Diversification of Livelihoods in a Society in Transition: A Case Study of Tibetan Communities in Southwest China

Society and Natural Resources

Volumn 27, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 706-723

  Huber, Franz K ^a   Yang, Yongping ^b   Weckerle, Caroline S ^c   Seeland, Klaus ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b KUNMING INSTITUTE OF BOTANY   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

accessibility; gold prospecting; natural resources; NTFPs; Shuhi; Southwest China

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; GOLD; NATURAL RESOURCE; NONTIMBER FOREST PRODUCT; OFF-FARM EMPLOYMENT; RURAL ECONOMY; RURAL SOCIETY; SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE;

CHINA; SICHUAN;

EID: 84903445353     PISSN: 08941920     EISSN: 15210723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08941920.2014.901465     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Amend, A., Z. D. Fang, C. Yi, and W. C. McClatchey. 2010. Local perceptions of Matsutake mushroom management in NW Yunnan China. Biol. Conserv. 143: 165 - 172.
2. Arora, D. 2008. The houses that Matsutake built. Econ. Bot. 62: 278 - 290.
3. Bullock, A., and B. King. 2011. Evaluating China's Slope Land Conversion Program as sustainable management in Tianquan and Wuqi Counties. J. Environ. Manage. 92: 1916 - 1922.
4. Buntaine, M. T., R. B. Mullen, and J. P. Lassoie. 2007. Human use and conservation planning in alpine areas of northwestern Yunnan, China. Environ. Dev. Sustainability 9: 305 - 324.
5. Chirkova, K. 2007. Between Tibetan and Chinese: Identity and language in Chinese South-West. J. South Asian Stud. 30: 405 - 417.
6. Chirkova, K. 2009. Shixing, a Sino-Tibetan language of South-West China: A grammatical sketch with two appended texts. Linguistics Tibeto-Burman Area 32 (1): 1 - 90.
7. Chirkova, K. 2012. Extralinguistic factors, language change, and comparative reconstructions: Case studies from South-West China. Yuyanxue Luncong [Essays in Linguistics] 45: 67 - 111.
8. Chirkova, K., and A. Michaud. 2009. Approaching the prosodic system of Shixing. Language Linguistics 10 (3): 539 - 568.
9. Committee on the Muli Tibetan Autonomous County Chorography (CMTCC). 1995. Muli Tibetan Autonomous County chorography [in Chinese]. Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Sichuan People Press.
10. Department for International Development. 1999-2001. Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets, sections 1-7. London: Department for International Development. http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/dossiers/livelihoods-connect/what-are-livelihoods-approaches/training-and-learning-materials (accessed 1 November 2012).
11. Ellis, F. 2000. Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
12. Fischer, A. M. 2006. Subsistence capacity: The commodification of rural labour re-examined through the case of Tibet. Working Paper Series 75. London: Development Studies Institute.
13. Goldstein, M. C., B. Jiao, C. M. Beall, and P. Tsering. 2003. Development and change in rural Tibet: Problems and adaptations. Asian Survey 43 (5): 758 - 779.
14. Goodman, D. S. G. 2004. The campaign to "Open Up the West": National, provincial-level and local perspectives. China Q. 178: 317 - 334.
15. Handel-Mazzetti, H. 1921. Übersicht über die wichtigsten Vegetationsstufen und -formationen von Yünnan und Südwest Setschuan. Bot. Jahrbüch. 54: 578 - 597.
16. Hedge, R., and T. Enters. 2000. Forest products, and household economy: A case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India. Environ. Conserv. 27:250-259.
17. Hsu, E. 1998. The house among the Moso and the Naxi. In Naxi and Moso ethnography: Kin rites and pictographs, ed. M. Oppitz and E. Hsu, 67 - 99. Zürich, Switzerland: Völkerkundemuseum der Universität Zürich.
18. Huber, F. K., R. Ineichen, Y. P. Yang, and C. S. Weckerle. 2010. Livelihood and conservation aspects of non-wood forest product collection in the Shaxi Valley, Southwest China. Econ. Bot. 64 (3): 189 - 204.
19. Lai, H. H. 2002. China's western development program: Its rationale, implementation, and prospects. Modern China 28 (4): 432 - 466.
20. Law, W., and J. Salick. 2005. Human induced dwarfing of Himalayan snow lotus, Saussurea laniceps (Asteraceae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 10218 - 10220.
21. McNally, C. A. 2004. Sichuan: Driving capitalist development westward. China Q. 178: 426 - 447.
22. Muli Zangzu Zizhixian Zhi [Annals of Muli Tibetan Autonomous County]. 1995. Chengdu, Sichuan, PRC: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe (in Chinese).
23. Pei, S. J., A. C. Hamilton, L. X. Yang, H. Y. Huai, Z. W. Yang, F. Gao, and Q. X. Zhang. 2010. Conservation and development through medicinal plants: A case study from Ludian (Northwest Yunnan, China) and presentation of a general model. Biodiversity Conserv. 19: 2619 - 2636.
24. Salick, J., and R. Moseley. 2012. Khawa Karpo: Tibetan traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation. St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
25. Salick, J., Y. P. Yang, and A. Amend. 2005. Tibetan land use and change near Khawa Karpo, eastern Himalayas. Econ. Bot. 59 (4): 312 - 325.
26. Scoones, I. 1998. Sustainable rural livelihoods: A framework for analysis. IDS Working Paper 72. Brighton, UK: IDS.
27. Shen, S. C., A. Wilkes, J. Qian, L. Yin, J. Ren, and F. D. Zhang. 2010. Agrobiodiversity and biocultural heritage in the Dulong Valley, China. Mountain Res. Dev. 30: 205 - 211.
28. Sun, H. K. 1990. Languages of the ethnic corridor in western Sichuan. English translation and notes by Jackson T.-S. Sun. Linguistics Tibeto-Burman Area 13 (1): 1 - 31.
29. Tilt, B. 2008. Smallholders and the 'Household Responsibility System': Adapting to institutional change in Chinese agriculture. Hum. Ecol. 36: 189 - 199.
30. Wang, C. 1961. The forests of China with a survey of grasslands and desert vegetation. Maria Moors Cabot Foundation Publication 5. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
31. Weckerle, C. S., F. K. Huber, Y. P. Yang, and W. B. Sun. 2005a. Walnuts among the Shuhi in Shuiluo, eastern Himalayas. Econ. Bot. 59 (3): 287 - 290.
32. Weckerle, C. S., F. K. Huber, Y. P. Yang, and W. B. Sun. 2005b. The role of barley among the Shuhi in the Tibetan cultural area of the eastern Himalayas. Econ. Bot. 59 (4): 386 - 390.
33. Weckerle, C. S., F. K. Huber, Y. P. Yang, and W. B. Sun. 2006. Plant knowledge of the Shuhi in the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China. Econ. Bot. 60 (1): 3 - 23.
34. Weckerle, C. S., Y. P. Yang, F. K. Huber, and Q. H. Li. 2010. People, money, and protected areas: The collection of the caterpillar mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, Southwest China. Biodiversity Conserv. 19: 2685 - 2698.
35. Wellens, K. 2010. Religious revival in the Tibetan borderlands: The Premi of Southwest China. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
36. Weyerhaeuser, H., A. Wilkes, and F. Kahrl. 2005. Local impacts and responses to regional forest conservation and rehabilitation programs in China's northwest Yunnan province. Agric. Systems 85: 234 - 253.
37. Winkler, D. 2003. Forest use and implications of the 1998 logging ban in the Tibetan prefectures of Sichuan: Case study on forestry, reforestation and NTFP in Litang County, Ganzi TAP, China. The ecological basis and sustainable management of forest resources. Inform. Bot. Ital. 35 (Suppl.1): 116 - 125.
38. Winkler, D. 2008. Yartsa Gunbu (Cordyceps sinensis) and the fungal commodification of Tibet's rural economy. Econ. Bot. 62 (3): 291 - 305.
39. Xu, J. C., E. T. Ma, D. J. Tashi, Y. S. Fu, Z. Lu, and D. Melick. 2005. Integrating sacred knowledge for conservation: Cultures and landscapes in Southwest China. Ecol. Society 10(2):7.
40. Xu, J. C., and A. Wilkes. 2004. Biodiversity impact analysis in northwest Yunnan, southwest China. Biodiversity Conserv. 13: 959 - 983.
41. Xu, J. T., R. S. Yin, Z. Li, and C. Liu. 2006. China's ecological rehabilitation: Unprecedented efforts, dramatic impacts, and requisite policies. Ecol. Econ. 57: 595 - 607.
42. Xu, Z. G., M. T. Bennett, R. Tao, and J. T. Xu. 2004. China's Sloping Land Conversion Programme four years on: Current situation, pending issues. Int. For. Rev. 6: 317 - 326.
43. Yamaguchi, T. 2011. Transition of mountain pastoralism: An agrodiversity analysis of the livestock population and herding strategies in Southeast Tibet, China. Hum. Ecol. 39: 141 - 154.
44. Yang, X. F., J. He, C. Li, J. Z. Ma, Y. P. Yang, and J. C. Xu. 2008. Matsutake trade in Yunnan Province, China: An overview. Econ. Bot. 62 (3): 269 - 277.
45. Yeh, E. T. 2000. Forest claims, conflicts and commodification: The political ecology of Tibetan mushroom-harvesting villages in Yunnan Province, China. China Q. 161: 264 - 278.
46. Yi, S. L., N. Wu, P. Luo, Q. Wang, F. S. Shu, G. Sun, and J. Z. Ma. 2007. Changes in livestock migration patterns in a Tibetan-style agropastoral system. Mountain Res. Dev. 27: 138 - 145.
47. Zhang, L. P., Y. L. Zhang, J. Z. Yan, and Y. Y. Wu. 2008. Livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in agro-pastoral mountainous region of eastern Tibetan Plateau. J. Geogr. Sci. 18: 499 - 509.
48. Zhu, H., and L. Cai. 2004. Vegetation of upper Mekong Valley: From tropical rain forest to "Mediterranean" desert. Mankind Nat. Suppl. 7: 1 - 47.