Unresolved controversies in gestational diabetes: Implications on maternal and infant health

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 264-270

  Barbour, Linda A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

diagnostic criteria; diet therapy; gestational diabetes mellitus; large for gestational age; oral agents

Indexed keywords

GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLUCOSE; METFORMIN; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLIBENCLAMIDE PLUS METFORMIN;

CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CHILD HEALTH; CONSENSUS; DIET THERAPY; FETUS GROWTH; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LARGE FOR GESTATIONAL AGE; LIPID DIET; LIVER DEVELOPMENT; MATERNAL CARE; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MOTHER; OBESITY; PANCREAS; PATIENT CARE; PLACENTA; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PROGENY; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; UTERUS; CALORIC RESTRICTION; DIABETIC DIET; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; FETOMATERNAL TRANSFUSION; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HEALTH CENTER; INFANT; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; NEWBORN; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; UNITED STATES;

CALORIC RESTRICTION; DIABETES, GESTATIONAL; DIABETIC DIET; DIET, CARBOHYDRATE-RESTRICTED; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; GLYBURIDE; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH CENTERS; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; METFORMIN; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84903818099     PISSN: 1752296X     EISSN: 17522978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000080     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, OgDen CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass inDex among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012; 307:491-497.
2. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. NEJM 2008; 358:1991-2002.
3. Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al., International Associ ation of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 676-682.
4. Catalano PM, McIntyre DH, Cruickshank JK; the HAPO Cooperative Research Group. The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study: associations of GDM and obesity with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:780-786. An analysis of the influence of maternal obesity versus glucose intolerance on infant outcomes in the enormous HAPO cohort.
5. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2013; 137:1-11.
6. National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference: Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, 2013. Available from http://prevention.nih.gov/cdp/conferences/2013/gdm/resourc es. A statement from the NIH Consensus panel Delineating the adVantages and disadVantages of adopting the ADA criteria for the diagnosis of GDM.
7. Prutsky GJ,Domecq JP,Wang Z,et al, Glucose targets in pregnant women with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis,J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2013,98,4319-4324.
8. Ryan EA. Diagnosing gestational diabetes. Diabetologia 2011; 54:480-548.
9. Manzoor N, Moses RG. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a different paradigm to consiDer. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:e187.
10. Mcintyre HD. Diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus: rationed or rationally related to risk? Diabetes Care 2013; 36:2879-2880.
11. Sacks DA, HadDen DR, Maresh M, et al., HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Frequency of gestational dia betes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommenDed criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:526-528.
12. Kim C, Herman WH, Cheung NW, et al. Comparison of hemoglobin A1C with fasting glucose and 2-h postchallenge glucose for risk stratification among women with recent gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:1949 -1951.
13. Blumer I, Hadar E, HadDen DR, et al. Diabetes and pregnancy: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guiDeline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:4227-4249.
14. Crowther CA, Hiller J E, Moses Jr.A.; for the Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2477-2486.
15. Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. NEJM 2009; 361:1339-1348.
16. Black MH, Sacks DA, Xiang A, La wrence JM, et al. The relative contribution of prepregnancy overweight and obesity, gestational weight gain, and IADPSGDefined gestational diabetes mellitus to fetal overgrowth. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:56-62.
17. Gillman MW, Oakey H, Baghurst PA, et al. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on obesity in the next generation. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:964-968.
18. Metzger BE, Bu chanan TA, Coustan DR, et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (Suppl 2):S251-S260. (Pubitemid 47036434)
19. JoVanovic-Pe terson L, Peterson CM. Dietary manipulation as a primary treatment strategy for pregnancies complicated by diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 1990; 9:320-325.
20. Schaefer-Graf UM, Graf K, Kulbacka I, Kjos SL, et al. Maternal lipids as strong Determinants of fetal environment and growth in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:1858-1863.
21. Barbour L, HernanDez T, VanPelt R, et al. Change in fasting triglyceriDes from early to late gestation is highly predictive of neonatal adiposity. ADA Diabetes 2009; 58 (Suppl 1):A84.
22. Harmon KA, Gerard L, Jensen DR, et al. Continuous glucose profiles in obese and normal-weight pregnant women on a controlled diet: metabolic Determinants of fetal growth. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:2198-2204.
23. Whyte K, Kelly H, O'Dwyer V, et al. Offspring birth weight and maternal fasting lipids in women screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170:67-70.
24. McCurdy CE, Bishop JM, Williams SM, et al. Maternal high-fat diet triggers lipotoxicity in the fetal livers of nonhuman primates. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:323-335.
25. Frias AE, Morgan TK, EVans AE, et al. Maternal high-fat diet disturbs uteroplacental hemodynamics and increases the frequency of stillbirth in a nonhuman primate moDel of excess nutrition. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2456-2464.
26. Lichtenstein AH, Schwab US. Relationship of dietary fat to glucose metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2000; 150:227-243. (Pubitemid 30336535)
27. Koren O, Goodrich J K, CullenDer TC, et al. Host remoDeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell 2012; 150:470-480.
28. Moses RG,Barker M,Winter M,et al, Can a low-glycemic inDex diet reduce the need for insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus? Diabetes Care,2009,32,996-1000.
29. Asemi Z, Tabassi Z, Samimi M, et al. Favourable effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles in GDM: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2013; 109:2024-2030.
30. Moreno-Castilla C, HernanDez M, Bergua M, et al. Low-carboh ydrate diet for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:2233-2238.
31. HernanDez TL, AnDerson MA, Chartier-Logan C, et al. Strategies in the nutritional management of gestational diabetes. Clinical Obstet Gynecol 2013; 56:803-815.
32. HernanDez TL, Van Pelt RE, AnDerson MA, et al. Higher complex carbohydrate diet in gestatio nal diabetes achieves glucose targets and lowers postprandial lipids: a randomized crossover study. Diab Care 2014; 37:1254-1262.
33. HernanDez TL, AnDerson MA, Van Pelt RE, et al. Women with ge stational diabetes randomized to a low-carbohydrate/higher fat diet Demonstrate greater insulin resistance and infant adiposity. Diabetes 2013; 62:A19.
34. Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3821-3842.
35. Rowan JA, Hague WM, Wanzhen Gao, et al. Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. NEJM 2008; 358:2003-2015. (Pubitemid 351656455)
36. Vaarasmaki HI, Morin-Papunen L, Keravuo R, et al. Metformin should be consiDered in the treatment of gestational diabetes: a prospective randomized study. BJOG 2011; 118:880-885.
37. Rowan JA, Rush ED, Obolonkin V, et al. Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU). Diabetes Care 2011; 34:2279-2284.
38. Barbour LA, Van Pelt R, Brumbaugh D, et al. Comment on: Rowan et al. Metfo rmin in gestational diabetes: The offspring follow-up MiG TOFU: Body composition at 2 years of age. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:227.
39. Barrett HL, Dekker NH, Jones L. Determinants of maternal triglyceriDes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes (MiG) study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:529-536.
40. Carlsen SM, Martinussen MP, Vanky E. Metformin's effect on first-year weight gain: a follow-up study. Pediatrics 2012; 130:e1222-e1226.
41. Paglia MJ, Coustan DR. The use of oral antidiabetic medications in gestational diabetes mellitus. Curr Dis Reps 2009; 9:287-290.
42. Lautatzis M-E, Goulis DG, Vrontakis M, et al. Efficacy and safety of metformin during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Metabolism 2013; 62:1522-1534.
43. Langer O, Conway DL, Berkus MD, et al. A comparison of glyburiDe and insulin in women with gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1134-1138.
44. Moore LE, Clokey D, Rappaport VJ, Curet LB. Metformin compared with glyburiDe in gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:55-59.
45. Lain KY, Garabedian MJ, Jeyabalan A. Neonatal adiposity following maternal treatment of gestational diabetes with glyburiDe compared with insulin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:501-506.
46. Kahn BF, Davies JK, Lynch AM, Barbour LA, et al. Predictors of glyburiDe failure in the treatment of gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107:1303-1309. (Pubitemid 44336895)
47. Hebert MF, Ma X, Naraharisetti SB, et al. Are we optimizing gestatio nal diabetes treatment with glyburiDe? The pharmacologic basis for better clinical practice. Clin Pharm Therap 2009; 85:607-6114.
48. Keely E, Barbour LA. Management of diabetes in pregnancy. Endotext 2013; 1-46; Chapter 20.
49. Coustan DR. Gestational diabetes. Clinical Chem,2013,59,1310-1321.
50. Malcolm J. Through the looking glass: gestational diabetes as a predictor of maternal and offspring long-term health. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28:307-311.
51. Mitanchez D, Burguet A, Simeoni U. Infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellit us; mild neonatal effects, a long-term threat to global health. J Pediatr 2014; 164:445-450.
52. Nolan CJ. Normal long-term health for infants of diabetic mothers: can we achieve it? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:3592-3594.
53. Pinney SE, Simmons RA. Metabolic programming, epigenetics, and gestational diabetes. Curr Diabetes Repor 2012; 12:67-74.
54. Brumbaugh DE, Tearse P, Cree-Green M, et al. Intrahepatic fat is increased in the neonatal offspring of obese women with gestational diabetes. J Pediatr 2012; 162:930-936.
55. Blatt AJ, Nakamoto JM , Kaufman HW. Gaps in diabetes screening during pregnancy and postpartum. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117:61-68.
56. Ratner RE, Christophi CA, Metzger BE, et al. Prevention of diabetes in wome n with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4774-4779.
57. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Page KA. Gestational diabetes mellitus: risks and management during and after pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:639-649.
58. Barbour LA, McCurdy CE, HernanDez TL, Friedman JE. Increased p70S6 kinase in skeletal muscle distingu ishes insulin resistance in obese GDM women with impaired glucose tolerance postpartum. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2011; 96:1431-1441.
59. Crume TL, OgDen LG, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. The impact of neo natal breastfeeding on growth trajectories of youth exposed and unexposed to diabetes in utero: the EPOCH Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:529-534.
60. GunDerson EP, HedDerson MM, Chiang V, et al. Lactation intensity and postpartum maternal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in women with recent GDM. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:50-56.
61. Fields DA, Demerath EW. Relationship of insulin, glucose, leptin, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in human breast milk with infant growth and body composition. Pediatr Obes 2012; 7:304-312.
62. Young ME, Johnson SL, Krebs NF. Biological Determinants linking infant weight gain and child obesity: current knowledge and future directions. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:675-686.