Perturbed energy balance and hydration status in ultra-endurance runners during a 24 h ultra-marathon

British Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 112, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 428-437

  Costa, Ricardo J S ^a,b   Gill, Samantha K ^b   Hankey, Joanne ^b   Wright, Alice ^b   Marczak, Slawomir ^b  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Faculty of Engineering and Computing   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Carbohydrates; Gastrointestinal symptoms; Hydration; Running; Sleep deprivation

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; FAT; KETONE; PROTEIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMPETITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDURANCE; ENDURANCE TRAINING; ENERGY BALANCE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; FAT INTAKE; FEMALE; FLUID INTAKE; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYDRATION; MACRONUTRIENT; MALE; MARATHON RUNNER; NORMAL HUMAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PLASMA OSMOLALITY; PLASMA VOLUME; PROTEIN INTAKE; ULTRA ENDURANCE RUNNER; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ENDURANCE SPORT; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; SLEEP DEPRIVATION;

ELAGATIS;

ADULT; BODY WATER; DIET; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY PROTEINS; DRINKING; ENERGY INTAKE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; PLASMA VOLUME; RUNNING;

EID: 84903792668     PISSN: 00071145     EISSN: 14752662     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514000907     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Knoth C, Knechtle B, Rust CA, et al. (2012) Participation and performance trends in multi-stage ultra-marathon - the 'Marathon des Sables' 2003-2012. Extreme Physiol Med 1, 1-11.
2. Murray A & Costa RJS (2012) Born to run. Studying the limits of human performance. BMC Med 10, 76.
3. Costa RJS, Swancott A, Gill S, et al. (2013) Compromised energy and nutritional intake of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment. Int J Sports Sci 3, 51-61.
4. Costa RJS, Teixiera A, Rama L, et al. (2013) Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study. Nutr J 12, 13.
5. Kruseman M, Bucher S, Bovard M, et al. (2005) Nutrient intake and performance during a mountain marathon: an observational study. Eur J Appl Physiol 94, 151-157. (Pubitemid 41166763)
6. Hoffman MD, Hew-Butler T & Stuempfle KJ (2013) Exerciseassociated hyponatremia and hydration status in 161-km ultramarathoners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45, 784-791.
7. American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada et al. (2009) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41, 709-731.
8. Jeukendrup AE (2008) Carbohydrate feeding during exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 8, 77-86.
9. Jeukendrup AE & McLaughlin J (2011) Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise: effects on performance, training adaptations and trainability of the gut. Neslte Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 69, 1-12.
10. Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SHS, et al. (2011) Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci 29, Suppl. 1, S17-S27.
11. Jeukendrup AE (2010) Carbohydrate and exercise performance: the role of multiple transportable carbohydrates. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 13, 452-457.
12. Broad EM & Cox GR (2008) What is the optimal composition of an athlete's diet? Eur J Sport Sci 8, 57-65.
13. Rehrer NJ, Brouns F, Beckers EJ, et al. (1992) Physiological changes and gastro-intestinal symptoms as a result of ultraendurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 64, 1-8.
14. Zalcman I, Guarita HV, Juzwiak CR, et al. (2007) Nutritional status of adventure racers. Nutrition 23, 404-411. (Pubitemid 46670695)
15. Noakes TD, Sharwood K, Speedy D, et al. (2005) Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102, 18550-18555. (Pubitemid 43011263)
16. American College of Sports Medicine, Sawka MN, Burke LM, et al. (2007) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39, 377-390.
17. Noakes TD (2007) Drinking guidelines for exercise: what evidence is there that athletes should drink "as much as tolerable", "to replace the weight lost during exercise" or "ad libitum"? J Sports Sci 25, 781-796.
18. Goulet EDB (2012) Effect of exercise-induced dehydration on endurance performance: evaluating the impact of exercise protocols on outcomes using a meta-analytic procedure. Br J Sports Med 47, 679-686.
19. Noakes TD (2007) Hydration in the marathon: using thirst to gauge safe fluid replacement. Sports Med 37, 463-466. (Pubitemid 46698567)
20. Hoffman MD, Fogard K, Winger J, et al. (2013) Characteristics of 161-km ultramarathon finishers developing exerciseassociated hyponatraemia. Res Sports Med 21, 164-175.
21. Hew-Butler T, Ayus JC, Kipps C, et al. (2008) Statement of the Second International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, New Zealand, 2007. Clin J Sport Med 18, 111-121. (Pubitemid 351365715)
22. de Graaf C, Blom WA, Smeets PA, et al. (2004) Biomarkers of satiation and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 946-961. (Pubitemid 41095945)
23. Park AJ & Bloom SR (2005) Neuroendocrine control of food intake. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 21, 228-233. (Pubitemid 40316208)
24. Britton R, Dempster S, Moore JP, et al. (2011) The use of triaxial accelerometry to support dietary intervention during a multi-stage mountain ultra-marathon: a case study approach. J Sports Sci 29, Suppl. 2, S132.
25. Pfeiffer B, Stellingwerff T, Hodgson AB, et al. (2012) Nutritional intake and gastrointestinal problems during competitive endurance events. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44, 344-351.
26. Robson-Ansley PJ, Gleeson M & Ansley L (2009) Fatigue management in the preparation of Olympic athletes. J Sports Sci 27, 1409-1420.
27. Seifarth CC, Miertschischk J, Hahn EG, et al. (2004) Measurement of serum and plasma osmolality in healthy young humans - influence of time and storage conditions. Clin Chem Lab Med 42, 927-932. (Pubitemid 39213896)
28. Dill DB & Costill DL (1974) Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol 37, 247-248.
29. Maughan RJ, Leipers JB & Greaves M (2001) Haematology. In Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, Procedures and Data, Volume Two: Exercise Physiology, pp. 99-116 [RG Eston and T Reilly, editors]. Oxon: Routledge.
30. Costa RJS, Crockford MJ, Moore JP, et al. (2014) Heat acclimation responses of an ultra-endurance running group preparing for hot desert based competition. Eur J Sport Sci 14, Suppl. 1, S131-S141.
31. James LJ & Shirreffs SM (2013) Fluid and electrolyte balance during 24-hours fluid and/or energy restriction. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 23, 545-553.
32. Cox GR, Snow RJ & Burke LM (2010) Race-day carbohydrate intake of elite triathletes contesting Olympic-distance triathlon events. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 20, 299-306.
33. Thomas DR, Cote TR, Lawhorne L, et al. (2008) Understanding clinical dehydration and its treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 9, 292-301. (Pubitemid 351756273)
34. Johannsen DL, Calabro MA, Stewart J, et al. (2010) Accuracy of armband monitors for measuring daily energy expenditure in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42, 2134-2140.
35. Saris WH, van Erp-Baart MA, Brouns F, et al. (1989) Study on food intake and energy expenditure during extreme sustained exercise: the Tour de France. Int J Sports Med 10, Suppl. 1, S26-S31. (Pubitemid 19161537)
36. Stewart IB&Stewart KL (2007) Energy balance during two days of continuous stationary cycling. J Int Soc Sport Nutr 4, 15.
37. Colombani PC, Mannhart C, Wenk C, et al. (2002) Nutritional intake during a 244km multisport ultraendurance race. Pak J Nutr 1, 124-126.
38. Koehler K, Huelsemann F, de Marees M, et al. (2011) Case study: simulated and real-life energy expenditure during a 3-week expedition. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 21, 520-526.
39. Miller AD, Taylor BJ & Johnson BD (2013) Energy expenditure and intensity levels during a 6170-m summit in the Karakoram mountains. Wilderness Environ Med 24, 337-344.
40. Stroud MA, Ritz P, Coward WA, et al. (1997) Energy expenditure using isotope-labelled water (2H218O), exercise performance, skeletal muscle enzyme activities and plasma biochemical parameters in humans during 95 days of endurance exercise with inadequate energy intake. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 76, 243-252.
41. Stroud MA, Coward WA & Sawyer MB (1993) Measurements of energy expenditure using isotope-labelled water (2H2(18)O) during an Arctic expedition. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 67, 375-379. (Pubitemid 23320366)
42. Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Wirth A, et al. (2012) A faster running speed is associated with a greater body weight loss in 100-km ultra-marathoners. J Sports Sci 30, 1131-1140.
43. Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM & Leiper JB (2007) Errors in the estimation of hydration status from changes in body mass. J Sports Sci 25, 797-804. (Pubitemid 46563314)
44. Costa RJS, Harper-Smith AD, Oliver SJ, et al. (2010) The effects of two nights of sleep deprivation with and without energy restriction on selected immune responses at rest and in response to cold exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 106, 417-428.
45. Burke LM, Cox GR, Culmmings NK, et al. (2001) Guidelines for daily carbohydrate intake: do athletes achieve them? Sports Med 31, 267-299. (Pubitemid 32328479)
46. French SJ & Cecil JE (2001) Oral, gastric and intestinal influences on human feeding. Physiol Behav 74, 729-734. (Pubitemid 34076621)
47. Rehrer NJ & Meijer GA (1991) Biomechanical vibration of the abdominal region during running and bicycling. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 31, 231-234.
48. ter Steege RWF, Geelkerken RH, Huisman AR, et al. (2011) Abdominal symptom during physical exercise and the role of gastrointestinal ischemia: a study in 12 symptomatic athletes. Br J Sports Med 46, 931-935.
49. van Wijck K, Lenaerts K, Grootjans J, et al. (2012) Physiology and pathophysiology of splanchnic hypoperfusion and intestinal injury during exercise: strategies for evaluation and preventions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303, G155-G168.
50. Peters EM & Goetzsche JM (1997) Dietary practices of South African ultradistance runners. Int J Sport Nutr 7, 80-103.
51. Rehrer NJ (2001) Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultraendurance sport. Sports Med 31, 701-715. (Pubitemid 32783708)
52. Wendt D, van Loon LJ & Lichtenbelt WD (2007) Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat: strategies for maintaining health and performance. Sports Med 37, 669-682. (Pubitemid 47173809)
53. Patterson MJ, Stocks JM & Taylor NA (2004) Sustained and generalized extracellular fluid expansion following heat acclimation. J Physiol 559, 327-334. (Pubitemid 39206972)
54. Ahmadizad S, Moradi A, Nikookheslat S, et al. (2011) Effects of age on hemorheological responses to acute endurance exercise. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 49, 165-174.
55. Hew-Butler T, Noakes TD, Soldin SJ, et al. (2008) Acute changes in endocrine and fluid balance markers during high-intensity, steady-state, and prolonged endurance running: unexpected increases in oxytocin and brain natriuretic peptide during exercise. Euro J Endocrinol 159, 729-737.
56. Armstrong LE, Maughan RJ, Senay LC, et al. (2013) Limitations to the use of plasma osmolality as a hydration biomarker. Am J Clin Nutr 98, 503-504.
57. Frayne KN (2010) Metabolic Regulation: A Human Perspective. Chapter 9 Coping with Some Extreme Situations. pp. 235-274. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
58. Gill SK, Teixeira AM, Rosado F, et al. (2013) Salivary antimicrobial protein responses during multi-stage ultra-marathon competition conducted in hot environmental conditions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 38, 1-11.
59. Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, et al. (2011) Position statement. Part one: immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev 17, 6-63.
60. Speedy DB, Noakes TD, Rogers IR, et al. (1999) Hyponatremia in ultradistance triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31, 809-815. (Pubitemid 29262672)
61. Vrijens DM & Rehrer NJ (1999) Sodium-free fluid ingestion decreases plasma sodium during exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 86, 1847-1851. (Pubitemid 29275558)