Fair trade international surrogacy

Developing World Bioethics

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 111-118

  Humbyrd, Casey ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioethics; Developing world bioethics; Fair trade; International; Surrogacy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; COMMODIFICATION; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ECONOMICS; ETHICS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFERTILITY THERAPY; MOTHER; SOCIAL WELFARE; STANDARD;

COMMERCE; COMMODIFICATION; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED; SOCIAL WELFARE; SURROGATE MOTHERS;

EID: 70449652311     PISSN: 14718731     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2009.00257.x     Document Type: Article

References (44)

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2. Haworth, op. cit. note 1.
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22. van Niekerk & van Zyl, op. cit. note 18, p. 347.
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27. Ibid: 98.
28. This is similar to Wertheimer's evaluation of whether 'surrogacy is injurious to the surrogate not because she is treated wrongly, but because she participates in something wrong.' Ibid: 105.
29. Ibid: 99.
30. Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet. Act V, Scene 1.
31. The Supreme Court of California. Anna Johnson, Plaintiff and Appellant v. Mark Calvert, et al., Defendants and Respondents. No. S023721. 20 May 1993.
32. Annas. op. cit. note 15, p. 23.
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34. D. Harvey. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, UK. Oxford University Press: 3.
35. Minimum wages in India vary according to state and sector, and some industries do not adhere to a minimum wage, including the apparel and footwear industries. U.S. Department of State. 2008. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/ 2007/100614.htm [Accessed 9 Nov 2008].
36. The nominal wage rate is the salary in equivalent dollars, while the real wage rate is the amount that the nominal wage rate can buy in terms of goods and services.
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38. C. Gresser & S. Tickell. 2002. Mugged: Poverty in Your Coffee Cup. Boston, MA: Oxfam America. Available at: http://www.oxfamamerica.org/ newsandpublications/publications/research-reports/mugged [Accessed 9 Nov 2008].
39. Fairtrade Foundation. 2008. What is Fairtrade? FAQs about Fairtrade. London, UK: Fairtrade Foundation. Available at: http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/ what-is-fairtrade/faqs.aspx [Accessed 9 Nov 2008].
40. D. Jaffee. 2007. Brewing Justice: Fair Trade, Sustainability, and Survival. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
41. This convention demonstrates both the promise and the difficulty of any international agreement. While it serves to increase transparency and protect children in international adoptions, the time from introduction to ratification by the United States took nearly 15 years and the adoptions between Hague and non-Hague are not prohibited. Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). 1993. Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. The Hague, Netherlands: HCCH. Available at: http://www.hcch.net/index-en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=69 [Accessed 9 Nov 2008] and U.S. Department of State. 2008. Hague Adoption Convention. Washington, DC. Available at: http://travel.state.gov/family/adoption/ convention/convention-462.html [Accessed 9 Nov 2008].
42. U.S. Department of State. 2008. Accredited, Temporarily Accredited, and Approved Hague Adoption Service Providers. Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.travel.state.gov/family/adoption/convention/convention-4169.html# [Accessed 9 Nov 2008].
43. The concept of regulation of emigration is also borrowed from intercountry adoption policy. For example, foreign prospective adoptive parents considering adoption of a child from India are required to use an adoption agency approved by the Central Adoption Resource Agency (CARA). Ministry of Law and Justice. 2006. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Act. New Delhi, India. Available at: http://www.adoptionindia.nic.in/ carahome.html [Accessed 9 Nov 2008].
44. The International Federation for Alternative Trade (IFAT). 2008. Ten Standards of Fair Trade. Culemborg, the Netherlands: IFAT. Available at: http://www.ifat.org/index.php?option=com-content&task=view&id= 2&Itemid=14 [Accessed 9 Nov 2008].