Mortality: The essence of a healthy forest

Forest Health: An Integrated Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 17-49

  Zhang, L ^a   Rubin, B D ^b   Manion, P D ^c  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904035537     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511974977.003     Document Type: Chapter

References (80)

1. Abrams, M.D. 1992. Fire and development of oak forests. BioScience 42: 346-353.
2. Abrams, M.D. 1998. The red maple paradox. BioScience 48: 355-364.
3. Alerich, C.L., Klevgard, L., Liff, C., and Miles, P.D. 2004. The Forest Inventory and Analysis Database: Database Description and User’s Guide Version 1.7. 193.US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, Arlington, VA.
4. Avery, T.E. and Burkhart, H.E. 2002. Forest Measurements. 5th edition. McGraw-Hill, NY.
5. Bailey, R.L. and Dell, T.R. 1973. Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function. Forest Science 19: 97-104.
6. Boscoe, F.P., McLaughlin, C., Schymura, M.J., and Kielb, C.L. 2003. Visualization of the spatial scan statistic using nested circles. Health & Place 9: 273-277.
7. Castello, J.D., Leopold, D.J., and Smallidge, P.J. 1995. Pathogens, patterns and processes in forest ecosystems. BioScience 45: 16-24.
8. Clutter, J.L., Fortson, J.C., Pienaar, L.V., et al. 1992. Timber Management: a Quantitative Approach. Krieger Publishing Company. Malabar, FL.
9. Condit, R., Sukumar, R., Hubbell, S.P., and Foster, R.B. 1998. Predicting population trends from size distributions: a direct test in a tropical tree community. American Naturalist 152: 495-509.
10. Coomes, D.A., Duncan, R.P., Allen, R.B., and Truscott, J. 2003. Disturbances prevent stem size-density distributions in natural forests from following scaling relationships. Ecology Letters 6: 980-989.
11. Coulston, J.W. and Riitters, K.H. 2003. Geographic analysis of forest health indicators using spatial scan statistics. Environmental Management 31: 764-773.
12. De Liocourt, F. 1898. De l’amenagement des sapinieres. Bulletin Triemestriel Societe Forestriere de Franche Comte et Belfort, Besancon: 396-409.
13. Dobbertin, M. 2005. Tree growth as an indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: a review. European Journal of Forest Research 124: 319-333.
14. Duchesne, L., Ouimet, R., Moore, J.-D., and Paquin, R. 2005. Changes in structure and composition of maple-beech stands following sugar maple decline in Québec, Canada. Forest Ecology & Management 208: 223-236.
15. Enquist, B.J. and Niklas, K.J. 2001. Invariant scaling relationships across treedominated communities. Nature 410: 655-660.
16. Franklin, J.F., Shugart, H.H., and Harmon, M.E. 1987. Tree death as an ecological process: The causes, consequences, and variability of tree mortality. BioScience 37: 550-556.
17. Gillis, M.D., Omule, A.Y., and Brierley, T. 2005. Monitoring Canada’s forests: the National Forest Inventory. Forestry Chronicle 81: 214-221.
18. Goff, F.G. and West, D. 1975. Canopy-understory interaction effects on forest - population structure. Forest Science 21: 98-108.
19. Goodburn, J.M. and Lorimer, C.G. 1999. Population structure in old-growth and managed northern hardwoods: an examination of the balanced diameter distribution concept. Forest Ecology & Management 118: 11-29.
20. Grenier, Y., Blais, L., and Lavoie, É. 1991. Aire minimum d’échantillonnage ou nombre se points de prisme nécessaires pour établir la structure d’un peuplement inéquienne. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1632-1638.
21. Hafley, W.L. and Schreuder, H.T. 1977. Statistical distributions for fitting diameter and height data in even-aged stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7: 481-487.
22. Hansen, E.M. and Goheen, E.M. 2000. Phellinus weirii and other native root pathogens as determinants of forest structure and process in western North America. Annual Review Phytopathology 38: 315-339.
23. Hartmann, H., Beaudet, M., and Messier, C. 2008. Using longitudinal survival probabilities to test field vigor estimates in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Forest Ecology & Management 256: 1771-1779.
24. Hawksworth, F.G. 1977. The 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating system. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-48. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station., Ft. Collins, CO.
25. Hyink, D.M. and Moser, Jr., J.W. 1983. A generalized framework for projecting forest yield and stand structure using diameter distributions. Forest Science 29: 85-95.
26. Hett, J.M. 1971. A dynamic analysis of age in sugarmaple seedlings. Ecology 52: 1071-1074.
27. Hett, J.M. and Loucks, O.L. 1968. Application of life-table analyses to tree seedlings in Quetico Park, Ontario. Forestry Chronicle 44: 29-32.
28. Hett, J.M. and Loucks, O.L. 1971. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedling mortality. Journal Ecology 59: 507-520.
29. Hett, J.M. and Loucks, O.L. 1976. Age structure models of balsam fir and eastern hemlock. Journal Ecology 64: 1029-1044.
30. Holdenrieder, O., Pautasso, M., Weisberg, P.J., and Lonsdale, D. 2004. Tree diseases and landscape processes: the challenge of landscape pathology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19: 446-452.
31. Huang, L., Tiwari, R., Zuo, J., Kulldorff, M., and Feuer, E.J. 2009. Weighted normal spatial scan statistic for heterogeneous population data. Journal American Statistical Association 104: 886-898.
32. Kamei, M. and Nakagoshi, N. 2006. Geographic assessment of present protected areas in Japan for representativeness of forest communities. Biodiversity Conservation 15: 4583-4600.
33. Kohira, M. and Ninomiya, I. 2003. Detecting tree populations at risk for forest conservation management: using single-year vs. long-term inventory data. Forest Ecology & Management 174: 423-435.
34. Kulldorff, M. 1997. A spatial scan statistic. Communication in Statistics - Theory & Methods 26: 1481-1496.
35. Kulldorff, M. 2009. SaT Scan User’s Guide. Version 8.0. 65.Online at: www.satscan.org [Accessed November 2010].
36. Kulldorff, M., Heffernan, R., Hartman, J., et al. 2005. A space-time permutation scan statistic for disease outbreak detection. PLoS Medicine 2: e59.
37. Kulldorff, M., Huang, L., Pickle, L., and Duczmal, L. 2006. An elliptical spatial scan statistic. Statistics in Medicine 25: 3929-3943.
38. Kulldorff, M., Tango, T., and Park, P.J. 2003. Power comparisons for disease clustering tests. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 42: 665-684.
39. Kulldorff, M., Zhang, Z., Hartman, J., et al. 2004. Benchmark data and power calculations for evaluating disease outbreak detection systems. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 53: 144-151.
40. Leak, W.B. 1964. An expression of diameter distribution for unbalanced, uneven-aged stands and forests. Forest Science 10: 39-50.
41. Leak, W.B. 1965. The J-shaped probability distribution. Forest Science 11: 405-409.
42. Leak, W.B. 1996. Long-term structural change in uneven-aged northern hardwoods. Forest Science 42: 160-165.
43. Liu, C., Zhang, L., Davis, C.J., et al. 2002. A finite mixture model for characterizing the diameter distribution of mixed-species forest stands. Forest Science 48: 653-661.
44. Lorimer, C.G. and Frelich, L.E. 1984. A simulation of equilibrium diameter distribution of sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 111: 193-199.
45. Lorimer, C.G. and Frelich, L.E. 1998. A structural alternative to chronosequence analysis for uneven-aged northern hardwood stands. Journal Sustainable Forestry 6: 347-366.
46. Lundquist, J.E. and Beatty, J.S. 1999. A conceptual model for defining and assessing condition of forest stands. Environmental Management 23: 519-525.
47. Lundquist, J.E., Goheen, E.M., and Goheen, D.J. 2002. Measuring positive, negative, and null impacts of forest disturbances: a case study using dwarf mistletoe on douglas fir. Environmental Management 30: 793-800.
48. Manion, P.D. 2003. Evolution of concepts in forest pathology. Phytopathology 93: 1052-1055.
49. Manion, P.D. and Griffin, D.H. 2001. Large landscape scale analysis of tree death in the Adirondack Park, New York. Forest Science 47: 542-549.
50. Manion, P.D., Griffin, D.H., and Rubin, B.D. 2001. Ice damage impacts on the health of the northern New York State forest. Forestry Chronicle 77: 619-625.
51. Manion, P.D. and Lachance, D. 1992. Forest Decline Concepts. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
52. Marquis, D.A., Eckert, P.L., and Roach, B.A. 1976. Acorn weevils, rodents, and deer all contribute to oak-regeneration difficulties in Pennsylvania. Res. Pap. NE-356, 5.USDA Forest Service, Upper Derby, PA.
53. Mathiasen, R.L., Nickrent, D.L., Shaw, D.C., and Watson, D.M. 2008. Mistletoes: pathology, systematics, ecology and management. Plant Disease 92: 998-1006.
54. Meyer, H.A. 1952. Structure, growth, and drain in balanced uneven-aged forests. Journal Forestry 50: 85-92.
55. Meyer, H.A. and Stevenson, D.D. 1943. The structure and growth of virgin beech-birchmaple-hemlock forests in northern Pennsylvania. Journal Agricultural Research 67: 465-484.
56. Midgley, J.J. 2001. Do mixed-species mixed-size indigenous forests also follow the self thinning line? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16: 661-662.
57. Morin, R.S., Liebhold, A.M., and Gottschalk, K.W. 2004. Area-wide analysis of hardwood defoliator effects on tree conditions in the Allegheny Plateau. Northern Journal Applied Forestry 21: 31-39.
58. Muller-Landau, H.C., Condit, R.S., et al. 2006. Comparing tropical forest tree size distributions with the predictions of metabolic ecology and equilibrium models. Ecology Letters 9: 589-602.
59. Munck, I.A. and Manion, P.D. 2006. Landscape-scale impact of beech bark disease in response to slope and aspect in New York State. Forest Science 52: 503-510.
60. OMNR. 2004. Ontario Tree Marking Guide. version 1.1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, ON.
61. Pulido, F.J., Díaz, M., and Hidalgo de Trucios, S.J. 2001. Size structure and regeneration of Spanish holm oak Quercus ilex forests and dehesas: effects of agroforestry use on their long-term sustainability. Forest Ecology & Management 146: 1-13.
62. Rawlings, J.O., Pantula, S.G., and Dickey, D.A. 1998. Applied Regression Analysis. A Research Tool. 2nd edition. Springer-Verlag, New York.
63. Riitters, K.H. and Coulston, J.W. 2005. Hot spots of perforated forest in the eastern United States. Environmental Management 35: 483-492.
64. Rouvinen, S. and Kuuluvainen, T. 2005. Tree diameter distributions in natural and managed old Pinus sylvestris-dominated forests. Forest Ecology & Management 208: 45-61.
65. Rubin, B.D. and MacFarlane, D.W. 2008. Using the space-time permutation scan statistic to map anomalous diameter distributions drawn from landscape-scale forest inventories. Forest Science 54: 523-533.
66. Rubin, B.D. and Manion, P.D. 2001. Landscape-scale forest structure in northern New York and potential successional impacts of the 1998 ice storm. Forestry Chronicle 77: 613-618.
67. Rubin, B.D. and Manion, P.D. 2005. Characterizing regional forest health and sustainability from diameter distributions, baseline mortality, and cumulative liabilities. In: Lundquist, J.E. and Hamlin, R.C. (eds). Forest Pathology: from Genes to Landscapes. American Phyopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN.
68. Rubin, B.D., Manion, P.D., and Faber-Langendoen, D. 2006. Diameter distributions and structural sustainability in forests. Forest Ecology & Management 222: 427-438.
69. Schwartz, J.W., Nagel, L.M., and Webster, C.R. 2005. Effects of uneven-aged management on diameter distribution and species composition of northern hardwoods in Upper Michigan. Forest Ecology & Management 211: 356-370.
70. Solberg, S. and Strand, L. 1999. Crown density assessments, control surveys and reproducibility. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 56: 75-86.
71. Song, C. and Kulldorff, M. 2003. Power evaluation of disease clustering tests. Journal of Health Geographics 2: 1-8.
72. Steinman, J. 2000. Tracking the health of trees over time on forest health monitoring plots. In: Proceedings of the IUFRO Conference Integrated Tools for Natural Resources: Inventories for the 21st Century, USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-GTR-212. Hansen, M. and Burk, T. (eds).
73. Tuia, D., Ratle, F., Lasaponara, R., et al. 2008. Scan statistics analysis of forest fire clusters. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13: 1689-1694.
74. Vadrevu, K.P. 2008. Analysis of fire events and controlling factors in Eastern India using spatial scan and multivariate statistics. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 90: 315-328.
75. Vanclay, J.K. 1994. Modeling Forest Growth and Yield: Application to Mixed Tropical Forests. CAB International, Oxford, UK.
76. Weiss, N.A. 2008. Introductory Statistics. 8th edition. Pearson, San Fransisco.
77. West, D.C., Shugart, H.H., and Ranney, R.W. 1981. Population structure of forests over a large area. Forest Science 27: 701-710.
78. Westphal, C., Tremer, N., von Oheimb, G., et al. 2006. Is the reverse J-shaped diameter distribution universally applicable in European virgin beech forests? Forest Ecology & Management 223: 75-83.
79. Zhang, L., Packard, K.C., and Liu, C. 2003. A comparison of estimation methods for fitting Weibull and Johnson’s SB distributions to mixed spruce-fir stands in northeastern North America. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 1340-1347.
80. Zhang, L., Gove, J.H., Liu, C., and Leak, W.B. 2001. A finite mixture of two Weibull distributions for modeling the diameter distributions of rotated-sigmoid, uneven-aged stands. Canadian Journal Forest Research 31: 1654-1659.