The harm argument against surrogacy revisited: Two versions not to forget

Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 357-363

  Agnafors, Marcus ^a  

^a LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Attachment; Ethics of motherhood; Harm argument; Maternal fetal attachment; Reproductive ethics; Surrogacy

Indexed keywords

CHILD; FEMALE; HUMAN; MOTHER; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; MOTHER FETUS RELATIONSHIP; NEWBORN; OBJECT RELATION; PSYCHOLOGY;

CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MATERNAL-FETAL RELATIONS; MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; SURROGATE MOTHERS;

EID: 84903905603     PISSN: 13867423     EISSN: 15728633     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11019-014-9557-x     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Allen, Anita. 1987. Privacy, surrogacy, and the Baby M case. Georgetown Law Journal 76(5): 1759-1792.
2. Anderson, Elizabeth. 1990. Is women's labor a commodity? Philosophy & Public Affairs 19: 71-92.
3. Anderson, Elizabeth. 1993. Value in ethics and economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Anderson, Elizabeth. 2000. Why commercial surrogate motherhood unethically commodifies women and children: Reply to McLachlan and Swales. Health Care Analysis 8: 19-26.
5. Andrews, Lori. 1995. Beyond doctrinal boundaries: A legal framework for surrogate motherhood. Virginia Law Review 81: 2343-2375.
6. Andrews, Lori, and Lisa Douglass. 1991-1992. Alternative reproduction. Southern California Law Review 65(1): 623-682.
7. Appleton, Tim. 2001. Surrogacy. Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology 11(4): 256-257.
8. Baykal, Baris, Cem Korkmaz, Seyit Temel Ceyhan, Umit Goktolga, and Iskender Baser. 2008. Opinions of infertile Turkish women on gamete donation and gestational surrogacy. Fertility and Sterility 89: 817-822.
9. Bowlby, John. 1969. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
10. Brazier, Margaret, Alasdair Campbell, and Susan Golombok. 1998. Surrogacy. Review for health ministers of current arrangements for payments and regulation: Report of the review team. UK: Stationery Office.
11. Brinig, Margaret Friedlander. 1995. A maternalistic approach to surrogacy: Comment on Richard Epstein's surrogacy: The case for full contract enforcement. Virginia Law Review 81: 2377-2399.
12. Cassidy, Jude, and Phillip Shaver (eds.). 2010. Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
13. Ciccarelli, Janice, and Linda Beckman. 2005. Navigating rough waters: An overview of psychological aspects of surrogacy. Journal of Social Issues 61(1): 21-43.
14. Constantinidis, Deborah, and Roger Cook. 2012. Australian perspectives on surrogacy: The influence of cognitions, psychological and demographic characteristics. Human Reproduction 27(4): 1080-1087.
15. DiPietro, Janet. 2010. Psychological and psychophysiological considerations regarding the maternal-fetal relationship. Infant and Child Development 19: 27-38.
16. Drabiak, Katherine, Carole Wegner, Valita Fredland, and Paul Helft. 2007. Ethics, law, and commercial surrogacy: A call for uniformity. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35: 300-309.
17. Edelmann, Robert. 2004. Surrogacy: The psychological issues. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 22(2): 123-136.
18. Fischer, Susan, and Irene Gillman. 1991. Surrogate motherhood: Attachment, attitudes and social support. Psychiatry 54(1): 13-20.
19. Goecke, T., F. Voigt, F. Faschingbauer, G. Spangler, M. W. Beckmann, and A. Beetz. 2012. The association of prenatal attachment and perinatal factors with pre- and post-partum depression in first-time mothers. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 286(2): 309-316.
20. Golombok, Susan, Jennifer Readings, Lucy Blake, Polly Casey, Alex Marks, and Vasanti Jadva. 2011. Families created through surrogacy: Mother-child relationships and children's psychological adjustment at age 7. Development Psychology 47: 1579-1588.
21. Growing Generations. http://www. growinggenerations. com. Accessed 16 July 2013.
22. Gugucheva, Magdalina. 2010. Surrogacy in America. Cambridge, MA: Council for Responsible Genetics.
23. Gupta, Divya. 2011. Inside India's surrogacy industry. Guardian Weekly, December 6. http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2011/dec/06/surrogate-mothers-india. Accessed 22 July 2013.
24. Hepper, Peter. 1996. Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do? Acta Paediatrica Supplement 416: 16-20.
25. Hofer, Myron. 2006. Psychobiological roots of early attachment. Current Directions in Psychological Science 15(2): 84-88.
26. Hrubý, Radovan, Jozef Hašto, and Peter Minárik. 2011. Attachment in integrative neuroscientific perspective. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva 53(2): 49-58.
27. Humbyrd, Casey. 2009. Fair trade international surrogacy. Developing World Bioethics 9: 111-118.
28. In Re Baby M. 1988. Family Court Review 26: 69-77.
29. Jackson, Emily. 2001. Regulating reproduction: Law, technology and autonomy. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing.
30. Jadva, Vasanti, and Susan Imrie. 2014. Children of surrogate mothers: Psychological well-being, family relationships and experiences of surrogacy. Human Reproduction 29(1): 90-96.
31. Jadva, Vasanti, Clare Murray, Emma Lycett, Fiona MacCallum, and Susan Golombok. 2003. Surrogacy: The experiences of surrogate mothers. Human Reproduction 18(10): 2196-2204.
32. Kisilevsky, Barbara S., Sylvia M. J. Hains, Christine Ann Brown, Charlotte T. Lee, Bernadine Cowperthwaite, Sherri Schmidt Stutzman, Melissa L. Swansburg, Kang Lee, Xing Xie, Hefeng Huang, HaiHui Ye, Ke Zhang, and Zengping Wang. 2009. Fetal sensitivity to properties of maternal speech and language. Infant Behavior and Development 32(1): 59-71.
33. Kovacs, Gavor, Gary Morgan, Carl Wood, Catherine Forbes, and Donna Howlett. 2003. Community attitudes to assisted reproductive technology: A 20-year trend. Medical Journal of Australia 179: 536-538.
34. Krishnan, Vijaya. 1994. Attitudes toward surrogate motherhood in Canada. Health Care for Women International 15(4): 333-357.
35. Lasker, Judith, and Dawn Murray. 2001. Attitudes toward technologies for conception: A 15-year follow up. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31: 2165-2183.
36. Laxton-Kane, Martha, and Pauline Slade. 2002. The role of maternal prenatal attachment in a woman's experience of pregnancy and implications for the process of care. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 20(4): 253-266.
37. Lee, Ruby. 2009. New trends in global outsourcing of commercial surrogacy: A call for regulation. Hastings Women's Law Journal 20(2): 275-300.
38. Lindgren, Kelly. 2001. Relationships among maternal-fetal attachment, prenatal depression, and health practices in pregnancy. Research in Nursing & Health 24: 203-217.
39. Mampe, Birgit, Angela Friederici, Anne Christophe, and Kathleen Wermke. 2009. Newborns' cry melody is shaped by their native language. Current Biology 19: 1994-1997.
40. Medical Tourism Corporation. http://www. medicaltourismco. com/assisted-reproduction-fertility/low-cost-surrogacy-india. php. Accessed 16 July 2013.
41. Mennella, Julie, Coren Jagnow, and Gary Beauchamp. 2001. Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants. Pediatrics 107(6). http://www. pediatricsdigest. mobi/content/107/6/e88. short. Accessed 22 July 2013.
42. Moriceau, Stephanie, and Regina Sullivan. 2005. Neurobiology of infant attachment. Development Psychobiology 47(3): 230-242.
43. Nafee, Tamer, William Farrell, William Carroll, Anthony Fryer and Khaled Ismail. 2008. Epigenetic control of fetal gene expression. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 115(2): 158-168.
44. Parfit, Derek. 1984. Reasons and persons. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
45. Parks, Jennifer. 2010. Care ethics and the global practice of commercial surrogacy. Bioethics 24: 333-340.
46. Rimm, Jennifer. 2008-2009. Booming baby business: Regulating commercial surrogacy in India. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 30: 1429-1462.
47. Satz, Debra. 2010. Why some things should not be for sale: The moral limits of markets. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
48. Schneider, Carl. 1990. Surrogate motherhood from the perspective of family law. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 13(1): 125-131.
49. Scott, Elizabeth. 2009. Surrogacy and the politics of commodification. Law and Contemporary Problems 72: 109-146.
50. Shetty, Priya. 2012. India's unregulated surrogacy industry. The Lancet 380: 1633-1634.
51. Shiffrin, Seana. 1999. Wrongful life, procreative responsibility and the significance of harm. Legal Theory 5(2): 117-148.
52. Suzuki, Kohta, Rintaro Sawa, Kaori Muto, Satoshi Kusuda, Kouji Banno, and Zentaro Yamagata. 2011. Risk perception of pregnancy promotes disapproval of gestational surrogacy: Analysis of a nationally representative opinion survey in japan. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility 5: 78-85.
53. Tong, Rosemarie. 1990. The overdue death of a feminist chameleon: Taking a stand on surrogacy arrangements. Journal of Social Philosophy 21(2): 40-56.
54. van den Akker, Olga. 2007. Psychosocial aspects of surrogate motherhood. Human Reproduction Update 13: 53-62.
55. Walsh, Judi. 2010. Definitions matter: If maternal-fetal relationships are not attachment, what are they? Archives of Women's Mental Health 13: 449-451.
56. Warnock, Mary. 1984. Report of the committee of inquiry into human fertilisation and embryology. Cmnd 9314. London, UK: HMSO.
57. Wertheimer, Alan. 1992. Two questions about surrogacy and exploitation. Philosophy & Public Affairs 21: 211-239.
58. Wertheimer, Alan. 1996. Exploitation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
59. Wilkinson, Stephen. 2003. The exploitation argument against commercial surrogacy. Bioethics 17: 169-187.