Reaping what we sow: Community and rural history

Agricultural History

Volumn 76, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 631-658

  Burton, Orville Vernon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC RESEARCH; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; RURAL HISTORY;

EID: 10844225325     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/ah.2002.76.4.631     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Charles Joyner, Down By the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), xvi.
2. David Vaught, Listserv message in H-Rural, http://www2.h-net.msu edu/~rural, 5 October 1999; Ted Ownby, "'A Crude and Raw Past:' Work, Folklife, and Anti-Agrarianism in Twentieth-Century African American Autobiography," in African American Rural Life in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1950, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, in press), 37 of manuscript copy.
3. David Vaught, Listserv message in H-Rural, http://www2.h-net.msu edu/~rural, 5 October 1999; Ted Ownby, "'A Crude and Raw Past:' Work, Folklife, and Anti-Agrarianism in Twentieth-Century African American Autobiography," in African American Rural Life in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1950, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, in press), 37 of manuscript copy.
4. Antoinette Burton, "Thinking Beyond the Boundaries: Empire, Feminism and the Domains of History," Social History 26 (January 2001 ): 69.
5. Jack P. Greene, "Social and Cultural Capital in Colonial British America: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (Winter 1999): 491-509; Joseph A. Amato, Rethinking Home: A Case for Writing Local History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 7; Janel M. Curry, "Community Worldview and Rural Systems: A Study of Five Communities in Iowa," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (December 2000): 693. David Herr applied this sort of analysis in his study of early nineteenth-century North Carolina yeomen in "Common Paths: Rural Common Whites, Slave Society, and Community in the Northern North Carolina Piedmont, 1740-1840" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002).
6. Jack P. Greene, "Social and Cultural Capital in Colonial British America: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (Winter 1999): 491-509; Joseph A. Amato, Rethinking Home: A Case for Writing Local History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 7; Janel M. Curry, "Community Worldview and Rural Systems: A Study of Five Communities in Iowa," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (December 2000): 693. David Herr applied this sort of analysis in his study of early nineteenth-century North Carolina yeomen in "Common Paths: Rural Common Whites, Slave Society, and Community in the Northern North Carolina Piedmont, 1740-1840" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002).
7. Jack P. Greene, "Social and Cultural Capital in Colonial British America: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (Winter 1999): 491-509; Joseph A. Amato, Rethinking Home: A Case for Writing Local History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 7; Janel M. Curry, "Community Worldview and Rural Systems: A Study of Five Communities in Iowa," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (December 2000): 693. David Herr applied this sort of analysis in his study of early nineteenth-century North Carolina yeomen in "Common Paths: Rural Common Whites, Slave Society, and Community in the Northern North Carolina Piedmont, 1740-1840" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002).
8. Jack P. Greene, "Social and Cultural Capital in Colonial British America: A Case Study," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (Winter 1999): 491-509; Joseph A. Amato, Rethinking Home: A Case for Writing Local History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 7; Janel M. Curry, "Community Worldview and Rural Systems: A Study of Five Communities in Iowa," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (December 2000): 693. David Herr applied this sort of analysis in his study of early nineteenth-century North Carolina yeomen in "Common Paths: Rural Common Whites, Slave Society, and Community in the Northern North Carolina Piedmont, 1740-1840" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002).
9. Laurence Veysey, "The 'New Social History' in the Context of American Historical Writing," Reviews in American History 7 (March 1979): 1-12.
10. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 3; Philip D. Curtin, "Depth, Span, and Relevance,'" American Historical Review 89 (February 1984): 19; Bernard Bailyn, "The Challenge of Modern Historiography," American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 23-24; William S. McFeely, Comments on the session "Exploring Large Questions in Small Places" (at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, La., November 1987); Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of the Narrative," Past and Present 85 (1979): 3-24; Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997), 97-100; Enc H. Monkkonen, "Lessons of Social Science History," Social Science History 18 (Summer 1994): 161-68 and Monkkonen, ed., Engaging the Past: The Uses of History Across the Social Sciences (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
11. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 3; Philip D. Curtin, "Depth, Span, and Relevance,'" American Historical Review 89 (February 1984): 19; Bernard Bailyn, "The Challenge of Modern Historiography," American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 23-24; William S. McFeely, Comments on the session "Exploring Large Questions in Small Places" (at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, La., November 1987); Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of the Narrative," Past and Present 85 (1979): 3-24; Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997), 97-100; Enc H. Monkkonen, "Lessons of Social Science History," Social Science History 18 (Summer 1994): 161-68 and Monkkonen, ed., Engaging the Past: The Uses of History Across the Social Sciences (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
12. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 3; Philip D. Curtin, "Depth, Span, and Relevance,'" American Historical Review 89 (February 1984): 19; Bernard Bailyn, "The Challenge of Modern Historiography," American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 23-24; William S. McFeely, Comments on the session "Exploring Large Questions in Small Places" (at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, La., November 1987); Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of the Narrative," Past and Present 85 (1979): 3-24; Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997), 97-100; Enc H. Monkkonen, "Lessons of Social Science History," Social Science History 18 (Summer 1994): 161-68 and Monkkonen, ed., Engaging the Past: The Uses of History Across the Social Sciences (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
13. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 3; Philip D. Curtin, "Depth, Span, and Relevance,'" American Historical Review 89 (February 1984): 19; Bernard Bailyn, "The Challenge of Modern Historiography," American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 23-24; William S. McFeely, Comments on the session "Exploring Large Questions in Small Places" (at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, La., November 1987); Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of the Narrative," Past and Present 85 (1979): 3-24; Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997), 97-100; Enc H. Monkkonen, "Lessons of Social Science History," Social Science History 18 (Summer 1994): 161-68 and Monkkonen, ed., Engaging the Past: The Uses of History Across the Social Sciences (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
14. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 3; Philip D. Curtin, "Depth, Span, and Relevance,'" American Historical Review 89 (February 1984): 19; Bernard Bailyn, "The Challenge of Modern Historiography," American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 23-24; William S. McFeely, Comments on the session "Exploring Large Questions in Small Places" (at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, La., November 1987); Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of the Narrative," Past and Present 85 (1979): 3-24; Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997), 97-100; Enc H. Monkkonen, "Lessons of Social Science History," Social Science History 18 (Summer 1994): 161-68 and Monkkonen, ed., Engaging the Past: The Uses of History Across the Social Sciences (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
15. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 3; Philip D. Curtin, "Depth, Span, and Relevance,'" American Historical Review 89 (February 1984): 19; Bernard Bailyn, "The Challenge of Modern Historiography," American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 23-24; William S. McFeely, Comments on the session "Exploring Large Questions in Small Places" (at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, La., November 1987); Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of the Narrative," Past and Present 85 (1979): 3-24; Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997), 97-100; Enc H. Monkkonen, "Lessons of Social Science History," Social Science History 18 (Summer 1994): 161-68 and Monkkonen, ed., Engaging the Past: The Uses of History Across the Social Sciences (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
16. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 3; Philip D. Curtin, "Depth, Span, and Relevance,'" American Historical Review 89 (February 1984): 19; Bernard Bailyn, "The Challenge of Modern Historiography," American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 23-24; William S. McFeely, Comments on the session "Exploring Large Questions in Small Places" (at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, La., November 1987); Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of the Narrative," Past and Present 85 (1979): 3-24; Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997), 97-100; Enc H. Monkkonen, "Lessons of Social Science History," Social Science History 18 (Summer 1994): 161-68 and Monkkonen, ed., Engaging the Past: The Uses of History Across the Social Sciences (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
17. C. Vann Woodward, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 3; Philip D. Curtin, "Depth, Span, and Relevance,'" American Historical Review 89 (February 1984): 19; Bernard Bailyn, "The Challenge of Modern Historiography," American Historical Review 87 (February 1982): 23-24; William S. McFeely, Comments on the session "Exploring Large Questions in Small Places" (at the annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association, New Orleans, La., November 1987); Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of the Narrative," Past and Present 85 (1979): 3-24; Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1997), 97-100; Enc H. Monkkonen, "Lessons of Social Science History," Social Science History 18 (Summer 1994): 161-68 and Monkkonen, ed., Engaging the Past: The Uses of History Across the Social Sciences (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994).
18. This story has become "urban legend" with many versions: one included baseball players-Mickey Mantle playing the trick on Billy Martin. See Billy Martin and Peter Golenbock, Number 1 (New York: Delacorte Press, 1980), 119. Jan Harold Brunvand. Encyclopedia of Urban Legends (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2001), 382: Jan Harold Brunvand, Curses! Broiled Again! The Hottest Urban Legends Going (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 138-41.
19. This story has become "urban legend" with many versions: one included baseball players-Mickey Mantle playing the trick on Billy Martin. See Billy Martin and Peter Golenbock, Number 1 (New York: Delacorte Press, 1980), 119. Jan Harold Brunvand. Encyclopedia of Urban Legends (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2001), 382: Jan Harold Brunvand, Curses! Broiled Again! The Hottest Urban Legends Going (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 138-41.
20. This story has become "urban legend" with many versions: one included baseball players-Mickey Mantle playing the trick on Billy Martin. See Billy Martin and Peter Golenbock, Number 1 (New York: Delacorte Press, 1980), 119. Jan Harold Brunvand. Encyclopedia of Urban Legends (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2001), 382: Jan Harold Brunvand, Curses! Broiled Again! The Hottest Urban Legends Going (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 138-41.
21. "Interview with Jean Stein Vanden Heuve, "Paris Review (Spring 1956); reprinted in Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner, 1926-1962, ed James B. Meriwether and Michael Millgate (New York: Random House, 1968), 255. Don Doyle's study of Lafayette County examined a very particular place that looms larger because it was adopted by a great fiction writer whose fictional community now stands for all southern communities. Historical events seem all the more real for their connection to Faulkner. Don H. Doyle, Faulkner's County. The Historical Roots of Yoknapatawpha (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
22. "Interview with Jean Stein Vanden Heuve, "Paris Review (Spring 1956); reprinted in Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner, 1926-1962, ed James B. Meriwether and Michael Millgate (New York: Random House, 1968), 255. Don Doyle's study of Lafayette County examined a very particular place that looms larger because it was adopted by a great fiction writer whose fictional community now stands for all southern communities. Historical events seem all the more real for their connection to Faulkner. Don H. Doyle, Faulkner's County. The Historical Roots of Yoknapatawpha (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
23. "Interview with Jean Stein Vanden Heuve, "Paris Review (Spring 1956); reprinted in Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner, 1926-1962, ed James B. Meriwether and Michael Millgate (New York: Random House, 1968), 255. Don Doyle's study of Lafayette County examined a very particular place that looms larger because it was adopted by a great fiction writer whose fictional community now stands for all southern communities. Historical events seem all the more real for their connection to Faulkner. Don H. Doyle, Faulkner's County. The Historical Roots of Yoknapatawpha (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
24. T. H. Breen, "Back to Sweat and Toil: Suggestions for the Study of Agricultural Work in Early America," Pennsylvania History 49 (October 1982): 243.
25. This story was told to me by Julius Gunter of Ninety Six, who heard it from his father and uncles. We do not know where Tillman got the story. A similar story of a pitchfork and a fierce dog is attributed to Abraham Lincoln. In John Ford's film, Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), Henry Fonda as Lincoln tells this story. It would be interesting if Tillman, a voracious reader, had learned of the story through writings on Lincoln, but it is more likely that he read or heard it elsewhere and simply adopted it in the southern storytelling tradition. Speculation is that Lincoln, and perhaps then Tillman, might have read the versions of a similar story in Joe Miller's Jests (1739): 59 and Harper's Weekly 2 (June 1858): 398; Paul M. Zall, ed. Abe Lincoln Laughing. Humorous Anecdotes from Original Sources by and about Abraham Lincoln (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 118-19: David Robertson, Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 55-56, maintains that Tillman created the story to enhance the "pitchfork" image he had cultivated by threatening bourbon lawyers with "the pitchfork end."
26. This story was told to me by Julius Gunter of Ninety Six, who heard it from his father and uncles. We do not know where Tillman got the story. A similar story of a pitchfork and a fierce dog is attributed to Abraham Lincoln. In John Ford's film, Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), Henry Fonda as Lincoln tells this story. It would be interesting if Tillman, a voracious reader, had learned of the story through writings on Lincoln, but it is more likely that he read or heard it elsewhere and simply adopted it in the southern storytelling tradition. Speculation is that Lincoln, and perhaps then Tillman, might have read the versions of a similar story in Joe Miller's Jests (1739): 59 and Harper's Weekly 2 (June 1858): 398; Paul M. Zall, ed. Abe Lincoln Laughing. Humorous Anecdotes from Original Sources by and about Abraham Lincoln (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 118-19: David Robertson, Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 55-56, maintains that Tillman created the story to enhance the "pitchfork" image he had cultivated by threatening bourbon lawyers with "the pitchfork end."
27. This story was told to me by Julius Gunter of Ninety Six, who heard it from his father and uncles. We do not know where Tillman got the story. A similar story of a pitchfork and a fierce dog is attributed to Abraham Lincoln. In John Ford's film, Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), Henry Fonda as Lincoln tells this story. It would be interesting if Tillman, a voracious reader, had learned of the story through writings on Lincoln, but it is more likely that he read or heard it elsewhere and simply adopted it in the southern storytelling tradition. Speculation is that Lincoln, and perhaps then Tillman, might have read the versions of a similar story in Joe Miller's Jests (1739): 59 and Harper's Weekly 2 (June 1858): 398; Paul M. Zall, ed. Abe Lincoln Laughing. Humorous Anecdotes from Original Sources by and about Abraham Lincoln (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 118-19: David Robertson, Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 55-56, maintains that Tillman created the story to enhance the "pitchfork" image he had cultivated by threatening bourbon lawyers with "the pitchfork end."
28. This story was told to me by Julius Gunter of Ninety Six, who heard it from his father and uncles. We do not know where Tillman got the story. A similar story of a pitchfork and a fierce dog is attributed to Abraham Lincoln. In John Ford's film, Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), Henry Fonda as Lincoln tells this story. It would be interesting if Tillman, a voracious reader, had learned of the story through writings on Lincoln, but it is more likely that he read or heard it elsewhere and simply adopted it in the southern storytelling tradition. Speculation is that Lincoln, and perhaps then Tillman, might have read the versions of a similar story in Joe Miller's Jests (1739): 59 and Harper's Weekly 2 (June 1858): 398; Paul M. Zall, ed. Abe Lincoln Laughing. Humorous Anecdotes from Original Sources by and about Abraham Lincoln (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 118-19: David Robertson, Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 55-56, maintains that Tillman created the story to enhance the "pitchfork" image he had cultivated by threatening bourbon lawyers with "the pitchfork end."
29. This story was told to me by Julius Gunter of Ninety Six, who heard it from his father and uncles. We do not know where Tillman got the story. A similar story of a pitchfork and a fierce dog is attributed to Abraham Lincoln. In John Ford's film, Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), Henry Fonda as Lincoln tells this story. It would be interesting if Tillman, a voracious reader, had learned of the story through writings on Lincoln, but it is more likely that he read or heard it elsewhere and simply adopted it in the southern storytelling tradition. Speculation is that Lincoln, and perhaps then Tillman, might have read the versions of a similar story in Joe Miller's Jests (1739): 59 and Harper's Weekly 2 (June 1858): 398; Paul M. Zall, ed. Abe Lincoln Laughing. Humorous Anecdotes from Original Sources by and about Abraham Lincoln (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 118-19: David Robertson, Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994), 55-56, maintains that Tillman created the story to enhance the "pitchfork" image he had cultivated by threatening bourbon lawyers with "the pitchfork end."
30. Orville Vernon Burton, In My Father's House Are Many Mansions Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1985).
31. Ralph B. Brown, "Sense of Community," in Encyclopedia of Rural America, ed. Gary A. Goreham, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1997), 117.
32. Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 333, 153.
33. Robert Redfield, "Civilizations as Societal Structures? The Development of Community Studies," in Human Nature and the Study of Society (Papers of Robert Redfield), ed. Margaret Park Redfield, vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 375-91.
34. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule. Community and Morality in a Democratic Culture (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 127; Wendell Berry, Sex, Economy, Freedom, and Community (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), 119-20; quoted in Eric T. Freyfogle, The New Agrarianism: Land, Culture, and the Community of Life (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2001), xxx.
35. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule. Community and Morality in a Democratic Culture (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 127; Wendell Berry, Sex, Economy, Freedom, and Community (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), 119-20; quoted in Eric T. Freyfogle, The New Agrarianism: Land, Culture, and the Community of Life (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2001), xxx.
36. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule. Community and Morality in a Democratic Culture (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 127; Wendell Berry, Sex, Economy, Freedom, and Community (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), 119-20; quoted in Eric T. Freyfogle, The New Agrarianism: Land, Culture, and the Community of Life (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2001), xxx.
37. Scott Russell Sanders, "The Common Life," in Freyfogle, New Agrarianism, 217.
38. Masatomo Ayabe, "The Ku Klux Klan in Illinois" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, forthcoming); Shawn Lay, ed., The Invisible Empire in the West: Toward a New Historical Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 9.
39. Masatomo Ayabe, "The Ku Klux Klan in Illinois" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, forthcoming); Shawn Lay, ed., The Invisible Empire in the West: Toward a New Historical Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 9.
40. Jon Lauck. "'The Silent Artillery of Time': Understanding Social Change in the Rural Midwest, Great Plains Quarterly 19 (Fall 1999): 252; Jane Mane Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 10; Cornelia Butler Flora et al., Rural Communities: Legacy & Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), 10; Jon Gjerde, The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 106.
41. Jon Lauck. "'The Silent Artillery of Time': Understanding Social Change in the Rural Midwest, Great Plains Quarterly 19 (Fall 1999): 252; Jane Mane Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 10; Cornelia Butler Flora et al., Rural Communities: Legacy & Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), 10; Jon Gjerde, The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 106.
42. Jon Lauck. "'The Silent Artillery of Time': Understanding Social Change in the Rural Midwest, Great Plains Quarterly 19 (Fall 1999): 252; Jane Mane Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 10; Cornelia Butler Flora et al., Rural Communities: Legacy & Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), 10; Jon Gjerde, The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 106.
43. Jon Lauck. "'The Silent Artillery of Time': Understanding Social Change in the Rural Midwest, Great Plains Quarterly 19 (Fall 1999): 252; Jane Mane Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 10; Cornelia Butler Flora et al., Rural Communities: Legacy & Change (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), 10; Jon Gjerde, The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 106.
44. Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), xiii, Ellis W. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 9; Thomas Bender, Community and Social Change in America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1978), 5, 17-18, 34-35, 40-43, 108, 136.
45. Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), xiii, Ellis W. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 9; Thomas Bender, Community and Social Change in America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1978), 5, 17-18, 34-35, 40-43, 108, 136.
46. Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), xiii, Ellis W. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 9; Thomas Bender, Community and Social Change in America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1978), 5, 17-18, 34-35, 40-43, 108, 136.
47. Onnie Lee Logan as told to Katherine Clark, Motherwit, An Alabama Midwife's Story (New York: Dutton, 1989), 6; Brown, "Sense of Community," 118; Sonya Salamon, "Community Ways," in Encyclopedia of Rural America, ed. Gary A. Goreham, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara. ABC-CLIO, 1997), 170; Katherine MacTavish and Sonya Salamon, "Mobile Home Park on the Prairie. A New Rural Community Form," Rural Sociology 66 (December 2001): 487-506.
48. Onnie Lee Logan as told to Katherine Clark, Motherwit, An Alabama Midwife's Story (New York: Dutton, 1989), 6; Brown, "Sense of Community," 118; Sonya Salamon, "Community Ways," in Encyclopedia of Rural America, ed. Gary A. Goreham, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara. ABC-CLIO, 1997), 170; Katherine MacTavish and Sonya Salamon, "Mobile Home Park on the Prairie. A New Rural Community Form," Rural Sociology 66 (December 2001): 487-506.
49. Onnie Lee Logan as told to Katherine Clark, Motherwit, An Alabama Midwife's Story (New York: Dutton, 1989), 6; Brown, "Sense of Community," 118; Sonya Salamon, "Community Ways," in Encyclopedia of Rural America, ed. Gary A. Goreham, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara. ABC-CLIO, 1997), 170; Katherine MacTavish and Sonya Salamon, "Mobile Home Park on the Prairie. A New Rural Community Form," Rural Sociology 66 (December 2001): 487-506.
50. Onnie Lee Logan as told to Katherine Clark, Motherwit, An Alabama Midwife's Story (New York: Dutton, 1989), 6; Brown, "Sense of Community," 118; Sonya Salamon, "Community Ways," in Encyclopedia of Rural America, ed. Gary A. Goreham, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara. ABC-CLIO, 1997), 170; Katherine MacTavish and Sonya Salamon, "Mobile Home Park on the Prairie. A New Rural Community Form," Rural Sociology 66 (December 2001): 487-506.
51. Amato, Rethinking Home, 3; Gjerde, Mindt of the West, 130.
52. Amato, Rethinking Home, 3; Gjerde, Mindt of the West, 130.
53. Eudora Welty, The Eye of the Story: Selected Essays and Reviews (New York: Random House, 1978), 128-29.
54. Maurice R. Stein, The Eclipse of Community: An Interpretation of American Studies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), 99; Orville Vernon Burton, "The Rise and Fall of Afro-American Town Life: Town and Country in Reconstruction Edgefield County, South Carolina," in Toward a New South? Studies in Post-Civil War Southern Communities, ed. Orville Vernon Burton and Robert C. McMath, Jr. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), 152-92 and Orville Vernon Burton, "The Modern 'New' South in a Postmodern Academy: A Review Essay," Journal of Southern History 62 (November 1996): 767-86, and Orville Vernon Burton, "Race Relations in the Rural South Since 1945," in The Rural South Since World War II, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 28-58.
55. Maurice R. Stein, The Eclipse of Community: An Interpretation of American Studies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), 99; Orville Vernon Burton, "The Rise and Fall of Afro-American Town Life: Town and Country in Reconstruction Edgefield County, South Carolina," in Toward a New South? Studies in Post-Civil War Southern Communities, ed. Orville Vernon Burton and Robert C. McMath, Jr. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), 152-92 and Orville Vernon Burton, "The Modern 'New' South in a Postmodern Academy: A Review Essay," Journal of Southern History 62 (November 1996): 767-86, and Orville Vernon Burton, "Race Relations in the Rural South Since 1945," in The Rural South Since World War II, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 28-58.
56. Maurice R. Stein, The Eclipse of Community: An Interpretation of American Studies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), 99; Orville Vernon Burton, "The Rise and Fall of Afro-American Town Life: Town and Country in Reconstruction Edgefield County, South Carolina," in Toward a New South? Studies in Post-Civil War Southern Communities, ed. Orville Vernon Burton and Robert C. McMath, Jr. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), 152-92 and Orville Vernon Burton, "The Modern 'New' South in a Postmodern Academy: A Review Essay," Journal of Southern History 62 (November 1996): 767-86, and Orville Vernon Burton, "Race Relations in the Rural South Since 1945," in The Rural South Since World War II, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 28-58.
57. Maurice R. Stein, The Eclipse of Community: An Interpretation of American Studies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), 99; Orville Vernon Burton, "The Rise and Fall of Afro-American Town Life: Town and Country in Reconstruction Edgefield County, South Carolina," in Toward a New South? Studies in Post-Civil War Southern Communities, ed. Orville Vernon Burton and Robert C. McMath, Jr. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982), 152-92 and Orville Vernon Burton, "The Modern 'New' South in a Postmodern Academy: A Review Essay," Journal of Southern History 62 (November 1996): 767-86, and Orville Vernon Burton, "Race Relations in the Rural South Since 1945," in The Rural South Since World War II, ed. R. Douglas Hurt (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 28-58.
58. Darrett B Rutman, "The Social Web: A Prospectus for the Study of the Early American Community," in Insights and Parallels: Problems and Issues of American Social History, ed. William L. O'Neill, (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1973), 57-89, and Darrett and Anita H. Rutman, Small Worlds, Large Questions: Explorations in Early American Social History, 1600-1850 (Charlottesville; University of Virginia Press, 1994); Robert Redfield, The Little Community: Viewpoints for the Study of a Human Whole (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955) and Peasant Society and Culture (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1956): David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954)
59. Darrett B Rutman, "The Social Web: A Prospectus for the Study of the Early American Community," in Insights and Parallels: Problems and Issues of American Social History, ed. William L. O'Neill, (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1973), 57-89, and Darrett and Anita H. Rutman, Small Worlds, Large Questions: Explorations in Early American Social History, 1600-1850 (Charlottesville; University of Virginia Press, 1994); Robert Redfield, The Little Community: Viewpoints for the Study of a Human Whole (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955) and Peasant Society and Culture (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1956): David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954)
60. Darrett B Rutman, "The Social Web: A Prospectus for the Study of the Early American Community," in Insights and Parallels: Problems and Issues of American Social History, ed. William L. O'Neill, (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1973), 57-89, and Darrett and Anita H. Rutman, Small Worlds, Large Questions: Explorations in Early American Social History, 1600-1850 (Charlottesville; University of Virginia Press, 1994); Robert Redfield, The Little Community: Viewpoints for the Study of a Human Whole (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955) and Peasant Society and Culture (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1956): David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954)
61. Darrett B Rutman, "The Social Web: A Prospectus for the Study of the Early American Community," in Insights and Parallels: Problems and Issues of American Social History, ed. William L. O'Neill, (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1973), 57-89, and Darrett and Anita H. Rutman, Small Worlds, Large Questions: Explorations in Early American Social History, 1600-1850 (Charlottesville; University of Virginia Press, 1994); Robert Redfield, The Little Community: Viewpoints for the Study of a Human Whole (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955) and Peasant Society and Culture (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1956): David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954)
62. Darrett B Rutman, "The Social Web: A Prospectus for the Study of the Early American Community," in Insights and Parallels: Problems and Issues of American Social History, ed. William L. O'Neill, (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1973), 57-89, and Darrett and Anita H. Rutman, Small Worlds, Large Questions: Explorations in Early American Social History, 1600-1850 (Charlottesville; University of Virginia Press, 1994); Robert Redfield, The Little Community: Viewpoints for the Study of a Human Whole (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955) and Peasant Society and Culture (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1956): David Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954)
63. Richard R. Beeman, "The New Social History and the Search for Community in Colonial America," American Quarterly 39 (Fall 1977): 422-43; Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974); Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia: 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press, 1982), and "Dramatizing the Ideology of the Revolution: Popular Mobilization in Virginia, 1774-1776," William and Mary Quarterly 33 (July 1976): 357-85, and "Preachers and Patriots: Popular Culture and the Revolution in Virginia," in The American Revolution Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, ed. Alfred F Young (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976), 125-56.
64. Richard R. Beeman, "The New Social History and the Search for Community in Colonial America," American Quarterly 39 (Fall 1977): 422-43; Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974); Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia: 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press, 1982), and "Dramatizing the Ideology of the Revolution: Popular Mobilization in Virginia, 1774-1776," William and Mary Quarterly 33 (July 1976): 357-85, and "Preachers and Patriots: Popular Culture and the Revolution in Virginia," in The American Revolution Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, ed. Alfred F Young (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976), 125-56.
65. Richard R. Beeman, "The New Social History and the Search for Community in Colonial America," American Quarterly 39 (Fall 1977): 422-43; Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974); Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia: 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press, 1982), and "Dramatizing the Ideology of the Revolution: Popular Mobilization in Virginia, 1774-1776," William and Mary Quarterly 33 (July 1976): 357-85, and "Preachers and Patriots: Popular Culture and the Revolution in Virginia," in The American Revolution Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, ed. Alfred F Young (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976), 125-56.
66. Richard R. Beeman, "The New Social History and the Search for Community in Colonial America," American Quarterly 39 (Fall 1977): 422-43; Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974); Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia: 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press, 1982), and "Dramatizing the Ideology of the Revolution: Popular Mobilization in Virginia, 1774-1776," William and Mary Quarterly 33 (July 1976): 357-85, and "Preachers and Patriots: Popular Culture and the Revolution in Virginia," in The American Revolution Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, ed. Alfred F Young (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976), 125-56.
67. Richard R. Beeman, "The New Social History and the Search for Community in Colonial America," American Quarterly 39 (Fall 1977): 422-43; Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974); Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia: 1740-1790 (Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press, 1982), and "Dramatizing the Ideology of the Revolution: Popular Mobilization in Virginia, 1774-1776," William and Mary Quarterly 33 (July 1976): 357-85, and "Preachers and Patriots: Popular Culture and the Revolution in Virginia," in The American Revolution Explorations in the History of American Radicalism, ed. Alfred F Young (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976), 125-56.
68. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York. Basic Books, 1973), 10: Robert Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York: Basic Books, 1984), see esp. "Workers Revolt" 75-104.
69. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York. Basic Books, 1973), 10: Robert Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York: Basic Books, 1984), see esp. "Workers Revolt" 75-104.
70. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York. Basic Books, 1973), 10: Robert Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York: Basic Books, 1984), see esp. "Workers Revolt" 75-104.
71. This has been done in Gilbert G. Gonzales, Labor and Community: Mexican Citrus Worker Villages in a Southern California County, 1900-1950 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) and Tobias Higbie's study. Hobo Workers and Community in the American Midwest (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, in press).
72. This has been done in Gilbert G. Gonzales, Labor and Community: Mexican Citrus Worker Villages in a Southern California County, 1900-1950 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) and Tobias Higbie's study. Hobo Workers and Community in the American Midwest (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, in press).
73. For bibliographical references on central place theory, see Brian Joe Lobley Berry and Allen Fred, Central Place Studies: A Bibliography of Theory and Applications (Philadelphia: Regional Science Research Institute, 1965), and supplements. For an historical application of central place theory, see Randolph Dennis Wemer, "Hegemony and Conflict: The Political Economy of a Southern Region, Augusta, Georgia, 1865-1895" (Ph.D diss., University of Virginia, 1977).
74. For bibliographical references on central place theory, see Brian Joe Lobley Berry and Allen Fred, Central Place Studies: A Bibliography of Theory and Applications (Philadelphia: Regional Science Research Institute, 1965), and supplements. For an historical application of central place theory, see Randolph Dennis Wemer, "Hegemony and Conflict: The Political Economy of a Southern Region, Augusta, Georgia, 1865-1895" (Ph.D diss., University of Virginia, 1977).
75. Christopher Waldrep, Night Riders: Defending Community in the Black Patch, 1890-1915 (Durham Duke University Press, 1993), Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South, 1817-1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), and Waldrep and Donald G. Nieman, eds., Local Matters: Race, Crime, and Justice in the Nineteenth-Century South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001).
76. Christopher Waldrep, Night Riders: Defending Community in the Black Patch, 1890-1915 (Durham Duke University Press, 1993), Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South, 1817-1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), and Waldrep and Donald G. Nieman, eds., Local Matters: Race, Crime, and Justice in the Nineteenth-Century South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001).
77. Christopher Waldrep, Night Riders: Defending Community in the Black Patch, 1890-1915 (Durham Duke University Press, 1993), Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South, 1817-1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), and Waldrep and Donald G. Nieman, eds., Local Matters: Race, Crime, and Justice in the Nineteenth-Century South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001).
78. James C. Malin, The Grassland of North America: Prolegomena to Its History (Lawrence, Kans.: published by the author, lithoprinted from author's typescript by Edwards Brothers. Ann Arbor, 1947) and "The Turnover of Farm Population in Kansas," Kansas Historical Quarterly 4 (November 1935): 339-72.
79. James C. Malin, The Grassland of North America: Prolegomena to Its History (Lawrence, Kans.: published by the author, lithoprinted from author's typescript by Edwards Brothers. Ann Arbor, 1947) and "The Turnover of Farm Population in Kansas," Kansas Historical Quarterly 4 (November 1935): 339-72.
80. Pierre Goubert, "Local History," in Historical Studies Today, ed. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York: W. W. Norton. 1971), 304.
81. Orville Vernon Burton, "Introduction: The Renaissance," in Computing in the Social Sciences and Humanities, ed. Orville Vernon Burton (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 1-15.
82. For excellent examples of the use of maps, see Herr, "Common Path"; Miller Handley Karnes, "Law, Labor, and Land in the Postbellum Cotton South: The Peonage Cases in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1865-1940" (Ph.D. diss. University of Illinois, 2000), 203-09, Terrence R. Finnegan, "'At the Hands of Parties Unknown'. Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881-1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1993). Lawrence Stone, "Prosopography," in Historical Studies Today, eds. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York. W. W. Norton, 1971) 107-40 See also David R. Reynolds, "The Making of Buck Creek: Country Life Reform, Religion, and Rural School Consolidation," Annals of Iowa 58 (Fall 1999): 351-87; Jeffrey L Gall, "Presbyterians, Warren Wilson, and the Country Life Movement," Journal of Presbyterian History 76, no. 3 (1998): 215-31; and William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y., Kennikat Press. 1974).
83. For excellent examples of the use of maps, see Herr, "Common Path"; Miller Handley Karnes, "Law, Labor, and Land in the Postbellum Cotton South: The Peonage Cases in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1865-1940" (Ph.D. diss. University of Illinois, 2000), 203-09, Terrence R. Finnegan, "'At the Hands of Parties Unknown'. Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881-1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1993). Lawrence Stone, "Prosopography," in Historical Studies Today, eds. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York. W. W. Norton, 1971) 107-40 See also David R. Reynolds, "The Making of Buck Creek: Country Life Reform, Religion, and Rural School Consolidation," Annals of Iowa 58 (Fall 1999): 351-87; Jeffrey L Gall, "Presbyterians, Warren Wilson, and the Country Life Movement," Journal of Presbyterian History 76, no. 3 (1998): 215-31; and William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y., Kennikat Press. 1974).
84. For excellent examples of the use of maps, see Herr, "Common Path"; Miller Handley Karnes, "Law, Labor, and Land in the Postbellum Cotton South: The Peonage Cases in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1865-1940" (Ph.D. diss. University of Illinois, 2000), 203-09, Terrence R. Finnegan, "'At the Hands of Parties Unknown'. Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881-1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1993). Lawrence Stone, "Prosopography," in Historical Studies Today, eds. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York. W. W. Norton, 1971) 107-40 See also David R. Reynolds, "The Making of Buck Creek: Country Life Reform, Religion, and Rural School Consolidation," Annals of Iowa 58 (Fall 1999): 351-87; Jeffrey L Gall, "Presbyterians, Warren Wilson, and the Country Life Movement," Journal of Presbyterian History 76, no. 3 (1998): 215-31; and William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y., Kennikat Press. 1974).
85. For excellent examples of the use of maps, see Herr, "Common Path"; Miller Handley Karnes, "Law, Labor, and Land in the Postbellum Cotton South: The Peonage Cases in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1865-1940" (Ph.D. diss. University of Illinois, 2000), 203-09, Terrence R. Finnegan, "'At the Hands of Parties Unknown'. Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881-1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1993). Lawrence Stone, "Prosopography," in Historical Studies Today, eds. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York. W. W. Norton, 1971) 107-40 See also David R. Reynolds, "The Making of Buck Creek: Country Life Reform, Religion, and Rural School Consolidation," Annals of Iowa 58 (Fall 1999): 351-87; Jeffrey L Gall, "Presbyterians, Warren Wilson, and the Country Life Movement," Journal of Presbyterian History 76, no. 3 (1998): 215-31; and William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y., Kennikat Press. 1974).
86. For excellent examples of the use of maps, see Herr, "Common Path"; Miller Handley Karnes, "Law, Labor, and Land in the Postbellum Cotton South: The Peonage Cases in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1865-1940" (Ph.D. diss. University of Illinois, 2000), 203-09, Terrence R. Finnegan, "'At the Hands of Parties Unknown'. Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881-1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1993). Lawrence Stone, "Prosopography," in Historical Studies Today, eds. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York. W. W. Norton, 1971) 107-40 See also David R. Reynolds, "The Making of Buck Creek: Country Life Reform, Religion, and Rural School Consolidation," Annals of Iowa 58 (Fall 1999): 351-87; Jeffrey L Gall, "Presbyterians, Warren Wilson, and the Country Life Movement," Journal of Presbyterian History 76, no. 3 (1998): 215-31; and William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y., Kennikat Press. 1974).
87. For excellent examples of the use of maps, see Herr, "Common Path"; Miller Handley Karnes, "Law, Labor, and Land in the Postbellum Cotton South: The Peonage Cases in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1865-1940" (Ph.D. diss. University of Illinois, 2000), 203-09, Terrence R. Finnegan, "'At the Hands of Parties Unknown'. Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881-1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1993). Lawrence Stone, "Prosopography," in Historical Studies Today, eds. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York. W. W. Norton, 1971) 107-40 See also David R. Reynolds, "The Making of Buck Creek: Country Life Reform, Religion, and Rural School Consolidation," Annals of Iowa 58 (Fall 1999): 351-87; Jeffrey L Gall, "Presbyterians, Warren Wilson, and the Country Life Movement," Journal of Presbyterian History 76, no. 3 (1998): 215-31; and William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y., Kennikat Press. 1974).
88. For excellent examples of the use of maps, see Herr, "Common Path"; Miller Handley Karnes, "Law, Labor, and Land in the Postbellum Cotton South: The Peonage Cases in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1865-1940" (Ph.D. diss. University of Illinois, 2000), 203-09, Terrence R. Finnegan, "'At the Hands of Parties Unknown'. Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881-1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1993). Lawrence Stone, "Prosopography," in Historical Studies Today, eds. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York. W. W. Norton, 1971) 107-40 See also David R. Reynolds, "The Making of Buck Creek: Country Life Reform, Religion, and Rural School Consolidation," Annals of Iowa 58 (Fall 1999): 351-87; Jeffrey L Gall, "Presbyterians, Warren Wilson, and the Country Life Movement," Journal of Presbyterian History 76, no. 3 (1998): 215-31; and William L. Bowers, The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y., Kennikat Press. 1974).
89. James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988);
90. Annual Reports, Van Raalte Institute, Hope College, Holland, Mich. These annual reports summarize Robert Swierenga's work and provide brief quotations (see especially the Annual Report of 2000-2001) http://www.hope.edu/vri/
91. See S. Max Edelson, "Planting the Lowcountry: Agricultural Enterprise and Economic Experience in the Lower South, 1695-1785" (Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1998).
92. See table in the 1990 Census of Population and Housing Population and Housing Unit Counts (cph-2), Table 4 (U.S. Bureau of the Census Washington, D.C.), http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-1-1.pdf
93. Philip J. Nelson, "The Ideal of Nature and the 'Good Farmer': Louis Bromfield and the Quest for Rural Community," Ohio History 110 (Winter/Spring 2001): 41; Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 116.
94. Philip J. Nelson, "The Ideal of Nature and the 'Good Farmer': Louis Bromfield and the Quest for Rural Community," Ohio History 110
95. Good examples of the use of these interviews are Pete Daniel, Deep'n as It Come: The 1927 Mississippi River Flood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977) and Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). The classic use of oral history to understand southern agricultural history is Theodore Rosengarden, All God's Dangers: A Life of Nate Shaw (New York: Knopf, 1974); see also William H. Chafe, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds., Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South (New York: New Press, 2001). In addition to the better known WPA interviews with former slaves, there is the Federal Writers' Project, These Are Our Lives: As Told By the People and Written by Members of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration in North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939; reprinted New York: W. W. Norton, 1975).
96. Good examples of the use of these interviews are Pete Daniel, Deep'n as It Come: The 1927 Mississippi River Flood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977) and Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). The classic use of oral history to understand southern agricultural history is Theodore Rosengarden, All God's Dangers: A Life of Nate Shaw (New York: Knopf, 1974); see also William H. Chafe, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds., Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South (New York: New Press, 2001). In addition to the better known WPA interviews with former slaves, there is the Federal Writers' Project, These Are Our Lives: As Told By the People and Written by Members of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration in North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939; reprinted New York: W. W. Norton, 1975).
97. Good examples of the use of these interviews are Pete Daniel, Deep'n as It Come: The 1927 Mississippi River Flood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977) and Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). The classic use of oral history to understand southern agricultural history is Theodore Rosengarden, All God's Dangers: A Life of Nate Shaw (New York: Knopf, 1974); see also William H. Chafe, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds., Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South (New York: New Press, 2001). In addition to the better known WPA interviews with former slaves, there is the Federal Writers' Project, These Are Our Lives: As Told By the People and Written by Members of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration in North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939; reprinted New York: W. W. Norton, 1975).
98. Good examples of the use of these interviews are Pete Daniel, Deep'n as It Come: The 1927 Mississippi River Flood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977) and Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). The classic use of oral history to understand southern agricultural history is Theodore Rosengarden, All God's Dangers: A Life of Nate Shaw (New York: Knopf, 1974); see also William H. Chafe, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds., Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South (New York: New Press, 2001). In addition to the better known WPA interviews with former slaves, there is the Federal Writers' Project, These Are Our Lives: As Told By the People and Written by Members of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration in North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939; reprinted New York: W. W. Norton, 1975).
99. Good examples of the use of these interviews are Pete Daniel, Deep'n as It Come: The 1927 Mississippi River Flood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977) and Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000). The classic use of oral history to understand southern agricultural history is Theodore Rosengarden, All God's Dangers: A Life of Nate Shaw (New York: Knopf, 1974); see also William H. Chafe, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds., Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South (New York: New Press, 2001). In addition to the better known WPA interviews with former slaves, there is the Federal Writers' Project, These Are Our Lives: As Told By the People and Written by Members of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration in North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939; reprinted New York: W. W. Norton, 1975).
100. David B. Danbom, Born in the Country: A History of Rural America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 262; see H-Rural logs for April-May 1999, http://www2h-net.msu.edu/~rural: Hal S Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 243.
101. David B. Danbom, Born in the Country: A History of Rural America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 262; see H-Rural logs for April-May 1999, http://www2h-net.msu.edu/~rural: Hal S Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 243.
102. Janken Myrdal has pointed out to me that vultures have an important role in the ecosystem. Myrdal writes about agricultural history and is interested in the "everyday brilliance'' of working fanners. See bis impressive "report," The New Production The New Task: The Future of Agriculture In A Historical Perspective (Stockholm: Department of Agriculture. Government of Sweden, 2001). Environmental history is the best known example of the increasing interest in offshoots of agricultural history. President Emeritus of the Agricultural History Society Jack Kirby has been encouraging the members of the society to pursue the environmental aspect of rural history. See. for example. Jack Temple Kirby, Poquosin: A Study of Rural Landscape and Society (Chapel Hill: University, of North Carolina Press, 1995). See also William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991): although dealing with Chicago, this study examines extensively its outlying regions. Agricultural history will continue to be relevant: as historian Douglas Hurt has pointed out, each new solution brings its own set of problems. The promise of biotechnology, for example, also threatens "to create a Pandora's box from which new ills would escape to trouble the land and society." R. Douglas Hurt, American Agriculture: A Brief History, rev. ed. (West Lafayette Ind.- Purdue University Press, 2002), 383.
103. Janken Myrdal has pointed out to me that vultures have an important role in the ecosystem. Myrdal writes about agricultural history and is interested in the "everyday brilliance'' of working fanners. See bis impressive "report," The New Production The New Task: The Future of Agriculture In A Historical Perspective (Stockholm: Department of Agriculture. Government of Sweden, 2001). Environmental history is the best known example of the increasing interest in offshoots of agricultural history. President Emeritus of the Agricultural History Society Jack Kirby has been encouraging the members of the society to pursue the environmental aspect of rural history. See. for example. Jack Temple Kirby, Poquosin: A Study of Rural Landscape and Society (Chapel Hill: University, of North Carolina Press, 1995). See also William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991): although dealing with Chicago, this study examines extensively its outlying regions. Agricultural history will continue to be relevant: as historian Douglas Hurt has pointed out, each new solution brings its own set of problems. The promise of biotechnology, for example, also threatens "to create a Pandora's box from which new ills would escape to trouble the land and society." R. Douglas Hurt, American Agriculture: A Brief History, rev. ed. (West Lafayette Ind.- Purdue University Press, 2002), 383.
104. Janken Myrdal has pointed out to me that vultures have an important role in the ecosystem. Myrdal writes about agricultural history and is interested in the "everyday brilliance'' of working fanners. See bis impressive "report," The New Production The New Task: The Future of Agriculture In A Historical Perspective (Stockholm: Department of Agriculture. Government of Sweden, 2001). Environmental history is the best known example of the increasing interest in offshoots of agricultural history. President Emeritus of the Agricultural History Society Jack Kirby has been encouraging the members of the society to pursue the environmental aspect of rural history. See. for example. Jack Temple Kirby, Poquosin: A Study of Rural Landscape and Society (Chapel Hill: University, of North Carolina Press, 1995). See also William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991): although dealing with Chicago, this study examines extensively its outlying regions. Agricultural history will continue to be relevant: as historian Douglas Hurt has pointed out, each new solution brings its own set of problems. The promise of biotechnology, for example, also threatens "to create a Pandora's box from which new ills would escape to trouble the land and society." R. Douglas Hurt, American Agriculture: A Brief History, rev. ed. (West Lafayette Ind.- Purdue University Press, 2002), 383.
105. Janken Myrdal has pointed out to me that vultures have an important role in the ecosystem. Myrdal writes about agricultural history and is interested in the "everyday brilliance'' of working fanners. See bis impressive "report," The New Production The New Task: The Future of Agriculture In A Historical Perspective (Stockholm: Department of Agriculture. Government of Sweden, 2001). Environmental history is the best known example of the increasing interest in offshoots of agricultural history. President Emeritus of the Agricultural History Society Jack Kirby has been encouraging the members of the society to pursue the environmental aspect of rural history. See. for example. Jack Temple Kirby, Poquosin: A Study of Rural Landscape and Society (Chapel Hill: University, of North Carolina Press, 1995). See also William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991): although dealing with Chicago, this study examines extensively its outlying regions. Agricultural history will continue to be relevant: as historian Douglas Hurt has pointed out, each new solution brings its own set of problems. The promise of biotechnology, for example, also threatens "to create a Pandora's box from which new ills would escape to trouble the land and society." R. Douglas Hurt, American Agriculture: A Brief History, rev. ed. (West Lafayette Ind.- Purdue University Press, 2002), 383.
106. A R. Ammons, The Selected Poems (expanded ed.) (New York: W. W. North, 1955), 85.
107. James Dickey, The Whole Motion: Collected Poems 1945-1992 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. 1992), 378-79.
108. Ishmael Reed, New and Collected Poems (New York: Athenaeum, 1988), 226-27.
109. Maya Angelou, The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou (New York: Random House, 1994), 187.
110. James Still in From the Mountain From the Valley: New and Collected Poems. ed. Ted Olson (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001), 28.
111. Alice Walker, Her Blue Body Everything We Know: Earthling Poems 1965-1990 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991), 99.
112. Wendell Berry, Farming: A Hand Book (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1967), 3.
113. Rick Bowles and Josh Leo, "Down Home," Pass It On Down, Alabama, BMG Special Products.