Enhanced awareness followed reversible inhibition of human visual cortex: A combined TMS, MRS and MEG study

PLoS ONE

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2014, Pages

  Allen, Christopher P G ^a   Dunkley, Benjamin T ^a,b   Muthukumaraswamy, Suresh D ^a   Edden, Richard ^a,c   Evans, C John ^a   Sumner, Petroc ^a   Singh, Krish D ^a   Chambers, Christopher D ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID;

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID BRAIN LEVEL; ADULT; ARTICLE; CELL ACTIVITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; EVOKED RESPONSE; EXCITABILITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MALE; NERVE CELL; NEUROIMAGING; NORMAL HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PUPILLOMETRY; SENSORY GATING; SHAM PROCEDURE; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; TIME; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL STIMULATION; AWARENESS; CONSCIOUSNESS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; METABOLISM; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AWARENESS; CONSCIOUSNESS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED POTENTIALS; FEMALE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VISUAL CORTEX; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84903519689     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100350     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Block N (1995) On a Confusion About a Function of Consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18: 227-247.
2. Lamme VA (2001) Blindsight: the role of feedforward and feedback corticocortical connections. Acta Psychologica 107: 209-228.
3. Lau HC, Passingham RE (2006) Relative blindsight in normal observers and the neural correlate of visual consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 18763-18768. (Pubitemid 44913484)
4. Dehaene S, Naccache L (2001) Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition 79: 1-37. (Pubitemid 32054795)
5. Jolij J, Lamme VA (2005) Repression of unconscious information by conscious processing: evidence from affective blindsight induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 10747-10751. (Pubitemid 41061625)
6. Ro T, Shelton D, Lee OL, Chang E (2004) Extrageniculate mediation of unconscious vision in transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced blindsight. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 9933-9935. (Pubitemid 38869339)
7. Boyer JL, Harrison S, Ro T (2005) Unconscious processing of orientation and color without primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 16875-16879. (Pubitemid 41688870)
8. Allen, Sumner P, Chambers C (in press) The timing and neuroanatomy of conscious vision as revealed by TMS-induced blindsight. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
9. Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC (2005) Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 45: 201-206. (Pubitemid 40128115)
10. Franca M, Koch G, Mochizuki H, Huang YZ, Rothwell JC (2006) Effects of theta burst stimulation protocols on phosphene threshold. Clinical neurophysiology 117: 1808-1813. (Pubitemid 44094247)
11. Stagg CJ, Wylezinska M, Matthews PM, Johansen-Berg H, Jezzard P, et al. (2009) Neurochemical effects of theta burst stimulation as assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Neurophysiology 101: 2872-2877.
12. Ericsson KA (2003) Valid and Non-Reactive Verbalization of Thoughts During Performance of Tasks. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10: 18.
13. Bradshaw J (1967) Pupil size as a measure of arousal during information processing. Nature 216: 515-516.
14. Bradley MM, Miccoli L, Escrig MA, Lang PJ (2008) The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology 45: 602-607. (Pubitemid 351832085)
15. Niehaus L, Guldin B, Meyer B (2001) Influence of transcranial magnetic stimulation on pupil size. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 182: 123-128. (Pubitemid 33786708)
16. Polonsky A, Blake R, Braun T, Heeger DJ (2000) Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with perception during binocular rivalry. Nature Neuroscience 3: 1153-1159.
17. Zeki S, Ffytche DH (1998) The Riddoch syndrome: insights into the neurobiology of conscious vision. Brain 121 (Pt 1): 25-45. (Pubitemid 28045504)
18. Varnava A, Stokes MG, Chambers CD (2011) Reliability of the 'observation of movement' method for determining motor threshold using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 201: 327-332.
19. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A (2009) Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology 120: 2008-2039.
20. Stewart LM, Walsh V, Rothwell JC (2001) Motor and phosphene thresholds: a transcranial magnetic stimulation correlation study. Neuropsychologia 39: 415-419. (Pubitemid 32065807)
21. Stokes MG, Barker AT, Dervinis M, Verbruggen F, Maizey L, et al. (2013) Biophysical determinants of transcranial magnetic stimulation: effects of excitability and depth of targeted area. Journal of Neurophysiology 109: 437-444.
22. Abrahamyan A, Clifford CW, Arabzadeh E, Harris JA (2011) Improving visual sensitivity with subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. The Journal of neuroscience 31: 3290-3294.
23. Schwarzkopf DS, Silvanto J, Rees G (2011) Stochastic resonance effects reveal the neural mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation. The Journal of Neuroscience 31: 3143-3147.
24. Llinas R, Urbano FJ, Leznik E, Ramirez RR, van Marle HJ (2005) Rhythmic and dysrhythmic thalamocortical dynamics: GABA systems and the edge effect. Trends Neurosci 28: 325-333. (Pubitemid 40775778)
25. Puts NA, Edden RA (2012) In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of GABA: a methodological review. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 60: 29-41.
26. Maizey L, Allen CPG, Dervinis M, Verbruggen F, Varnava A, Kozlov M, Adams RC, Stokes M, Klemen J, Bungert A, Hounsell CA, Chambers CD (2013) Comparative incidence rates of mild adverse effects to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 124: 8.
27. Weiskrantz L (1986) Blindsight: a case study and implications: Oxford University Press.
28. Weiskrantz L (2009) Is blindsight just degraded normal vision? Experimental Brain Research 192: 413-416.
29. Corwin J (1994) On measuring discrimination and respones bias: unequal numbers of targets and distractors and two classes of distractors. Neuropsychology 8: 7.
30. Campion J, Latto R, Smith YM (1983) Is Blindsight an Effect of Scattered-Light, Spared Cortex, and near-Threshold Vision. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 423-447.
31. Lloyd DA, Abrahamyan A, Harris JA (2013) Brain-stimulation induced blindsight: unconscious vision or response bias? PloS one 8: e82828.
32. Green DM, Swets JA (1966) Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York; London: Wiley.
33. Macmillan NA, Creelman CD (1990) Detection theory: a user's guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Rorden C, Brett M (2000) Stereotaxic display of brain lesions. Behavioural neurology 12: 191-200. (Pubitemid 32843166)
35. Thielscher A, Reichenbach A, Ugurbil K, Uludag K (2010) The cortical site of visual suppression by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Cerebral Cortex 20: 328-338.
36. Holm S (1979) A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6: 65-70.
37. Dienes Z (2008) Understanding Psychology as a Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Statistical Inference: Palgrave Macmillan.
38. Dienes Z (2011) Bayesian Versus Orthodox Statistics: Which Side Are You On? Perspectives on Psychological Science 6: 274-290.
39. Jeffreys ET (1961) The theory of probability: Oxford University Press.
40. Sanchez-Meca J, Marin-Martinez F, Chacon-Moscoso S (2003) Effect-size indices for dichotomized outcomes in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods 8: 448-467. (Pubitemid 38061518)
41. Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
42. Taylor JR (1997) An introduction to error analysis: the study of uncertainties in physical measurements. Sausalito, Calif.: University Science.
43. Dienes Z (in press) Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. http://wwwlifescisussexacuk/home/Zoltan-Dienes/ Dienes%20BF%20tutorialpdf.
44. Wassermann EM (1998) Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 108: 1-16.
45. Button KS, Ioannidis JP, Mokrysz C, Nosek BA, Flint J, et al. (2013) Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Review Neuroscience 14: 365-376.
46. Mescher M, Merkle H, Kirsch J, Garwood M, Gruetter R (1998) Simultaneous in vivo spectral editing and water suppression. NMR Biomedicine 11: 266-272. (Pubitemid 28465190)
47. Edden RAE, Puts NAJ, Harris AD, Barker PB, Evans CJ (2013) Gannet: A batch-processing tool for the quantitative analysis of gamma-aminobutyric acid-edited MR spectroscopy spectra. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
48. Rahnev D, Kok P, Munneke M, Bahdo L, De Lange FP, et al. (2013) Continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces resting state connectivity between visual areas. Journal of Neurophysiology 110: 10.
49. Crick F, Koch C (1990) Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2: 12.
50. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A (2003) An ERP study of change detection, change blindness, and visual awareness. Psychophysiology 40: 423-429. (Pubitemid 36596910)
51. Del Cul A, Baillet S, Dehaene S (2007) Brain dynamics underlying the nonlinear threshold for access to consciousness. PLoS biology 5: e260.
52. Kaernbach C, Schroger E, Jacobsen T, Roeber U (1999) Effects of consciousness on human brain waves following binocular rivalry. Neuroreport 10: 713-716. (Pubitemid 29393811)
53. Sergent C, Baillet S, Dehaene S (2005) Timing of the brain events underlying access to consciousness during the attentional blink. Nature Neuroscience 8: 1391-1400. (Pubitemid 41630429)
54. Marzi CA, Girelli M, Miniussi C, Smania N, Maravita A (2000) Electrophysiological correlates of conscious vision: evidence from unilateral extinction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12: 869-877.
55. Vuilleumier P, Sagiv N, Hazeltine E, Poldrack RA, Swick D, et al. (2001) Neural fate of seen and unseen faces in visuospatial neglect: a combined event-related functional MRI and event-related potential study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 3495-3500. (Pubitemid 32220873)
56. Melloni L, Molina C, Pena M, Torres D, Singer W, et al. (2007) Synchronization of neural activity across cortical areas correlates with conscious perception. The Journal of Neuroscience 27: 2858-2865. (Pubitemid 46438979)
57. Babiloni C, Vecchio F, Miriello M, Romani GL, Rossini PM (2006) Visuospatial consciousness and parieto-occipital areas: a high-resolution EEG study. Cerebral Cortex 16: 37-46. (Pubitemid 41746729)
58. Lamy D, Salti M, Bar-Haim Y (2009) Neural correlates of subjective awareness and unconscious processing: an ERP study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21: 1435-1446.
59. Foxe JJ, Snyder AC (2011) The Role of Alpha-Band Brain Oscillations as a Sensory Suppression Mechanism during Selective Attention. Frontiers in Psychology 2: 154.
60. Kujala J, Pammer K, Cornelissen P, Roebroeck A, Formisano E, et al. (2007) Phase coupling in a cerebro-cerebellar network at 8-13 hz during reading. Cerebral Cortex 17: 1476-1485.
61. von der Malsburg C, Schneider W (1986) A neural cocktail-party processor. Biol Cybern 54: 29-40.
62. Varela FJ, Lachaux JP, Rodriguez E, Martinerie J (2001) The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2: 229-239. (Pubitemid 33673064)
63. Fries P (2009) Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annual Review of Neuroscience 32: 209-224.
64. Lutz A, Lachaux JP, Martinerie J, Varela FJ (2002) Guiding the study of brain dynamics by using first-person data: synchrony patterns correlate with ongoing conscious states during a simple visual task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 1586-1591. (Pubitemid 34136536)
65. Wilke M, Logothetis NK, Leopoldt DA (2006) Local field potential reflects perceptual suppression in monkey visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103: 17507-17512. (Pubitemid 44788999)
66. Koelewijn L, Rich AN, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Singh KD (2013) Spatial attention increases high-frequency gamma synchronisation in human medial visual cortex. NeuroImage 79: 295-303.
67. Muthukumaraswamy SD, Edden RAE, Jones DK, Swettenham JB, Singh KD (2009) Resting GABA concentration predicts peak gamma frequency and fMRI amplitude in response to visual stimulation in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 8356-8361.
68. Galarreta M, Hestrin S (2001) Electrical synapses between GABA-releasing interneurons. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2: 425-433. (Pubitemid 33674799)
69. Lutz A, Greischar LL, Rawlings NB, Ricard M, Davidson RJ (2004) Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 16369-16373. (Pubitemid 39552851)
70. Bressler SL (1990) The gamma wave: a cortical information carrier? Trends in Neurosciences 13: 161-162.
71. Salinas E, Sejnowski TJ (2001) Correlated neuronal activity and the flow of neural information. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2: 539-550. (Pubitemid 33679827)
72. Berger H (1929) Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 87: 527-570.
73. Pfurtscheller G, Neuper C, Berger J (1994) Source localization using event-related desynchronization (ERD) within the alpha band. Brain Topography 6: 269-275. (Pubitemid 24243623)
74. Pfurtscheller G, Stancak A, Jr., Neuper C (1996) Event-related synchronization (ERS) in the alpha band-an electrophysiological correlate of cortical idling: a review. International Journal of Psychophysiology 24: 39-46. (Pubitemid 27013761)
75. Romei V, Gross J, Thut G (2010) On the role of prestimulus alpha rhythms over occipito-parietal areas in visual input regulation: correlation or causation? The Journal of Neuroscience 30: 8692-8697.
76. Varela FJ, Toro A, John ER, Schwartz EL (1981) Perceptual framing and cortical alpha rhythm. Neuropsychologia 19: 675-686. (Pubitemid 12252158)
77. Hamidi M, Slagter HA, Tononi G, Postle BR (2009) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Affects behavior by Biasing Endogenous Cortical Oscillations. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 3: 14.
78. Jensen O, Mazaheri A (2010) Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: gating by inhibition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4: 186.
79. Pfurtscheller G, Aranibar A (1979) Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 46: 138-146. (Pubitemid 9095318)
80. Engel AK, Fries P (2010) Beta-band oscillations - signalling the status quo? Current Opinion in Neurobiology 20: 156-165.
81. Babiloni C, Vecchio F, Bultrini A, Luca Romani G, Rossini PM (2006) Preand poststimulus alpha rhythms are related to conscious visual perception: a high-resolution EEG study. Cerebral Cortex 16: 1690-1700. (Pubitemid 44729907)
82. Piantoni G, Kline KA, Eagleman DM (2010) Beta oscillations correlate with the probability of perceiving rivalrous visual stimuli. Journal of Vision 10: 18.
83. Pfurtscheller G, Schwarz G, Pfurtscheller B, List W (1983) Quantification of spindles in comatose patients. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 56: 114-116. (Pubitemid 13065685)
84. Pfurtscheller G (1992) Event-related synchronization (ERS): an electrophysiological correlate of cortical areas at rest. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 83: 62-69.
85. Vernet M, Bashir S, Yoo WK, Perez JM, Najib U, et al. (2013) Insights on the neural basis of motor plasticity induced by theta burst stimulation from TMS-EEG. European Journal of Neuroscience 37: 598-606.
86. McAllister CJ, Ronnqvist KC, Stanford IM, Woodhall GL, Furlong PL, et al. (2013) Oscillatory beta activity mediates neuroplastic effects of motor cortex stimulation in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 33: 7919-7927.
87. Noh NA, Fuggetta G, Manganotti P, Fiaschi A (2012) Long lasting modulation of cortical oscillations after continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation. PloS one 7: e35080.
88. Shafi MM, Brandon Westover M, Oberman L, Cash SS, Pascual-Leone A (2014) Modulation of EEG Functional Connectivity Networks in Subjects Undergoing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Topography 27: 172-191.
89. Kerr NL (1998) HARKing: hypothesizing after the results are known. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2: 196-217.
90. Simmons JP, Nelson LD, Simonsohn U (2011) False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science 22: 1359-1366.
91. Kriegeskorte N, Simmons WK, Bellgowan PS, Baker CI (2009) Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: the dangers of double dipping. Nature Neuroscience 12: 535-540.
92. Vrba J, Robinson SE (2001) Signal processing in magnetoencephalography. Methods 25: 249-271. (Pubitemid 34135432)
93. Liddell BJ, Williams LM, Rathjen J, Shevrin H, Gordon E (2004) A temporal dissociation of subliminal versus supraliminal fear perception: an event-related potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16: 479-486. (Pubitemid 38392405)
94. Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH (1999) Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clinical Neurophysiology 110: 1842-1857.
95. Nogawa T, Katayama K, Tabata Y, Ohshio T, Kawahara T (1976) Changes in amplitude of the EEG induced by a photic stimulus. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 40: 78-88.
96. van Dijk H, Schoffelen JM, Oostenveld R, Jensen O (2008) Prestimulus oscillatory activity in the alpha band predicts visual discrimination ability. The Journal of Neuroscience 28: 1816-1823.
97. Simon M, Schmidt EA, Kincses WE, Fritzsche M, Bruns A, et al. (2011) EEG alpha spindle measures as indicators of driver fatigue under real traffic conditions. Clinical Neurophysiology 122: 1168-1178.
98. Katzner S, Busse L, Carandini M (2011) GABAA inhibition controls response gain in visual cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 31: 5931-5941.
99. Friston K (2005) A theory of cortical responses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360: 815-836.
100. Ebert U, Ostwald J (1995) GABA can improve acoustic contrast in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus. Experimental Brain Research 104: 310-322.
101. Eason RG, Harter MR, White CT (1969) Effects of attention and arousal on visually evoked cortical potentials and reaction time in man. Physiology & Behavior 4: 283-289.
102. Fries P, Reynolds JH, Rorie AE, Desimone R (2001) Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. Science 291: 1560-1563. (Pubitemid 32179225)
103. Panagiotaropoulos TI, Deco G, Kapoor V, Logothetis NK (2012) Neuronal discharges and gamma oscillations explicitly reflect visual consciousness in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron 74: 924-935.
104. Panagiotaropoulos TI, Kapoor V, Logothetis NK (2013) Desynchronization and rebound of beta oscillations during conscious and unconscious local neuronal processing in the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex. Frontiers in Psychology 4: 603.
105. McAllister SM, Rothwell JC, Ridding MC (2011) Cortical oscillatory activity and the induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience 33: 1916-1924.
106. Cazzoli D, Muri RM, Schumacher R, von Arx S, Chaves S, et al. (2012) Theta burst stimulation reduces disability during the activities of daily living in spatial neglect. Brain 135: 3426-3439.
107. Cazzoli D, Wurtz P, Muri RM, Hess CW, Nyffeler T (2009) Interhemispheric balance of overt attention: a theta burst stimulation study. European Journal of Neuroscience 29: 1271-1276.
108. Funke K, Benali A (2011) Modulation of cortical inhibition by rTMS - findings obtained from animal models. The Journal of Physiology 589: 4423-4435.
109. Kindler J, Schumacher R, Cazzoli D, Gutbrod K, Koenig M, et al. (2012) Theta Burst Stimulation Over the Right Broca's Homologue Induces Improvement of Naming in Aphasic Patients. Stroke 43: 2175-2179.
110. Marzi CA, Miniussi C, Maravita A, Bertolasi L, Zanette G, et al. (1998) Transcranial magnetic stimulation selectively impairs interhemispheric transfer of visuo-motor information in humans. Experimental Brain Research 118: 435-438. (Pubitemid 28052351)
111. Tegenthoff M, Ragert P, Pleger B, Schwenkreis P, Forster AF, et al. (2005) Improvement of tactile discrimination performance and enlargement of cortical somatosensory maps after 5 Hz rTMS. PLoS biology 3: e362.
112. Thompson B, Mansouri B, Koski L, Hess RF (2008) Brain plasticity in the adult: modulation of function in amblyopia with rTMS. Current Biology 18: 1067-1071.
113. Waterston ML, Pack CC (2010) Improved discrimination of visual stimuli following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. PloS one 5: e10354.
114. Yamanaka K, Yamagata B, Tomioka H, Kawasaki S, Mimura M (2010) Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex facilitates spatial working memory: near-infrared spectroscopy study. Cerebral Cortex 20: 1037-1045.
115. Koch G, Oliveri M, Cheeran B, Ruge D, Lo Gerfo E, et al. (2008) Hyperexcitability of parietal-motor functional connections in the intact left-hemisphere of patients with neglect. Brain 131: 3147-3155.
116. Reuter-Lorenz PA, Kinsbourne M, Moscovitch M (1990) Hemispheric control of spatial attention. Brain and Cognition 12: 240-266.
117. Zohary E, Shadlen MN, Newsome WT (1994) Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance. Nature 370: 140-143. (Pubitemid 24229125)
118. Verbruggen F, Aron AR, Stevens MA, Chambers CD (2010) Theta burst stimulation dissociates attention and action updating in human inferior frontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 13966-13971.
119. Deblieck C, Thompson B, Iacoboni M, Wu AD (2008) Correlation between motor and phosphene thresholds: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Human Brain Mapping 29: 662-670. (Pubitemid 351794121)
120. Hilgetag CC, Theoret H, Pascual-Leone A (2001) Enhanced visual spatial attention ipsilateral to rTMS-induced 'virtual lesions' of human parietal cortex. Nature Neuroscience 4: 953-957. (Pubitemid 32801601)
121. Walsh V, Cowey A (2000) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1: 73-79.
122. Loftus GR, Masson MEJ (1994) Using Confidence-Intervals in within-Subject Designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1: 476-490.
123. Masson MEJ, Loftus GR (2003) Using confidence intervals for graphically based data interpretation. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 57: 203-220. (Pubitemid 37180498)