Strand E, Lewis SA, Robichaud PR, Hoffman C, Holden ZA (2011). Review of fuel treatment effectiveness in forests and rangelands and a case study from the 2007 megafires in central Idaho, USA. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-252, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 60. [online] URL: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr252.pdf
41. Hutchens T (2003). Kentucky goat friendly pasture concept. Goat Producer's Newsletter, Cooperative Extension Service, Kentucky University, October-November 2003, pp. 1-4
42. Ingram RS, Doran MP, Nader G (2013). Planned herbivory in the management of wildfire fuels. In: "Herbivory" (Barros B, Fernandes MEB eds). InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 76. [online] URL: http://www.intechopen.com/books/herbivory
43. Kazuki (2009). Google is hiring (weed consumer wanted?). Kazuki Presents, web site. [online] URL: http://kipre.wordpress.com/2009/05/14/go ogle-is-hiring-weed-consumer-wanted/
44. Kirkpatrick JB, Marsden-Smedley JB, Leonard SWJ (2011). Influence of grazing and vegetation type on post-fire flammability. Journal of Applied Ecology 48 (3): 642-649. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2664.2011.01962.x
45. Knapp EE, Estes BL, Skinner CN (2009). Ecological effects of prescribed fire season: a literature review and synthesis for managers. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-224, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Albany, CA, USA, pp. 80. [online] URL: http://www. treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33628
46. Jáuregui BM, García U, Osoro K, Celaya R (2009). Sheep and goat grazing effects on three atlantic heathland types. Rangeland Ecology and Management 62 (2) 119-126. doi: 10.2111/07- 120.1
47. Launchbaugh K, Walker J (2006). Targeted grazing - a new paradigm for livestock management. In: "Targeted grazing: a natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement" (Launchbaugh K ed). American Sheep Industry Association - ASI, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 8. [online] URL: http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/rx-grazing/handbook/Chapter_1_ Targeted_Grazing.pdf
48. Leone V (2002). Forest management: pre and post fire practices. In: "Fire, Landscape and Biodiversity: An Appraisal of the Effects and Effectiveness" (Pardini, G, Pintó, J eds). Diversitas, Universitat de Girona, Spain, pp. 117-141
49. Leone V, Saracino A, Trabaud L, Velez R (2000). Fire management and prevention policies in west Mediterranean pine forests. In: "Ecology, Biogeography and Management of Mediterranean Pine Forest Ecosystems (Pinus halepensis and P. brutia)" (Ne'eman G, Trabaud L eds). Backhuys Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 335-354
50. Leone V, Signorile A, Gouma V, Pangas N, Chronopoulou- Sereli A (1999). Obstacles in prescribed fire use in Mediterranean countries: early remarks and results of the Fire Torch project. In: Proceedings of the "DELFI International Symposium. Forest Fires: Needs and Innovations". Athens (Greece) 18-19 Nov 1999 CINAR SA, Athens, Greece, pp. 132-136
51. Lipson J, Reynolds T, Anderson L (2011). Environmental implications of livestock series: goats. EPAR Brief No. 156, Evans School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 14. [online] URL: http://evans.washington.edu/files/EVANS_UW_Request_156_Environmental_Impacts_of_Livestock_Goats_0.pdf
52. Lopez-Trujillo R, Garcia-Elizondo R (1995). Botanical composition and diet quality of goats grazing natural and grass reseeded shrublands. Small Ruminant Research 16 (1): 37-47. doi: 10.1016/0921-4488(94)00046-A
53. Lu CD (1988). Grazing behavior and diet selection of goats. Small Ruminant Research 1: 205-216. doi: 10.1016/0921-4488(88)90049-1
54. Luginbuhl JM (2000). Pasture for meat goats. Langston University, Langston, OK, USA, pp. 39. [online] URL: http://www.luresext.edu/goats/ training/pastures.pdf
55. Luginbuhl JM, Pietrosemoli Castagni S (2007). Utilización de caprinos para el control de vegetación indeseable - Use of goats to control undesirable vegetation. Arch Latinoam Prod Anim 15 (Suppl. 1): 294-309. [online] URL: http://www.-bioline.org.br/request?la07067
56. Mancilla-Leytón JM, Pino Mejías R, Martín Vicente A (2012). Do goats preserve the forest? Evaluating the effects of grazing goats on combustible Mediterranean scrub. Applied Vegetation Science 16 (1): 63-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1654 -109X.2012.01214.x
57. Mancilla-Leytón JM, Martín Vicente A (2012). Biological fire prevention method: Evaluating the effects of goat grazing on the fire-prone Mediterranean scrub. Forest Systems 21 (2): 199-204. doi: 10.5424/fs/2012212-02289
58. McGinty EL, Baldwin B, Banner R (2009). A review of livestock grazing and range management in Utah. Utah State University, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, pp. 45. [online] URL: http://www. learningace.com/doc/2165345/7fdadba86552b88 f32971d1d7c426776/literature_review
59. Mendenhall M (2004). Fighting fire with goats at Camp Williams. Utah Forest News, Utah Forest Landowner Education Program Newsletter 4: 4- 5. [online] URL: http://forestry.usu.edu/files/uploads/ UFN0804.pdf
60. Messines J (1952). Sand-dune fixation and afforestation in Libya. Unasylva 6 (2): 50-58. [online] URL: http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5363e/x5363e 02.htm
61. Molina D, Castellnou M, García-Marco D, Salgueiro A (2010). Improving fire management success through fire behaviour specialists. In: "Towards Integrated Fire Management Outcomes of the European Project Fire Paradox" (Silva JS, Rego F, Fernandes P, Rigolot E eds). Research Report 23, European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland, pp. 105-119. [online] URL: http://www.efi.int/portal/virtual_library/publications/research_ reports/23
62. Montiel C, Herrero G (2010). An overview of policies and practices related to fire ignitions at the European Union level. In: "Towards integrated fire management-outcomes of the european project fire paradox" (Silva JS, Rego F, Fernandes P, Rigolot E eds). Research Report 23, European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland, pp. 35-46. [online] URL: http://www.efi.int/portal/virtual_library/publications/research_reports/23
63. Moser PM (2006). Regeneration and utilization of Faidherbia albida and Acacia erioloba along ephemeral rivers of Namibia. In: "Ecology and Development" (Denich M, Martius C, Rodgers C eds). Series No. 42, Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen, Germany, pp. 122. [online] URL: http://www.zef.de/fileadmin/webfiles/downloads/zefc_ecology_development/ecol_dev_42_text.pdf
64. Nader G, Henkin Z, Smith E, Ingram R, Narvaez N (2007). Planned herbivory in the management of wildfire fuels. Rangelands 29: 18-24. doi: 10.2111/1551-501X(2007)29[18:PHITMO]2.0CO;2
65. Nastis AS (1997). Feeding behaviour of goats and utilsation of pasture and rangelands. In: "Recent advances in goat research" (Moran D, Fehr P eds). Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes 25: 39-45
66. Nastis AS, Nolan T (1997). Some aspects of the use of vegetation by grazing sheep and goats. In: "Recent advances in small ruminant nutrition" (Lindberg JE, Gonda HL, Ledin I eds). Options Méditerranéennes, Série A, Séminaires Méditerranéens, vol. 34, pp. 11-25
67. Omi PN, Martinson EJ (2002). Effects of fuels treatment on wildfire severity. Final report, Joint Fire Science Program Governing Board, Western Forest Fire Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 40. [online] URL: http://www.ntc.blm.gov/krc/uploads/399/Effects%20of%20Fuels%20Treatment%20on%2 0Wildfire%20Severity.pdf
68. Omi PN, Joyce LA (2003). Fire, fuel treatments, and ecological restoration. Tec. Rep. RMRS-P- 29, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Servce, Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 475. [online] URL: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rm rs_p029.pdf
69. Otero I (2010). Matadepera, Barcelona metropolitan region. Peasant Memory for Wildfire Prevention, Spain, pp. 10. [online] URL: http://www. uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Matadepera_20 10_en_final.pdf
70. Papanastasis VP (1986). Intégrer la chèvre à la forêt méditerranéenne. Unasylva 38: 44-52. [in French] [online] URL: http://www.fao.org/do crep/50630F/50630f06.htm
71. Papanastasis VP (2000). Land degradation caused by overgrazing and wildfires and management strategies to prevent and mitigate their effects. In: "EUR 19390 desertification in Europe: mitigation strategies, land-use planning" (Enne G, Zanolla C, Peter D eds). Advanced study course, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 509. [ISBN 92- 828-9003-1]
72. Papanastasis VP (2004). Grazing lands and pastoral landscapes. LUCINDA (Land Care in Desertification Affected Areas: From Science towards Application), Booklet 5, n.5, pp. 40. [online] URL: http://geografia.fcsh.unl.pt/lucinda/booklets/Booklet%20C5%20EN.pdf
73. Papachristou T (1997). Foraging behaviour of goats and sheep on Mediterranean kermes oak shrublands. Small Ruminant Research 24 (2): 85-93. doi: 10.1016/S0921-4488(96)00942-X
74. Pastor E, Pérez Y, Miralles M, Nebot E, Plana E (2006). Prescribed burning in Catalonia: fire management and research. In: Proceedings of the "10th Biennial Australasian Bushfire Conference 2006". Brisbane (Australia) 6-9 June 2006 Paper No. 39300039, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 5. [online] URL: http://search.informit. com.au/documentSummary;dn=58811913 9626721;res=IELHSS
75. Pittroff W, Narvaez N, Ingram R, Barry S, Nader G, Morgan Doran M (2006). Prescribed herbivory for fire fuels management. In: Proceedings of the Symposium "Society for Range Management" (Barry S, Risberg D). San Jose (CA, USA), 23 June 2006 California-Pacific Section Society for Range Management, University of California Cooperative Extension, San Jose, CA, USA, pp. 2. [online] URL: http://ucanr.org/sites/ sccNew/files/51858.pdf
76. Pollet J, Omi PN (2002). Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire 11: 1-10. doi: 10.1071/WF01045
77. Rego F, Montiel C (2010). Lessons learned and the way ahead. In: "Best practices of fire use - prescribed burning and suppression fire programmes in selected case-study regions in Europe" (Montiel C, Krauss D eds). Research Report 24, European Forest Research Institute, Joensuu, Finland, pp. 165-169. [online] URL: http://www.efi.int/portal/virtual_library/publications/ research_reports/24/
78. Ruiz-Mirazo J (2011). Environmental benefits of extensive livestock farming: wildfire prevention and beyond. Options Méditerranéennes 100: 75-82. [online] URL: http://ressources.ciheam.org/ om/pdf/a100/00801486.pdf
79. Ruiz-Mirazo J, Robles AB, González-Rebollar JL (2009). Pastoralism in natural parks of Andalucía (Spain): a tool for fire prevention and the naturalization of ecosystems. In: "Changes in sheep and goat farming systems at the beginning of the 21st century" (Pacheco F, Morand-Fehr P ds). CIHEAM-IAMZ, Zaragoza, Options Méditerranéennes, Série A, Séminaires Méditerranéens 91: 141-14. [online] URL: http://digital. csic.es/bitstream/10261/42929/1/OPTIONS_pontedelima_descargado.pdf
80. Ruiz-Mirazo J, Robles AB (2012). Impact of targeted sheep grazing on herbage and holm oak saplings in a silvopastoral wildfire prevention system in south-eastern Spain. Agroforestry Systems 86 (3): 477-491. doi: 10.1007/s10457- 012-9510-z
81. Seigue A (1985). La forêt circumméditerranéenne et ses problèmes. Collection Rechniques Agricoles et Productions Méditerranéennes no. 5, Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris, France, pp. 502
82. Scott JH, Reinhardt ED (2001). Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. Research Paper RMRS-RP- 29, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 59. [online] URL: http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/4623
83. Siddle D (2009). Goats, marginality and the dangerous other. Environment and History 15 (4): 521-536. doi: 10.3197/096734009X12532652 872117
84. SRCD (2006). Grazing handbook a guide for resource managers in coastal California. Sotoyome Resource Conservation District, Pistil Books Online, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 68. [online] URL: http://www.carangeland.org/images/GrazingHan dbook.pdf
85. Taylor CA (2006). Targeted grazing to manage fire risk. In: "Targeted grazing: a natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement" (Launchbaugh K ed). American Sheep Industry Association - ASI, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 108-114. [online] URL: http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/rx-grazing/Handbook/Chap ter_12_Targeted_Grazing.pdf
86. Thirgood JV (1981). Man and the Mediterranean forest. A history of resource depletion. Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 194
87. Tsiouvaras CN, Havlik NA, Bartolome JW (1989). Effects of goats on understory vegetation and fire hazard reduction in a coastal forest in California. Forest Science 35: 1125-1131
88. USDA (2013). Goat grazing for fuels reductionon the Cleveland National Forests. Blog, posted June 19. [online] URL: http://blogs.usda.gov/ 2013/06/19/goats-grazing-for-fuels-reduction-on -the-cleveland-national-forest/
89. Vélez R (2010). Prescribed burning for improved grazing and social fire prevention: the Spanish EPRIF Program. In: "Best practices of fire use - prescribed burning and suppression fire programmes in selected case-study regions in Europe" (Montiel C, Krauss D eds). Research Report 24, European Forest Research Institute, Joensuu, Finland, pp. 117-122. [online] URL: http://www.efi.int/portal/virtual_library/publications/ research_reports/24/
90. Vélez R (1990). Preventing forest fires through sylviculture. Unasylva 162 (41): 10-12. [online] URL: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t9500E/t9500e 03.htm
91. Von Maydell HJ (1980a). Effects of goat husbandry on forest and range ecosystems. Journal of Plant Research and Development 12: 98-108. [online] URL: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstra cts/19810720725.html
92. Von Maydell HJ (1980b). Forstwirtschaft und Ziegenhaltung - Aufgaben im Rahmen der Waldweidewirtschaft [Forestry and goat keeping: suggestions for sylvo-pastoral management]. For starchiv 51 (4): 72-77. [online] URL: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19800663734.html
93. Voth K (2009). Prevent or reduce fire with goats: no kidding! Joint Fire Science Program, Fire Science Brief 34: 1-6. [online] URL: http://www.firescience.gov/projects/briefs/99-1-3-02_FSBrief34.pdf
94. Walker JW (1994). Multispecies grazing: the ecological advantage. Sheep Research Journal (1994): 52-64. [online] URL: http://www.sheepusa.org/?page=site/get_file&file_id=1e7303d8c895d2d15c8ae19fb6abd2a1
95. Xanthopoulos G, Caballero D, Galante M, Alexandrian D, Rigolot E, Marzano R (2006). Forest Fuels Management in Europe. In: Proceedings of the "Fuels Management'How to Measure Success" (Andrews PL, Butler BW eds). Portland (OR - USA) 28-30 March 2006 RMRS-P-41, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 29-36. [online] URL: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_ p041/rmrs_p041_029_046.pdf