Novel host-related virulence factors are encoded by squirrelpox virus, the main causative agent of epidemic disease in red squirrels in the UK

PLoS ONE

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2014, Pages

  Darby, Alistair C ^a   McInnes, Colin J ^b   Kjær, Karina Hansen ^c   Wood, Ann R ^b   Hughes, Margaret ^a   Martensen, Pia Møller ^c   Radford, Alan D ^a   Hall, Neil ^a,d   Chantrey, Julian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b MOREDUN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^d KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2',5' OLIGOADENYLATE SYNTHETASE; CD47 ANTIGEN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; RIBONUCLEASE L; VIRULENCE FACTOR; VIRUS PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; CHORDOPOXVIRINAE; COMPUTER MODEL; COMPUTER PREDICTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; GENE SEQUENCE; MOLLUSCIPOXVIRUS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PARAPOXVIRUS; PHYLOGENY; POXVIRUS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RED SQUIRREL; SCIURUS; SQUIRRELPOX VIRUS; UNITED KINGDOM; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS VIRULENCE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASES; GENETICS; PATHOGENICITY; POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; SCIURIDAE; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; VIROLOGY;

ANIMAL DISEASES; ANIMALS; CHORDOPOXVIRINAE; GREAT BRITAIN; POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; SCIURIDAE; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; VIRAL PROTEINS; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 84903589736     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096439     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Alcami A (2003).Viral mimicry of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 3:36-50.
2. Arnold K, Bordoli L, Kopp J, Schwede T (2006) The SWISS-MODEL Workspace: A web-based environment for protein structure homology modelling. Bioinformatics 22,195-201
3. Brandt TA, Jacobs BL (2001) Both carboxy- and amino-terminal domains of the vaccinia virus interferon resistance gene, E3L, are required for pathogenesis in a mouse model. J Virol 75:850-6.
4. Bruemmer CM, Rushton SP, Gurnell J, Lurz PW, Nettleton P et al (2010) Epidemiology of squirrelpox virus in grey squirrels in the UK. Epidemiol Infect 138:941-50.
5. Buller RM, Palumbo GJ (1991) Poxvirus pathogenesis. Microbiological reviews 55:80-122.
6. Cameron CM, Barrett JW, Mann M, Lucas A, McFadden G (2005) Myxoma virus M128L is expressed as a cell surface CD47-like virulence factor that contributes to the downregulation of macrophage activation in vivo. Virology 337:55-67.
7. Chang HW, Jacobs BL (1993) Identification of a conserved motif that is necessary for binding of the vaccinia virus E3L gene products to double-stranded RNA. Virology 194:537-47.
8. Delcher A, Harmon D, Kasif S, White O, Salzberg S (1999) Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucl Acids Res 27:4636-4641.
9. Edgar RC. (2004) MUSCLE: a multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity. BMC Bioinformatics 5:113
10. García MA, Gil J, Ventoso I, Guerra S, Domingo E et al. (2006) Impact of protein kinase PKR in cell biology: from antiviral to antiproliferative action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70:1032-60.
11. García MA, Meurs EF, Esteban M (2007) The dsRNA protein kinase PKR: virus and cell control. Biochimie 89:799-811.
12. Gardai SJ, Bratton DL, Ogden CA, Henson PM (2006) Recognition ligands on apoptotic cells: a perspective. J Leukoc Biol 79:896-903.
13. Gil J, Rullas J, Alcam J, Esteban M (2001) MC159L protein from the poxvirus molluscum contagiosum virus inhibits NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis induced by PKR. The J Gen Virol 82:3027-34.
14. Gubser C, Hu S, Kellam P, Smith GL (2004) Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. The J Gen Virol 85:105-17.
15. Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W et al (2010) New Algorithms and Methods to Estimate Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies: Assessing the Performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59:307-21,
16. Haga IR, Bowie AG (2005) Evasion of innate immunity by vaccinia virus. Parasitology 130:S11-25.
17. Haller O, Kochs G, Weber F (2007). Interferon, Mx, and viral countermeasures. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 18:425-33.
18. Hatherley D, Graham SC, Turner J, Harlos K, Stuart DI et al. (2008) Paired receptor specificity explained by structures of signal regulatory proteins alone and complexed with CD47. Mol Cell 31:266-77.
19. Hovanessian AG, Justesen J (2007) The human 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase family: unique interferon-inducible enzymes catalyzing 2′-5′ instead of 3′-5′ phosphodiester bond formation. Biochimie 89:779-88.
20. Hunter S, Apweiler R, Attwood TK, Bairoch A, Bateman A et al. (2009) InterPro: the integrative protein signature database. Nucl Acids Res 37:D211-215.
21. Kjaer KH, Poulsen JB, Reintamm T, Saby E, Martensen PM et al. (2009). Evolution of the 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase family in eukaryotes and bacteria. J Mol Evol 69:612-24.
22. Lewis-Jones S (2004). Zoonotic poxvirus infections in humans. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17:81-89.
23. Lukashin A, Borodovsky M (1998). GeneMark.hmm: new solutions for gene finding. Nucl Acids Res 26:1107-1115.
24. McInnes CJ, Wood AR, Thomas K, Sainsbury AW, Gurnell J et al. (2006) Genomic characterization of a novel poxvirus contributing to the decline of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in the UK. J Gen Virol 87:2115-2125.
25. McInnes CJ, Coulter L, Dagleish MP, Fiegna C, Gilray J et al. (2009) First cases of squirrelpox in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgahs) in Scotland. Vet Rec 164:528-531.
26. Moss B (2001) Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication., p. 2849-2883. In D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley (ed.), Fields Virology, 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins., Philadelphia.
27. Orange JS, Fassett MS, Koopman LA, Boyson JE, Strominger JL (2002) Viral evasion of natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 3:1006-12.
28. Perdiguero B, Esteban M (2009) The interferon system and vaccinia virus evasion mechanisms. J Interferon Cytokine Res 29:581-98.
29. Pettersen RD (2000) CD47 and death signaling in the immune system. Apoptosis 5:299-306.
30. Rushton SP, Lurz PWW, Gurnell J, Nettleton P, Bruemmer C et al (2006) Disease threats posed by alien species: the role of a poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in Britain. Epidemiol Infect 134:521-533.
31. Rutherford K, Parkhill J, Crook J, Horsnell T, Rice P et al. (2000) Artemis: sequence visualization and annotation. Bioinformatics 16:944-945.
32. Sainsbury AW, Deaville R, Lawson B, Cooley WA, Farelly SS et al. (2008) Poxviral disease in red squirrels sciurus vulgaris in the UK: Spatial and temporal trends of an emerging threat. EcoHealth 5:305-316.
33. Sainsbury AW, Nettleton P, Gilray J, Gurnell J (2000) Grey squirrels have high seroprevalence to a parapoxvirus associated with deaths in red squirrels. Animal Conservation 3:229-233.
34. Scott AC, Keymer IF, Labram J (1981) Parapoxvirus infection of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Vet Rec 109:202.
35. Seet BT, Johnston JB, Brunetti CR, Barrett JW, Everett H et al (2003) Poxviruses and immune evasion. Annu Rev Immunol 21:377-423.
36. Senkevich TG, Moss B (1998) Domain structure, intracellular trafficking, and beta2-microglobulin binding of a major histocompatibility complex class I homolog encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus. Virology 250:397-407.
37. Sharp TV, Moonan F, Romashko A, Joshi B, Barber GN et al (1998) The vaccinia virus E3L gene product interacts with both the regulatory and the substrate binding regions of PKR: implications for PKR autoregulation. Virology 250:302-15.
38. Smith VP, Bryant NA, Alcam A (2000) Ectromelia, vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode secreted interleukin-18-binding proteins. J Gen Virol 81:1223-30.
39. Talavera G, Castresana J (2007). Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Syst Biol 56: 564-577.
40. Taylor JM, Barry M (2006) Near death experiences: poxvirus regulation of apoptotic death. Virology 344:139-50.
41. Tompkins DM, Sainsbury AW, Nettleton P, Buxton D, Gurnell J (2002) Parapoxvirus causes a deleterious disease in red squirrels associated with UK population declines. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 269:529-533.
42. Wauters LA, Lurz PWW, Gurnell J (2000) Interspecific effects of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) on the space use and population demography of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in conifer plantations. Ecol Res 15:271-284.