Southern farmers and their stories: Memory and meaning in oral history

Southern Farmers and their Stories: Memory and Meaning in Oral History

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-324

  Walker, Melissa ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84903505021     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (438)

1. Leota Wagner Kuykendall, interview by Anne Radford Philips, on three occasions from February 20, 1992, to March 23, 1992, Waco, Tex., IOH.
2. David Blight, "Southerners Don't Lie, They Just Remember Big", in Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory, and Southern Identity, ed. W. Fitzhugh Brundage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 347-54, quote on 349.
3. Alessandro Portelli, The Battle of Valle Giulia: Oral History and the Art of Dialogue (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 80.
4. John Crowe Ransom, "Reconstructed but Unregenerate", in I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition, by Twelve Southerners (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977 edition of 1930 original), 6.
5. David Anderson, "Down Memory Lane: Nostalgia for the Old South in Post-Civil War Plantation Reminiscences", Journal of Southern History 71(2005):104-36, quotes on 108 and 109.
6. Dan T. Carter, "Scattered Pieces: Living and Writing Southern History", in Shapers of Southern History: Autobiographical Reflections, ed. John B. Boles (Athens and London: University Press of Georgia, 2004): 115-36, quote on 115.
7. David Blight, Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002).
8. Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Commitment and Individualism in American Life (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1985), 153.
9. Edward Ayers, "Memory and the South", Southern Cultures 2(1995):5-8.
10. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, trans. 1984), 455.
11. Scott G. McNall, The Road to Rebellion: Class Formation and Kansas Populism, 1865-1900 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 8-9.
12. Susan Engel, Context is Everything: The Nature of Memory (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1999), 159.
13. John Bodnar, "Power and Memory in Oral History: Workers and Managers at Studebaker", in Memory and American History, ed. David Thelen (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 72-92;
14. and Sherry Lee Linkon and John Russo, Steeltown U. S. A.: Work and Memory in Youngstown (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002).
15. Valerie Raleigh Yow, Recording Oral History: A Guide for the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2nd ed. (New York: AltaMira Press, 2005): 52-53, 57.
16. Michael Frisch, A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), 61.
17. Alessandro Portelli, The Battle of Valle Giulia: Oral History and the Art of Dialogue (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 57.
18. Susan A. Crane makes a similar argument in "Writing the Individual Back into Collective Memory", American Historical Review 102. 5(December 1997):1372-85.
19. Portelli, Battle of Valle Giulia, 157.
20. Steven Reschly, personal communication with author, April 10, 2004, copy in author's possession.
21. John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 17.
22. Ted Ownby, personal communication with author, March 15, 2004, copy in author's possession.
23. 1920 figures are from Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 121.
24. Jane Addams, The Long Road of Women's Memory (Chicago and Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002 reprint of 1916 edition), 7.
25. Elizabeth Tonkin, Narrating Our Pasts: The Social Construction of Oral History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 9.
26. George Lipsitz, Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 213.
27. Alessandro Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), 25.
28. Mary Fouts, interview by Mabel Bartram, November 7, 1981, London, Ky., EHOHP.
29. David B. Danbom, Born in the Country: A History of Rural America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 127.
30. R. Douglas Hurt, Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 5-6.
31. Pete Daniel, Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980), 31;
32. Danbom, Born in the Country, 127.
33. Peter A. Coclanis, "The Paths before Us/U. S.: Tracking the Economic Divergence of North and South", in The South, the Nation, and the World: Perspectives on Southern Economic Development, ed. David L. Carlton and Peter A. Coclanis (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2003), 12-23, quote on 22.
34. Scott J. Peters and Paul A. Morgan, "The Country Life Commission: Reconsidering a Milestone in American Agricultural History", Agricultural History 78(Summer 2004):289-316, quote on 312.
35. Danbom, Born in the Country, 127-29;
36. Pete Daniel, Standing at the Crossroads: Southern Life in the Twentieth Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1986), 10-12;
37. Daniel, Breaking the Land, 13.
38. Danbom, Born in the Country, 179-80;
39. Wright, Old South, New South, 198.
40. Figures compiled from Census of Agriculture, 1925, pt. 2, pp. 736-45;
41. Danbom, Born in the Country, 186.
42. Danbom, Born in the Country, 188, 193;
43. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook of Agriculture 1922, 1002.
44. Danbom, Born in the Country, 127-29;
45. Daniel, Breaking the Land, 139-41;
46. United States Census of Agriculture, 1930, vol. 2, part 2, compiled from pp. 870-84, 470-75;
47. Jacqueline Jones, The Dispossessed: America's Underclass from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 82-83, 96.
48. Hurt, Problems of Plenty, 63, 43.
49. Wright, Old South, New South, 228-31, 235;
50. Danbom, Born in the Country, 213-15.
51. Wright, Old South, New South, 236, 252.
52. Pete Daniel, Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 9.
53. Wright, Old South, New South, 241.
54. Donald Holley, The Second Great Emancipation: The Mechanical Cotton Picker, Black Migration, and How They Shaped the Modern South (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 98.
55. Danbom, Born in the Country, 234-37.
56. Bruce L. Gardner, American Agriculture in the Twentieth Century: How It Flourished and What It Cost (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2002), 16-17.
57. Wright, Old South, New South, 248;
58. Danbom, Born in the Country, 238;
59. Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present (New York: Vintage, 1985), 260-62.
60. Mark Schultz, The Rural Face of White Supremacy: Beyond Jim Crow (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 205-23.
61. Barry J. Barnett, "The U. S. Farm Financial Crisis of the 1980s", in Fighting for the Farm: Rural America Transformed, ed. Jane Adams (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 160-71, quote on 166.
62. Gardner, American Agriculture in the Twentieth Century, 340.
63. Roger Thurow, "Black Farmers Hit the Road to Confront a 'Cycle of Racism, '" Wall Street Journal, May 1, 1998, p. 1;
64. Armando Villafranca, "Too Little, Too Late: Black Farmers' Discrimination Settlement May Not Ease Years of Pain", Houston Chronicle, December 5, 1999, p. A1;
65. Michael Fletcher, "Black Farmers' Awards May Top $1 Billion", Washington Post, October 16, 2000.
66. Catherine McNicol Stock, Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 16;
67. William P. Browne, "Benign Public Policies, Malignant Consequences, and the Demise of African American Agriculture", in African American Life in the Rural South, 1900-1950, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2003), 129-51, quote on 135.
68. Melissa Walker, ed., Country Women Cope with Hard Times: A Collection of Oral Histories (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), 135-48.
69. Woodrow Harper Sr., interview by Lu Ann Jones, April 17, 1987, Hartwell, Ga., OHSA.
70. John and Martha Alice West, interview by Melissa Walker, August 12, 1993, Friendsville, Tenn., MHC.
71. Walker, ed., Country Women Cope with Hard Times, 132-34.
72. Joseph E. Davis, ed., Stories of Change: Narrative and Social Movements (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), 20.
73. Margaret R. Somers, "The Narrative Construction of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach", Theory and Society 23(1994):605-49, quote on 616.
74. West interview.
75. Statistics compiled from Bureau of the Census and USDA, Census of Agriculture, 1945, v. I, pt. 20, Statistics for Counties, pp. 12, 19, 135.
76. Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
77. Mary Evelyn Lane, interview by Melissa Walker, August 8, 1994, Maryville, Tenn.;
78. French Clark, interview by Melissa Walker, July 22, 1994, Maryville, Tenn.; both in MHC.
79. Ronald J. Grele, "Riffs and Improvisation: An Interview with Studs Terkel", in Envelopes of Sound: The Art of Oral History, 2nd ed., rev., ed. Ronald J. Grele (New York: Praeger, 1991), 10-49.
80. McBrayer interview.
81. Melissa Walker, All We Knew Was to Farm: Rural Women in the Upcountry South, 1919-1941 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), chapter 7.
82. "Hatchette Dies of Pistol Wound", Spartanburg Herald, May 29, 1947
83. and Vernon E. Hatchette obituary, Spartanburg Herald, May 30, 1947.
84. Susan Stanford Friedman, "Women's Autobiographical Selves: Theory and Practice", in The Private Self: Theory and Practice of Women's Autobiographical Writings, ed, Shari Bentsock (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 34-62;
85. and Bella Brodski and Celeste Schenck, eds., Life/Lines: Theorizing Women's Autobiography (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1988).
86. Kline Cash, interview by Melissa Walker, October 4, 1997, Chesnee, S. C., tape and notes in author's possession;
87. Henry Gramling II, interview by Melissa Walker, October 10, 1997, Gramling, S. C., tape and notes in author's possession.
88. Harper interview.
89. Statistics drawn from the Historical Census Data Browser, available online at .
90. "Hartwell Dam and Lake", U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District, home page, available online at .
91. 1950 figures from Historical Census Data Browser, available online at .
92. Michael Fletcher, "Black Farmers' Awards May Top $1 Billion", Washington Post, October 16, 2000.
93. Susie Weathersbee, interview by Leslie Brown, June 30, 1993, Halifax, N. C., in the Behind the Veil Collection, Box UT5, Tray B, BTV;
94. Arthur Little, interview by Jacquelyn Hall, December 14, 1979, Newton, N. C., SOHP.
95. Sherry Lee Linkon and John Russo, Steeltown U. S. A.: Work and Memory in Youngstown (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 3;
96. Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Commitment and Individualism in American Life (New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1985), 153.
97. David Jacobson, Place and Belonging in America (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002);
98. Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977 reprint of 1930 edition);
99. David B. Danbom, "Romantic Agrarianism in Twentieth Century America", Agricultural History 65(1991):1-12.
100. Drew McCoy, Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980);
101. Roger G. Kennedy, Mr. Kennedy's Lost Cause: Land, Farmers, Slavery, and the Louisiana Purchase (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
102. Alessandro Portelli, The Battle of Valle Giulia: Oral History and the Art of Dialogue (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 153.
103. John West and Martha Alice West, interview by author, August 12, 1993, Friendsville, Tenn., MHC.
104. Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand.
105. Andrew Nelson Lytle's essay "The Hind Tit", 208.
106. Mrs. Pinkey Hall, interview by Kim Adams, December 13, 1995, location unknown, MOHP, transcript available online at , 2.
107. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, trans. 1984), 197.
108. Frances Read Phelps, interview by Lawrence R. Phelps, February 26, 1984, Greenville, Ala., AFOHC;
109. Irene Jackson, interview by Kristen Arthur, undated ca. March 2003, Spartanburg, S. C., copy of transcript in author's possession.
110. Ted Ownby, American Dreams in Mississippi: Consumers, Poverty, and Culture, 1830-1998 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 25-31, 67-68, 98-103.
111. "The Relation between the Ability to Pay and the Standard of Living among Farmers", USDA Bulletin No. 1832 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, January 1926), 8-9.
112. Rosa McCowan Tensley, interview by Stephen C. Harvey, February 27, 1980, Notasulga, Ala., AFOHC.
113. Lu Ann Jones, "'God Giveth the Increase': Lurline Stokes Murray's Narrative of Farming and Faith", Southern Cultures 8(2002):106-21, quote from 111.
114. Elizabeth Harden Lasseter, interview by Milton E. Turner, May 8, 1976, Gadsden, Ala., Special Collections, UAB;
115. Jurl Lee Watkins, interview by Gregory Hunter, June 28, 1994, Sylvester, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray C.
116. Irene Jackson interview.
117. Flossie and Monroe Wood, interview by Pamela Grundy, May 28, 1987, Delta, Ala., PGOH.
118. Virginia Harris and Dorothy Skinner, interview by Melissa Walker, May 31, 2001, Spartanburg, S. C., tape and transcript in author's possession.
119. Worth Jewell, interview by Kevin Price, February 18, 1982, Opelika, Ala., AFOHC;
120. [Ann Smith], interview by Cliff Kuhn, June 29, 1977, location unknown, SOHP;
121. John West interview.
122. Sociologist Max Weber first explored the idea of the Protestant work ethic in his book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. See the Stephen Kalberg translation (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001).
123. Carl R. Osthaus, "The Work Ethic of the Plain Folk: Labor and Religion in the Old South", Journal of Southern History 70:14(November 2004):745-82, quote on 756.
124. Ora Nell Wehring Moseley, Oral Memoirs of Ora Nell Wehring Moseley (interview by Lois E. Myers, January 22, 1992, Burton, Tex.), TC.
125. Weber, Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism;
126. Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), especially 98-100;
127. Michele Lamont, The Dignity of the Working Man: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration (New York and Cambridge: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press, 2000), especially 24-26.
128. Mealie Diggs, interview by unnamed person, undated ca. 1996, Waynesboro, Va., LOV.
129. Dema Reeves Lyall, interview by Ruth Dasmann, September 5, 1984, Ashe County, N. C., SOHP.
130. Jurl Lee Watkins, interview by Gregory Hunter, June 28, 1994, Sylvester, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray C.
131. R. H. Linam, Oral Memoirs of R. H. Linam (interview by Thomas L. Charlton, on five occasions from April 9, 1975, to July 13, 1976, Waco, Tex.), TC.
132. Elmin Kimboll Howell Jr., Oral Memoirs of Elmin Kimboll Howell Jr. (interview by William Lee Pitts, May 20, 1980, Waco, Tex., TC).
133. Thordis Simonsen, ed., You May Plow Here: The Narrative of Sara Brooks (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1986), 49.
134. Dovie Lee and Etta Lillian Hardy Carroll, interview by Rebecca Sharpless on seven occasions from September 21, 1990, to July 11, 1991, Waxahachie, Tex., IOH.
135. Estelle and John Heard, interview by Pamela Grundy, October 17, 1987, Delta, Ala., PGOH.
136. John West interview.
137. Ray Summers, Oral Memoirs of Ray Summers (interview by Daniel B. McGee, on ten occasions from August 11 through August 29, 1980, Waco, Tex.), TC;
138. Rita Harwell, interview by Opal Price, March 15, year unclear, ca. 1981, Georgallen, Ala., EHOHP.
139. Woodrow Fetner, interview by Pamela Grundy, August 24, 1987, Cragford, Ala., PGOH;
140. Howard and Olefa Koerth Matthies, interview by Thomas L. Charlton, Dan K. Utley, and Deb Hoskins, on four occasions from December 20, 1991, to October 29, 1992, Burton, Tex., IOH.
141. Dr. William A. Butts, interview by Orley B. Caudill, March 3, 1976, location unknown, MOHP, transcript available online at .
142. Irene Clause, interview by unnamed person, undated ca. 1982, EHOHP.
143. [Unknown First Name] Brookshire, interview by Mabel Bartram, undated ca. 1982, Ky., EHOHP.
144. Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Commitment and Individualism in American Life (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1985), 56.
145. Helen Howard, interview by Doris G. Dixon, July 19, 1995, Cotton Plant, Ark., BTV, Box UT1, Tray D.
146. Howard and Olefa Koerth Matthies interview.
147. Robert S. Weise, "Isolation and Southern Rural Poverty: Civic Society in the 'Problem' South", unpublished paper presented at the Southern Historical Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 2001, p. 11, copy in author's possession.
148. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 21.
149. Dean McGee, interview by Lu Ann Jones, undated ca. 1987, Church Point, La., OHSA.
150. Douglas Harper, Changing Works: Visions of a Lost Agriculture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 180.
151. Jones, "'God Giveth the Increase.'"
152. Carroll interview.
153. Putnam, Bowling Alone, 318.
154. Benjamin Franklin and Earlien Freyer Engelbrecht, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, on four occasions from February 13, 1997, to April 22, 1997, Crawford, Tex., IOH;
155. LaVerne Farmer, interview by Melissa Walker, August 9, 1993, Maryville, Tenn., MHC;
156. Della Inez Folley, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, on four occasions from September 4, 1990, to October 17, 1990, Mart, Tex., IOH;
157. Dovie Lee and Etta Lillian Hardy Carroll, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, on seven occasions from September 21, 1990, to July 11, 1991, Waxahachie, Tex., IOH.
158. Nancy Holt, interview by Frances E. Webb, October 27, 1985, Orange County, N. C., SOHP;
159. Edna Harris, interview by Lu Ann Jones, May 15 and 16, 1987, Harmony, N. C., OHSA.
160. Mrs. Leler George and family, interview by Lu Ann Jones, July 4, 1989, Bishopville, S. C., OHSA.
161. Walker, All We Knew Was to Farm, 26-29.
162. Bittersweet Legacy: The Black and White Better Classes in Charlotte, 1850-1910 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).
163. Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Working Class (New York: Free Press, 1994), especially chapters 1 and 2.
164. [Ethel Davis], interview by Melissa Walker, July 19, 1994, Loudon County, Tenn., MHC;
165. Betty Newman, interview by [unknown first name] McKnight, undated ca. 1981, EHOHP;
166. Wilma Williamson, interview by Melissa Walker, July 18, 1996, Maryville, Tenn., MHC;
167. LaVerne Farmer interview.
168. Billy Lee Jones, interview by Doris Ashley, May 10, 1982, West Monroe, La., EHOHP;
169. Dovie and Etta Carroll interview.
170. Eldred and Mary Quinn, interview by Melissa Walker, October 18, 2000, Spartanburg, S. C., tape and transcript in author's collection; transcript in Kennedy Local History Collection, Spartanburg County Public Library.
171. [Ethel Davis] interview;
172. Betty Newman interview.
173. Eldred and Mary Quinn interview.
174. Bill Lewellyn, interview by Melissa Walker, August 10, 1993, Greenback, Tenn., MHC.
175. Pat Gates, interview by Bea Cochran, unspecified date, 1981, South Carolina, EHOHP.
176. Myrtle Irene Calvert Dodd, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, on four occasions from August 14 to September 19, 1990, in Waco, Tex., TC.
177. Carl Neal, interview by Lois E. Myers, February 4 and 11, 1993, McLennan County, Tex., TC.
178. Rosa Tensley interview.
179. Cleaster Mitchell, interview by Paul Ortiz, July 16, 1995, Brinkley, Ark., BTV, Box UT2, Tray A.
180. Vera Malone, Oral Memoirs of Vera Malone (interview by LaWanda Ball, December 5, 1975, Waco, Tex.), TC.
181. Lonnie Graves, interview by Jay M. Butler, June 30, 1993, Satin, Tex., IOH.
182. Kenneth B. Young, interview by Paul Ortiz, July 12, 1994, Tuskegee, Ala., BTV, Box UT13, Tray A.
183. Alessandro Portelli, Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), 34.
184. Will D. Campbell, interview by Orley B. Caudill, June 8, 1976, Mt. Juliet, Tenn., MOHP, transcript available online at .
185. Grover L. Williams Sr., interview by Dan K. Utley, on five occasions between November 25, 1991, and June 12, 1992, Burton, Tex., IOH;
186. J. C. and Tiny Chapman, interview by Pamela Grundy, June 3, 1987, Shiloh, Ala., PGOH.
187. Dovie Lee and Etta Lillian Hardy Carroll interviews.
188. Edward and Mary Estelle Terry Harrington, interview by Mary Murphy, February 28, 1979, Burlington, N. C., SOHP.
189. Flossie and Monroe Wood, interview by Pamela Grundy, May 28, 1987, Delta, Ala., PGOH.
190. Virginia Harris and Dorothy Skinner and interview.
191. Norbert King Andrews, interview by Marilyn T. Grunkemeyer, October 22, 1985, Orange County, N. C., SOHP.
192. Virginia Harris and Dorothy Skinner interview;
193. [William and Kate Graham], interview by Melissa Walker, April 30, 2002, Asheville, N. C., tape and transcript in author's possession.
194. Thomas Armour Patterson, Oral Memoirs of Thomas Armour Patterson (interview by Thomas L. Charlton, on five occasions from August 18, 1971, to November 8, 1976), TC.
195. Bill Lewellyn interview.
196. John and Martha Alice West, interview by Melissa Walker, August 12, 1993, Friendsville, Tenn., MHC.
197. Deola Mayberry Adams, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, August 4, 1987, Gatesville, Tex., IOH.
198. A. L. Head, interview by Donnie Breaseale, October 26 and November 18, 1975, Blountville, Ala., Special Collections, UAB.
199. Ruth Irwin, interview by Mrs. E. R. McKnight, April 1982, Miss., EHOHP.
200. J. D. Hamrick to Henry A. Wallace, August 28, 1933, Record Group (RG) 145, General Records of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Agricultural Adjustment Agency, Subject Correspondence 1933-1935, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.
201. Newton Smith to Secretary of Agriculture, July 3, 1933;
202. William P. Iney to Cotton Section, AAA;
203. L. D. Ridlehoover to Henry A. Wallace, July 3, 1933, all in RG 145 (see note 5);
204. M. Walter Thomas, "The Voice of the Farmer", Progressive Farmer, October 1937, 10;
205. Herman Brown, "Free for All", Southern Agriculturist, March 1939, 14;
206. E. L. Parish, "Free for All", Southern Agriculturist, January 1966, 32.
207. Mrs. H. M. C., "The Voice of the Farm", Progressive Farmer, February 1940, 58.
208. "The Voice of the Farm" column in the March, April, and May 1940 issues of the magazine.
209. Arthur F. Raper, Tenants of the Almighty (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1943), 322, 331.
210. Leland R. Cooper and Mary Lee Cooper, eds., The People of the New River: Oral Histories from the Ashe, Alleghany and Watauga Counties of North Carolina (Jefferson, N. C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2001), 203.
211. Lu Ann Jones, "'God Giveth the Increase': Lurline Stokes Murray's Narrative of Farming and Faith", Southern Cultures 8(2002):106-21, quote on 110.
212. Cooper and Cooper, People of the New River, 195-203, quote on 198.
213. David Matthews, interview by Paul Ortiz, ca. 1995, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray D.
214. Eldred and Mary Quinn, interview by Melissa Walker, October 18, 2000, Spartanburg, S. C., tape and transcript in author's collection; transcript in Kennedy Local History Collection, Spartanburg County Public Library.
215. Tom B. Cunningham, interview by Lu Ann Jones, January 17, 1991, Darlington, S. C., OHSA.
216. Marvin Engelbrecht, interview by Jaclyn Jeffrey, March 11, 1997, Crawford, Tex., IOH.
217. Tom B. Cunningham interview.
218. Dema Reeves Lyall, interview by Ruth Dasmann, September 5, 1984, Ashe County, N. C., SOHP.
219. Mike Teer, interview by Karl Campbell, undated ca. 1985, Orange County, N. C., SOHP.
220. Virginia McIntyre, interview by Doris Ashley, May 3, 1982, Franklin Parish, La., EHOHP.
221. Tom B. Cunningham interview.
222. Lamas and Janie Denning, interview by Lu Ann Jones and Charlie Thompson, July 14, 1998, Benson, N. C., SOHP.
223. A. C. and Grace Griffin, interview by Lu Ann Jones, December 11, 1986, Edenton, N. C., OHSA.
224. Norbert King Andrews, interview by Marilyn T. Grunkemeyer, October 22 and November 18, 1985, Orange County, N. C., SOHP.
225. Allison Weiss, ed., It's Just a Way of Life: Reminiscing about the Family Farm (Sterling, Va.: Loudon Heritage Farm Museum, 2002), 35.
226. Kenneth Gosney, interview by Lu Ann Jones, October 1, 1987, Carlisle, Ark., OHSA.
227. Eldred and Mary Quinn interview.
228. Grover L. Williams Sr., interview by Dan K. Utley, November 25, 1991, Burton, Tex., TC.
229. J. Robert Stevenson, interview by Thomas J. Moore, March 3, 1988, Auburn, Ala., AFOHC.
230. Weiss, It's Just a Way of Life, p. 138.
231. Van Doren Massirer, interview by Lois E. Myers, January 9, 1998, Crawford, Tex., IOH.
232. Cooper and Cooper, People of the New River, 28-35, quote on 32.
233. Otto and Pauline Davis, interview by Lu Ann Jones, January 8, 1987, Darlington, S. C., OHSA.
234. [William and Kate Graham], interview by Melissa Walker, April 30, 2002, Asheville, N. C., tape and transcript in author's possession.
235. Nathan Murray, interview by Cathy Johnson, June 14, 1984, Duplin County, N. C., SOHP.
236. Dick Benson, interview by Lu Ann Jones, undated ca. 1987, Tifton, Ga., OHSA.
237. Brian Donahue, "Review of Larding the Lean Earth: Soil and Society in Nineteenth-Century America, by Steven Stoll", Journal of Southern History (September 2003): 637.
238. Ted Ownby, American Dreams in Mississippi: Consumers, Poverty, and Culture, 1830-1998 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 20-22, 67-78.
239. Katherine Marie Dudley, "The Entrepreneurial Self: Identity and Morality in a Midwestern Farming Community", in Fighting for the Farm: Rural America Transformed, ed. Jane Adams (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 175-91.
240. Howard Taft Bailey, interview by Lu Ann Jones, October 16, 1987, Holmes County, Miss., OHSA.
241. Ethel H. Carter and Charlotte Haransky, interview by Lu Ann Jones, September 22, 1988, Ringgold, Va., OHSA.
242. [Mabel Love], interview by Melissa Walker, July 19, 1994, Loudon County, Tenn., MHC.
243. Zelphia Edwards, interview by Rebecca Fortenberry, undated, ca. 1982, Louisiana, EHOHP.
244. Mary Fouts, interview by Mabel Bartram, November 7, 1981, London, Ky., EHOHP.
245. Leota Wagner Kuykendall, interview by Anne Radford Philips, on three occasions from Feb. 20, 1992, to March 23, 1992, Waco, Tex., IOH.
246. Lena Boyce, interview by sue Beal, October 16, 1984, Rehobeth, N. C., SOHP.
247. Amy Jones, interview by Mausiki Scales, June 28, 1995, Memphis, Tenn., BTV, Box UT6, Tray D.
248. Otha B. Strong Jones, interview by Laurie Green, August 8, 1995, Memphis, Tenn., BTV, Box UT7, Tray A.
249. Theresa Cameron Lyons, interview by Leslie Brown, August 16, 1995, Durham, N. C., BTV, Box UT4, Tray B.
250. Viola Carter, interview by Charles H. Houston Jr., June 24, 1994, Albany, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray A.
251. L. D. and Lula Walker, interview by Pamela Grundy, June 23, 1987, Cragford, Ala., PGOH.
252. J. C. and Lizzie Colley, interview by Pamela Grundy, June 2, 1987, Mountain, Ala., PGOH.
253. Lottie Jackson, interview by Sherry Thomas, in Sherry Thomas, ed., We Didn't Have Much, But We Sure Had Plenty: Rural Women in Their Own Words (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), 99-108, quote on 100.
254. Dema Reeves Lyall, interview by Ruth Dasmann, September 5, 1984, Ashe County, N. C., SOHP.
255. Fredda Davis, interview by Ruth Dasmann, September 26, 1984, N. C., SOHP.
256. Dema Lyall interview.
257. Essie Mae Alexander, interview by Paul Ortiz, August 10, 1995, Greenwood, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray C.
258. Helen Howard, interview by Doris G. Dixon, July 19, 1995, Cotton Plant, Ark., BTV, Box UT1, Tray D.
259. Howard Taft Bailey interview.
260. Maurice Lucas, interview by Mausiki Scales, August 7, 1995, Renova, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray D.
261. Clayon Lowder, interview by Lu Ann Jones, January 14, 1987, Sumter, S. C., OHSA.
262. Tom B. Cunningham, interview by Lu Ann Jones, January 17, 1991, Darlington, S. C., OHSA.
263. A. C. and Grace Griffin, interview by Lu Ann Jones, December 8 and 10, 1986, Edenton, N. C., OHSA.
264. John B. Laney Jr., interview by Lu Ann Jones, undated ca. 1987, Lyon, Miss., OHSA.
265. Pete Daniel, Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1800, Illini Books ed. (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 98-105.
266. Minnie Adcock to Franklin Roosevelt, December 2, 1938, RG 96, Records of the Farmer's Home Administration, correspondence relating to compliance, 1935-1942, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.
267. L. D. Brantley, interview by Lu Ann Jones, undated ca. 1987, Ark., OHSA.
268. John William Andrews, interview by Lu Ann Jones, May 20, 1987, Boomer, N. C., OHSA.
269. Tom B. Cunningham interview.
270. John Bodnar, "Power and Memory in Oral History: Workers and Managers at Studebaker", in Memory and American History, ed. David Thelen (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 90.
271. Avery R. Downing, Oral Memoirs of Avery R. Downing (interview by James M. Sorelle and Thomas L. Charlton, August 23 and 25, 1983, Waco, Tex.), TC.
272. Alice Evelyn Grogan Hardin, interview by Allen Tullos, May 2, 1980, Greenville, S. C., SOHP.
273. Edward and Mary Estelle Terry Harrington, interview by Mary Murphy, February 28, 1979, Burlington, N. C., SOHP.
274. C. P. Horn, interview by Pamela Grundy, February 24, 1988, Ashland, Ala., PGOH.
275. Douthit Young McDaniel, Oral Memoirs of Douthit Young McDaniel (interview by Thomas L. Charlton, on eight occasions from May 15 to June 24, 1975, Waco, Tex.), TC.
276. Opal Bateman, interview by Sharon Siske Crunk, March 12, 1993, Iredell, Tex., IOH.
277. Allison Weiss, ed. It's Just a Way of Life: Reminiscing About the Family Farm (Sterling, Va.: Loudon Heritage Farm Museum, 2002), 129-30.
278. Arthur G. Neal, National Trauma and Collective Memory: Major Events in the American Century (Armonk, N. Y. and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 58.
279. O. C. Gibson, interview by Paul Ortiz, July 31, 1995, Greenwood, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray D.
280. Mary Shipp, interview by Tunga White, June 28, 1994, Sylvester, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray C.
281. William Rucker, interview by Lu Ann Jones, undated ca. 1987, Elberton, Ga., OHSA.
282. Ophelia Mae Mayberry Hall, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, on May 26 and June 10, 1986, Gatesville, Tex., IOH.
283. Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line: American Negro Citizenship in the Progressive Era (New York: Harper & Row, 1964 reprint of 1908 edition), 101.
284. Eugene Webster, interview by Jay M. Tucker, July 8, 1993, Downsville, Tex., IOH.
285. Valerie Grim, "From the Yazoo Mississippi Delta to the Urban Communities of the Midwest", in Women's Oral History: The Frontiers Reader, ed. Susan H. Armitage et al. (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 272-92, quotes on 273.
286. William Rucker interview.
287. James Hall, interview by Gregory Hunter, June 17, 1994, Sylvester, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray B.
288. Mary Shipp interview.
289. James and Marion Lewis, interview by Karen Ferguson, July 29, 1993, Havelock, N. C., BTV, Box UT8, Tray A.
290. Opinion accepting consent decree by Paul Friedman, Judge in U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia, in Timothy v. Pigford, et al., plantiffs v. Dan Glickman, Secretary, USDA, defendant and Cecil Brewington, et al., plantiffs v. Daniel R. Glickman, defendant, April 14, 1999, text available online at .
291. .
292. William Rucker interview.
293. Howard Taft Bailey interview.
294. A. C. and Grace Griffin interview.
295. Weiss, ed., It's Just a Way of Life, 126.
296. Charles Bailey, interview by Lu Ann Jones, October 9, 1987, Tunica, Miss., OHSA.
297. Weiss, It's Just a Way of Life, 82.
298. Jessie and Kenneth Gosney, interview by Lu Ann Jones, October 1, 1987, Carlisle, Ark., OHSA.
299. "Women in Farm Economics home page", , undated web page.
300. [William and Kate Graham], interview by Melissa Walker, April 30, 2002, Asheville, N. C., tape and transcript in author's possession.
301. Catherine McNicol Stock, Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 10.
302. R. Douglas Hurt, Problems of Plenty: The American Farmer in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 152, 158.
303. Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Commitment and
304. Iwona Irwin-Zarecka, Frames of Remembrances: The Dynamics of Collective Memory (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 53.
305. Maurice Halbwachs, edited, translated and introduction by Lewis A. Coser, On Collective Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 51.
306. Michael Frisch, A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), 12.
307. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Vintage Books, 2003), 152-65, quote on 152.
308. Alessandro Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), 15.
309. Ted Ownby, American Dreams in Mississippi: Consumers, Poverty, and Culture, 1830-1998 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 161.
310. David Thelen, ed., Memory and American History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), ix, xi.
311. Karen Brodkin Sacks, "What's a Life Story Got to Do With It?", in Interpreting Women's Lives: Feminist Theory and Personal Narratives, ed. Joy Webster Barbre et al. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 85-95.
312. The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998).
313. Joyce E. Chaplin, An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), chapter 2.
314. Orville Vernon Burton, In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 76.
315. Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977 reprint of 1930 edition).
316. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, "'You Must Remember This': Autobiography as Social Critique", Journal of American History 85(1998):440.
317. L. D. and Lula Walker, interview by Pamela Grundy, June 23, 1987, Cragford, Ala., PGOH.
318. Mr. and Mrs. Yates Abernathy, interview by Harry Wilson and Gordon McDaniel, August 23, 1984, Vale, N. C., SOHP.
319. Fredda Davis, interview by Ruth Dasmann, September 26, 1984, N. C., SOHP.
320. Lena Boyce, interview by sue Beal, October 16, 1984, Rehobeth, N. C., SOHP.
321. Will D. Campbell, interview by Orley B. Caudill, June 8, 1976, Mt. Juliet, Tenn., MOHP, transcript available online at , 7-8.
322. Bill Moore, interview by Bonnie Bishop, August 1, 1984, Haywood County, N. C., SOHP.
323. Mr. and Mrs. Yates Abernathy interview.
324. Jim and Virgie Foster, interview by Lu Ann Jones, May 19, 1987, Millers Creek, N. C., OHSA.
325. David Bateman, interview by Larry Johnson, undated ca. 1984, Tyner, N. C., SOHP.
326. Nellie Stancil Langley, interview by Lu Ann Jones, December 5, 1986, Stantonsburg, N. C., OHSA.
327. Anna Evans, interview by Mabel Bertram, September 11, 1981, Glasgow, Ky., EHOHP.
328. Eva Finchum, interview by Lu Ann Jones, April 30, 1987, Sevierville, Tenn., OHSA.
329. Letha Anderson McCall, interview by Virginia Bailey Harris, March 18, 1982, Richmond County, N. C., EHOHP.
330. Carl Neal, Oral Memoirs of Carl Neal (interview by Lois E. Myers on February 4 and 11, 1993, McLennan County, Tex.), TC.
331. Dovie Lee and Etta Lillian Hardy Carroll, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, on seven occasions from September 21, 1990, to July 11, 1991, Waxahachie, Tex., IOH.
332. Mr. and Mrs. Yates Abernathy interview.
333. Frances Bartek Podsednik, Oral Memoirs of Frances Bartek Podsednik (interview by Henry Apperson, September 25, 1969, West, Tex.), TC.
334. Eunice Brown Johnson, interview by Rebecca Sharpless, July 31, 1986, and April 14, 1987, Gatesville, Tex., IOH.
335. Lottie Jackson, interview by Sherry Thomas, in Sherry Thomas, ed., We Didn't Have Much, But We Sure Had Plenty: Rural Women in Their Own Words (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), 99-108, quote on 103.
336. Orry Little, interview by Mrs. Harris Carmichael, May 14, 1982, Grenada, Miss., EHOHP.
337. Mary Hanak Simcik, Oral Memoirs of Mary Hanak Simcik (interview by LaWanda Ball, November 24, 1974, Waco, Tex.), TC.
338. Robert Jefferson Spencer, interview by Mausiki Stacey Scales, June 20, 1995, Memphis, Tenn., BTV, Box UT7, Tray A.
339. Dovie Lee and Etta Lillian Hardy Carroll interviews.
340. Chris Young Sr., interview by Doris Dixon, ca. 1995, LeFlore County, Miss., BTV, Box UT6, Tray B.
341. Anna B. Pitts, interview by Charles H. Houston Jr., June 25, 1994, Albany, Ga., BTV, box UT1, Tray C.
342. Tom Malone, interview by Doris Dixon, undated ca. 1995, Cotton Plant, Ark., BTV, Box UT2, Tray A.
343. Ruth Irwin, interview by Mrs. E. R. McKnight, April 1982, Miss., EHOHP.
344. Irene Clause, autobiographical tape, undated ca. 1982, EHOHP.
345. Leland R. Cooper and Mary Lee Cooper, eds., The People of the New River: Oral Histories from the Ashe, Alleghany and Watauga Counties of North Carolina (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2001), 143.
346. Kulikoff, From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 30-32.
347. Cora Lee McCall Jones, Oral Memoirs of Cora Lee McCall Jones (interview by Doni Van Ryswyk, on nine occasions from January 25, 1988, to May 4, 1988, Waco, Tex.), TC.
348. Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 134-37.
349. Anna B. Pitts interview.
350. Jurl Lee Watkins, interview by Gregory Hunter, June 28, 1994, Sylvester, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray C.
351. Minnie Wade Weston, interview by Paul Ortiz, August 8, 1995, Moorehead, Miss., BTV, Box UT6, Tray A.
352. Burton, In My Father's House Are Many Mansions, 314.
353. Cornelia Butler Flora, et al., Rural Communities: Legacy and Change (Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1992), 14, 65.
354. Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 33.
355. Opal Bateman, interview by Sharon Siske Crunk, March 12, 1993, Iredell, Tex., IOH.
356. Lois E. Myers and Rebecca Sharpless, "'Of the Least and the Most': The African American Rural Church", in African American Life in the Rural South: 1900-1950, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2003), 54-80.
357. Reverend James Samuel, interview by Vickie Crawford, August 6, 1996, New South Voices Oral History Project, J. Murrey Atkins Library, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, available online at .
358. Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 91, 138;
359. Arthur F. Raper, Preface to Peasantry: A Tale of Two Black Belt Counties (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 354-59.
360. Minnie Wade Weston interview.
361. Helen Howard, interview by Doris G. Dixon, July 19, 1995, Cotton Plant, Ark., BTV, Box UT1, Tray D.
362. Rev. W. C. Tims, interview by Paul Ortiz, July 20, 1995, Magnolia, Ark., BTV, Box UT2, Tray A.
363. Bertha Todd, interview by Sonya Ramsey, ca. 1994, Wilmington, N. C., BTV, Box UT13, Tray D.
364. Oris Pierson, Oral Memoirs of Oris Pierson (interview by Suzanne Olsen, November 2 and 29, 1972, Clifton, Tex.), TC;
365. Oral Memoirs of Mary Hanak Simcik.
366. LaVerne Farmer, interview by Melissa Walker, August 9, 1993, Maryville, Tenn., MHC.
367. Shirley Miller Sherrod, interview by Charles H. Houston Jr., June 30, 1994, Albany, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray C.
368. Rev. W. C. Tims interview;
369. Opal Bateman interview;
370. Ruth Irwin, interview by Mrs. E. R. McKnight, April 1982, Miss., EHOHP.
371. Oliver Anderson, interview by Sharon Siske, June 28, 1992, Meridian, Tex., IOH.
372. Pedersen, Between Memory and Reality, 154.
373. Helen Howard, interview by Doris G. Dixon, July 19, 1995, Cotton Plant, Ark., BTV, Box UT1, Tray D;
374. Myrtle Irene Calvert Dodd, Oral Memoirs of Myrtle Calvert Dodd (interview by Rebecca Sharpless, on four occasions from August 14 to September 19, 1990, in Waco, Tex.), TC.
375. Viola Anderson Bateman, interview by Sharon Siske, July 5, 1992, Clifton, Tex., IOH;
376. Laura Belle Holley Bateman, interview by Sharon Siske Crunk, January 20, 1994, Meridian, Tex., IOH;
377. Roosevelt A. Cuffie, interview by Tunga White, June 29, 1994, Sylvester, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray A, IOH;
378. Alma Stewart Hale, Oral Memoirs of Alma Stewart Hale (interview by Doni Van Ryswyk, on eight occasions from January 27 to March 28, 1988, in Waco, Tex.), TC;
379. Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet, 33.
380. Amy Jones, interview by Mausiki Scales, June 28, 1995, Memphis, Tenn., BTV, Box UT6, Tray D.
381. Amy Jones interview;
382. Chris Young Sr., interview by Doris Dixon, ca. 1995, LeFlore County, Miss., BTV, Box UT6, Tray B;
383. Oral Memoirs of Carl Neal.
384. Mary Evelyn Lane, interview by Melissa Walker, August 8, 1994, Maryville, Tenn., MHC;
385. Maurice Lucas, interview by Mausiki Scales, August 7, 1995, Renova, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray D.
386. T. H. Kilby, interview by Lu Ann Jones, May 19, 1987, North Wilkesboro, N. C., OHSA.
387. Essie Mae Alexander, interview by Paul Ortiz, August 10, 1995, Greenwood, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray C.
388. Cleaster Mitchell, interview by Paul Ortiz, July 16, 1995, Brinkley, Ark., BTV, Box UT2, Tray A.
389. Orville Vernon Burton, "Reaping What We Sow: Community and Rural History", Agricultural History 76(Fall 2002):642.
390. Dorsey M. White, interview by Paul Ortiz, August 3, 1995, Indianola, Miss., BTV, Box UT6, Tray B.
391. Eric Foner, "The Russians Write a New History", in Who Owns History? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World (New York: Hill and Wang, 2002), 75-87.
392. Alice Giles, interview by Paul Ortiz, August 8, 1995, Indianola, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray D.
393. Ruthie L. Jackson, interview by Mausiki Stacey Scales, August 10, 1995, Itta Bena, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray D;
394. Flossie and Monroe Wood, interview by Pamela Grundy, May 28, 1987, Delta, Ala., PGOH.
395. Oral Memoirs of Carl Neal.
396. Ruth Irwin, interview by Mrs. E. R. McKnight, April 1982, Miss., EHOHP;
397. [Unknown First Name] Brookshire, interview by Mabel Bartram, undated ca. 1982, Ky., EHOHP.
398. Kiffin Browing, interview by Pamela Grundy, May 3, 1988, Ashland, Ala., PGOH;
399. Paul K. Conkin, A Requiem for the American Village (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000), 99.
400. Letha Anderson McCall, interview by Virginia Bailey Harris, March 18, 1982, Richmond County, N. C., EHOHP.
401. David Matthews, interview by Paul Ortiz, ca. 1995, Miss., BTV, Box UT5, Tray D. Historian James C. Cobb and memoirist Henry Louis Gates have also noted that the end of segregation led many rural southern blacks to feel a loss of community.
402. James C. Cobb, Redefining Southern Culture: Mind and Identity in the Modern South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), 132
403. and Henry Louis Gates, Colored People: A Memoir (New York: Vintage Books, 1995).
404. Anna B. Pitts, interview by Charles H. Houston Jr., June 25, 1994, Albany, Ga., BTV, Box UT1, Tray C.
405. Herman Clarence Nixon, "Whither Southern Economy?" (pp. 176-200)
406. and Andrew Nelson Lytle, "The Hind Tit", (pp. 216-34)
407. both in Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand.
408. Ferdinand Tonnies, translated and edited by Charles P. Loomis, Community and Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft) (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1957);
409. Max Weber, translated by A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons, edited and with an introduction by Talcott Parsons, The Theory of Social and Economic Organizations (New York: The Free Press, 1947);
410. Emile Durkheim, translated by George Simpson, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: The Free Press, 1933).
411. Douglas Harper, Changing Works: Visions of a Lost Agriculture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 47.
412. Thomas Bender, Community and Social Change in America (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1978), especially 3-4, 46.
413. Bender, Community and Social Change in America, 110, quote on 149;
414. Bruce L. Gardner, American Agriculture in the Twentieth Century: How It Flourished and What It Cost (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2002), chapter 4, esp. 127.
415. Kulikoff, From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers, 16, 30;
416. Burton, In My Father's House Are Many Mansions, 76.
417. Michael Frisch, A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), 188.
418. Harper, Changing Works, 180.
419. Naomi Norquay, "Identity and Forgetting", The Oral History Review 26(Winter 1999):9.
420. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), especially 20-21;
421. Naomi Norquay, "Identity and Forgetting", 1;
422. Hall, "You Must Remember This", 440.
423. Karen E. Fields, "What One Cannot Remember Mistakenly", in Memory and History: Essays on Recalling and Interpreting Experience, ed. Jaclyn Jeffrey and Glenace Edwall (New York: University Press of America, 1994), 102.
424. Iwona Irwin-Zarecka, Frames of Remembrances: The Dynamics of Collective Memory (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 101.
425. Jessie and Kenneth Gosney, interview by Lu Ann Jones, October 1, 1987, Carlisle, Ark., OHSA.
426. David B. Danbom, "Romantic Agrarianism in Twentieth Century America", Agricultural History 65(1991):1-12, quote on 8.
427. Woodrow Harper Sr., interview by Lu Ann Jones, April 17, 1987, Hartwell, Ga., OHSA.
428. Victor Davis Hanson, "Agricultural Equilibrium, Ancient and Modern", The Journal of the Historical Society 1. 1(2000):101-35.
429. Miriam J. Wells, "The Contingent Creation of Rural Interest Groups", in Figthing for the Farm: Rural America Transformed, ed. Jane Adams (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 96-110, quote on 98.
430. Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).
431. Our Common Country: Family Farming, Culture, and Community in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001).
432. Black quoted in Sheila K. Dewan, "Old or New, the South Remains a Place Apart", New York Times, July 11, 2004, section 4, p. 4.
433. [William and Kate Graham], interview by Melissa Walker, April 30, 2002, Asheville, N. C., tape and transcript in author's possession.
434. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, trans. 1984), 406.
435. Ronald Jager, The Fate of Family Farming: Variations on an American Idea (Hanover, N. H. and N. Y.: University Press of New England, 2004), 28.
436. Katherine Marie Dudley, "The Entrepreneurial Self: Identity and Morality in a Midwestern Farming Community", in Fighting for the Farm: Rural America Transformed, ed. Jane Adams (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 175-91, quote on 176.
437. Jager, Fate of Family Farming, chapter 10.
438. [William and Kate Graham] interview.