How long must humans live?

Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

Volumn 69, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 965-970

  Carnes, Bruce A ^a   Witten, T M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological warranty period; Effective end of reproduction; Mortality acceleration; Sex ratio

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL WARRANTY PERIOD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; EFFECTIVE END OF REPRODUCTION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; LONGEVITY; MORTALITY; MORTALITY ACCELERATION.; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX RATIO; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

BIOLOGICAL WARRANTY PERIOD; EFFECTIVE END OF REPRODUCTION; MORTALITY ACCELERATION.; SEX RATIO;

HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; LONGEVITY; MORTALITY; PARENTING; REPRODUCTION; SEX FACTORS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84903954273     PISSN: 10795006     EISSN: 1758535X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt164     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Olshansky SJ, Antonucci T, Berkman L, et al. Differences in life expectancy due to race and educational differences are widening, and many may not catch up. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31:1803-1813.
2. Darwin C. On the Origin of Species. London, UK: John Murray; 1859.
3. Stearns SC, Hoekstra RF. Evolution: An Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000.
4. Carnes BA. Darwinian bodies in a Lamarckian world. The Gerontologist. 2004;44:274-279.
5. Rattan SI. The nature of gerontogenes and vitagenes. Antiaging effects of repeated heat shock on human fibroblasts. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;854:54-60.
6. Gurven M, Kaplan H. Longevity among hunter-gatherers: a crosscultural examination. Popul Dev Rev. 2007;33:321-365.
7. Carnes BA, Olshansky SJ, Hayflick L. Can human biology allow most of us to become centenarians? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68:136-142.
8. Grahn D. Studies of Acute and Chronic Radiation Injury at the Biological and Medical Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 1953-1970: Description of Individual Studies, Data Files, Codes, and Summaries of Significant Findings, ANL-94/26. Chicago, IL: Argonne National Laboratory; 1994.
9. Carnes BA, Riesch R, Schlupp I. The delayed impact of parental age on offspring mortality in mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012;67:351-357.
10. Human Mortality Database. 2013. www.mortality.org. Accessed September 25, 2013.
11. National Bureau of Economic Research. 2013. www.nber.org/data/multicause. html. Accessed September 25, 2013.
12. Carnes BA, Olshansky SJ. A biologically motivated partitioning of mortality. Exp Gerontol. 1997;32:615-631.
13. Carnes BA, Holden LR, Olshansky SJ, Witten MT, Siegel JS. Mortality partitions and their relevance to research on senescence. Biogerontology. 2006;7:183-198.
14. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Park MM. Births: final data for 2000. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2002;50:1-101.
15. Ellison P. On Fertile Ground: A Natural History of Human Reproduction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2001.
16. Walker R, Gurven M, Hill K, et al. Growth rates and life histories in twenty-two small-scale societies. Am J Hum Biol. 2006;18:295-311.
17. Parker GA. Sexual selection and sexual conflict. In: Blum MS, Blum NA, eds. Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1979.
18. Arnqvist G, Rowe L. Sexual Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Press; 2005.
19. National Archives. www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/ casualty-statistics.html. Accessed April 26, 2013.
20. Pritchard JK. How we are evolving. Sci Am. 2010;303:40-47.
21. Elandt-Johnson RC, Johnson NL. Survival Models and Data Analysis. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1980.
22. Eakin T, Witten M. A gerontological distance metric for analysis of survival dynamics. Mech Ageing Dev. 1995;78:85-101.
23. Witten TM, Eakin T. Multiphasic models of survival: background and early developments. Exper Gerontol. 1997;32:259-285.
24. Witten M. Quantifying the concepts of rate and acceleration/deceleration of aging. Growth Dev Aging. 1989;53:7-16.
25. Gehan EA, Siddiqui MM. Simple regression methods for survival time studies. J Am Stat Assoc. 68:848-856 (1973).
26. Makeham WM. On the law of mortality. J Inst Actuar. 1867:13:325-358.
27. Gompertz B. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality and on a new mode of determining contingencies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond. 1825:115:513-585.
28. Pearl R. A comparison of laws of mortality in Drosophila and man. Am Nat. 1922:56:398-405.
29. Brownlee J. Notes on the biology of a life-table. J R Stat Soc. 1919:82:34-77.
30. Medawar PB. An Unsolved Problem in Biology. London, UK: Lewis; 1952.
31. Arias E. United States Life Tables, 2008. National Vital Statistics Reports. 2012;61:1-64.
32. Rattan SIS. Healthy ageing, but what is health? Biogerontology. 2013. doi:10.1007/s10522-013-9442-7.