A single roll of the dice: Obama's diplomacy with Iran

A Single Roll of the Dice: Obama's Diplomacy with Iran

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-284

  Parsi, Trita ^a  

^a National Iranian American Council   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903409220     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (490)

1. "Iran: Hardline Daily Dismisses Saudi Plan for Recognizing Israel," Resalat, February 26, 2002.
2. Guy Dinmore, "Washington Hardliners Wary of Engaging with Iran," Financial Times, March 16, 2004.
3. Gordon Corera, "Iran's Gulf of Misunderstanding with U.S.," BBC News, September 25, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middleeeast/5377914.stm.
4. Gareth Porter, "Burnt Overing," American Prospect, June 6, 2006.
5. Gareth Porter, "Cheney-Led 'Cabal' Blocked 2003 Nuclear Talks with Iran," IPS, May 28, 2006.
6. Porter, "Burnt Overing."
7. Glenn Kessler, "In 2003, U.S. Spurned Iran's Over of Dialogue," Washington Post, June 18, 2006.
8. Bernard Gwertzman, "Leverett: Bush Administration 'Not Serious' About Dealing with Iran," Council on Foreign Relations, March 31, 2006.
9. "U.S. Admiral Urges Caution on Iran," BBC News, July 2, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7486338.stm.
10. James Sturcke, "U.S. Admiral Warns Israel Against Opening Iran 'Third Front,' " Guardian, July 3, 2008.
11. James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, The Iraq Study Group Report, United States Institute for Peace, December 2006.
12. "Five Ex-secretaries of State Urge Talks with Iran," Associated Press, September 15, 2008.
13. John Vinocur, "Europe Is Waiting to See How Obama Plays Iran," New York Times, November 24, 2008.
14. William Luers, Thomas Pickering, and James Walsh, "How to End the U.S.-Iran Standov," New York Times, March 3, 2008.
15. Ali Scotten, "NIAC Conference: Blix, Pickering Propose Nuclear Compromise," April 8, 2008, http://www.niacouncil.org/ site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=6091.
16. Francois Murphy, "France, UK Push for EU Sanctions on Iran-Report," Reuters, January 19, 2009.
17. Alex Barker, Najmeh Bozorgmehr, and Guy Dinmore, "EU Trio Targets Tougher Iran Sanctions," Financial Times, February 25, 2009.
18. "Arabs Lament Lack of Dialogue on Iran Nuclear Crisis," AFP, November 9, 2008.
19. Daniel Brumberg, "Obama's Overtures to Iran," Washington Post, March 20, 2009.
20. Howard Schneider and Glenn Kessler, "Israel Puts Iran Issue Ahead of Palestinians," Washington Post, April 22, 2009.
21. Abdullah Alshayij, "Arab Countries Worry About Improved U.S.-Iran Relations," Gulf News, May 11, 2009.
22. Alshayij, "Arab Countries Worry About Improved U.S.-Iran Relations."
23. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Counterterrorism Adviser Brennan's Meeting with Saudi King Abdullah," March 22, 2009.
24. Robert Worth, "Gaza War Exposes Rift Between Pro-Western Arab States and Iran-led Alliance," New York Times, December 31, 2008.
25. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Talks Iran Concerns with General Moseley," February 7, 2007.
26. Roula Khalaf, "U.S. Has Others to Please as It Engages Iran," Financial Times, April 13, 2009.
27. Jonathan Spyer, "Gaza War Exposes Rift Between Pro-Western Arab States and Iran-led Alliance," Jerusalem Post, December 31, 2008.
28. Liz Sly, "Outcome of Gaza Conflict Will Echo in Iran," Chicago Tribune, January 11, 2009.
29. Spyer, "Gaza War Exposes Rift."
30. "Iran's Ahmadinejad Presses Egypt on Gaza Stance," Reuters, January 10, 2009.
31. "Egypt Attacks Iran and Allies in Arab World," Reuters, January 28, 2009.
32. Sly, "Outcome of Gaza Conflict Will Echo in Iran."
33. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Talks Iran Concerns with General Moseley."
34. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Saudi King Abdullah and Senior Princes on Saudi Policy Toward Iraq," April 20, 2008.
35. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Saudis on Iran Ref Upcoming NAM FM Meeting," July 22, 2008.
36. Matthew Fisher, "Israel's Livni Blasts Obama's Iran Plan," Canwest News Service, November 6, 2008.
37. Gary Sick, October Surprise (New York: Random House, 1991), 114.
38. "Sharon Reveals Arms Supplies to Iran," BBC, May 28, 1982.
39. "Israel Sends Military Equipment to Iran," Associated Press, May 28, 1982.
40. Nader Entessar, "Israel and Iran's National Security," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 4 (2004): 7.
41. Samuel Segev, The Iranian Triangle (New York: Free Press, 1988), 43.
42. Segev, Iranian Triangle, 22.
43. Behrouz Souresrafil, Khomeini and Israel (London: Researchers, 1988), 79.
44. Ruth Sinai, "Israel Helps Iran for Strategic and Economic Reasons," Associated Press, December 1, 1986.
45. Malcolm Byrne, The Chronology (New York: Warner, 1987), 116.
46. Segev, Iranian Triangle, 7.
47. "Israel Focuses on the Threat Beyond the Periphery," New York Times, November 8, 1992.
48. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Israeli Intentions Regarding the Iranian Nuclear Program," March 17, 2005.
49. Leslie Susser, "Israel Facing Grim Threat Assessment for '09," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 24, 2008.
50. Joshua Mitnick, "Israel Warms to Obama's Pledge of Talks with Iran," Washington Times, November 26, 2008.
51. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Israeli Intentions Regarding the Iranian Nuclear Program."
52. Dudi Cohen, "Former General: Israel Can't Defeat Iran," Ynet, December 18, 2008.
53. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Israeli Intentions Regarding the Iranian Nuclear Program."
54. Aluf Benn, "Iran-An Attack Is Still Possible," Haaretz, October 5, 2008.
55. Jonathan Steele, "Israel Asked U.S. for Green Light to Bomb Nuclear Sites in Iran," Guardian, September 25, 2008.
56. "U.S. Puts Brakes on Israeli Plan for Attack on Iran Nuclear Facilities," Haaretz, August 13, 2008.
57. Steele, "Israel Asked U.S. for Green Light."
58. David Ignatius, "The Tea Leaves Say America Is Not About to Attack Iran," Daily Star, August 2, 2008.
59. "Iran MPs Slam Ahmadinejad's Aide over Pro-Israeli Remarks," AFP, August 14, 2008.
60. Daniel Dombey, Andrew Ward, and Harvey Morris, "Mullen Warns of 'Third Front' for U.S.," Financial Times, July 3, 2008.
61. "U.S. Army Chief: Israeli Strike on Iran Would Destabilize Mideast," Haaretz, July 2, 2008.
62. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "U/S Burns' August 17 Meeting with Israeli Mossad Chief Meir Dagan," August 31, 2007.
63. James Besser, "Dems See Domestic Agenda Blunting Stubborn Age Gap," Jewish Week, June 14, 2008.
64. Jim Hoagland, "Countering Iran in Gaza and Beyond," Washington Post, January 4, 2009.
65. Joshua Mitnick, "Israel Warms to Obama's Pledge of Talks with Iran," Washington Times, November 26, 2008.
66. Allison Hovman, "Olmert: U.S. Must Take Lead Against Iran," Jerusalem Post, November 16, 2008.
67. Laura Rozen, "Revealed: Recent U.S.-Iran Nuclear Talks Involved Key Officials," ForeignPolicy.com, January 30, 2009, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/01/29/americasesecretebacke channelediplomacyewitheiran.
68. "Joseph Rotblat, Won Nobel Prize for Nuclear Arms Fight," Associated Press, September 2, 2005.
69. Translation of Ahmadinejad's Letter, Washington Post, November 6, 2008.
70. Jim Muir, "Tehran: Obama Quashes Iran's Hopes for Change," BBC News, November 9, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/useelectionse2008/7718603.stm.
71. Hadi Nili, "Iranians' Hope for U.S. Policy Shift Dims," Washington Times, January 11, 2009.
72. "Larijani Prefers Obama to Win," Persia House News Brief, November 17, 2008.
73. "Obama's Right Hand Man in Relation to Iran," Raja News, August 30, 2008 (Shahrivar 9, 1387).
74. "War in the Mid East, McCain's Trump Card," Aftab, July 29, 2008 (Mordad 8, 1387).
75. Roshanak Taghavi, "Iranians Unsure What U.S. Election Will Bring," Wall Street Journal, November 5, 2008.
76. Nahid Siamdoust, "Iranians Hope Obama Lives Up to His Name," Time, November 2008.
77. Muir, "Obama Quashes Iran's Hopes for Change."
78. Gareth Porter, "Iranian Leaders Split over Obama's Policy Freedom," Inter Press Service, December 10, 2008
79. "Who negotiates?" Aftab, August 6, 2008 (Mordad 16, 1387).
80. Robert Dreyfuss, "Inside the Head of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad," Nation, September 25, 2008.
81. Amir Mohebian, editorial, Resalat News, November 6, 2008.
82. Roshanak Taghavi, "Iranians Unsure What U.S. Election Will Bring," Wall Street Journal, November 5, 2008.
83. Scott Peterson, "Is Iran Prepared to Undo 30 Years of Anti-Americanism?," Christian Science Monitor, February 6, 2009.
84. Classified U.S. State Department cable, November 26, 2008.
85. Aftab, August 3, 2008 (Mordad 13, 1387).
86. Thomas Erdbrink, "Facing Obama, Iran Suddenly Hedges on Talks," Washington Post, November 13, 2008.
87. Porter, "Iranian Leaders Split over Obama's Policy Freedom."
88. Hadi Nili, "Iranians' Hope for U.S. Policy Shift Dims," Washington Times, January 11, 2009.
89. "Obama's Inexperience," Raja News, August 27, 2008 (Shahrivar 6, 1387).
90. "Bush and Obama: For as Long as American Policy Does Not Change, There Is No Difference Between You," Fars News, November 7, 2008 (Aban 17, 1387).
91. Porter, "Iranian Leaders Split Over Obama's Policy Freedom."
92. Scott Peterson, "Iranians Wary of Obama's Approach," Christian Science Monitor, February 5, 2009.
93. Islamic Republic News Agency, March 2, 2009 (Esfand 12, 1388).
94. Jeremy Scahill, "This Is Change? 20 Hawks, Clintonites and Neocons to Watch for in Obama's White House," AlterNet, November 20, 2008.
95. Nathan Guttman, "Iran Emerges as Wedge Issue for Jewish Voters," Jewish Daily Forward, August 28, 2008, http://www.forward.com/articles/14104/.
96. Erdbrink, "Facing Obama, Iran Suddenly Hedges on Talks." Islamic Republic News Agency, November 8, 2008.
97. Farideh Farhi, "U.S.-Iran: The More Things Change," Inter Press Services, February 5, 2009.
98. Jahan News, September 15, 2008 (Shahrivar 24, 1387).
99. Robert Tait and Ewen MacAskill, "Revealed: The Letter Obama Team Hope Will Heal Iran Rift," Guardian, January 29, 2009.
100. Matt Morre and Alexander G. Higgins, "Israeli Candidate at Davos Warns on Iran," Associated Press, January 29, 2009.
101. Farhi, "U.S.-Iran." Erdbrink, "Facing Obama, Iran Suddenly Hedges on Talks." Islamic Republic News Agency, November 8, 2008.
102. Jahan News, December 4, 2008 (Azar 14, 1387).
103. Kenneth Pollack, The Persian Puzzle (New York: Random House, 2004), 346-47.
104. Ali Ansari, Confronting Iran (New York: Basic, 2006), 186-87.
105. Scott Peterson, "Pragmatism May Trump Zeal as Iran's Power Grows," Christian Science Monitor, July 6, 2006.
106. Gareth Porter, "Burnt Offering," American Prospect, June 6, 2006.
107. Scott Ritter, "On the Eve of Destruction," TruthDig.com, October 22, 2007, http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20071022 on the eve of destruction.
108. Peterson, "Iranians Wary of Obama's Approach."
109. Corbett Daly, "U.S. Brands Anti-Iran Kurdish Group Terrorist," Reuters, February 4, 2010.
110. "Seven Questions: Hans Blix," Foreign Policy Magazine, April 29, 2009.
111. Jonathan Tirone, "IAEA Chief ElBaradei Seeks Stop to Iran 'War Drums,' " Bloomberg, September 7, 2007.
112. Simon Hooper, "Iran: Ready to Work with Obama," CNN, January 30, 2009.
113. Roger Cohen, "Realpolitik for Iran," New York Times, April 13, 2009.
114. Jay Solomon, "Obama Team Plots Opening of Iran Ties," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2009.
115. Sue Pleming, "Clinton Doubts Iran Will Respond to Overtures," Reuters, March 2, 2009.
116. Sue Pleming, "Analysis-Obama Likely to Take Cautious Approach on Iran," Reuters, January 26, 2009.
117. "Iran: Assessing U.S. Strategic Options," Center for a New American Security, September 2008.
118. Glenn Kessler, "Writings Over Look at Administration Debate on Iran," Washington Post, January 30, 2009.
119. Adam Graham-Silverman, "Special Adviser on Iran Hopes for 'Just Right' Engagement Approach," Congressional Quarterly, March 16, 2009.
120. Helene Cooper and David E. Sanger, "Obama's Message to Iran Is Opening Bid in Diplomatic Drive," New York Times, March 21, 2009.
121. David E. Sanger, "After Israeli Visit, a Diplomatic Sprint on Iran," New York Times, May 20, 2009.
122. Oded Eran, Giora Eiland, and Emily Landau, "Let Russia Stop Iran," New York Times, December 21, 2008.
123. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Action Request: Russia S-300 Missile to Iran," February 18, 2009.
124. Charles Clover and Andrew England, "Saudis Seek Russian Pledge on Missiles," Financial Times, September 29, 2009.
125. Dennis Ross and David Makovsky, Myths, Illusions & Peace: Finding a New Direction for America in the Middle East (New York: Viking, 2009), 221.
126. David E. Sanger and Mark Landler, "China Pledges to Work with U.S. on Iran Sanctions," New York Times, April 12, 2010.
127. Solomon, "Obama Team Plots Opening of Iran Ties," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2009.
128. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Codel Cardin Discusses Iran, Syria, Palestinians, and Israel Election with Benjamin Netanyahu," February 26, 2009.
129. David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, "Allies' Clocks Tick Diverently on Iran," New York Times, March 15, 2009.
130. "Iran Nuclear Arms Bid Unclear: U.S. Intel Chief," AFP, February 12, 2009.
131. Roger Cohen, "Realpolitik for Iran," New York Times, April 13, 2009.
132. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Codel Cardin Discusses Iran, Syria, Palestinians, and Israel Election with Benjamin Netanyahu," February 26, 2009.
133. "Tel Aviv Wants Time Limit on N-talks with Tehran," Arab Times Online, April 10, 2010.
134. Yaakov Katz, "Ya'alon: West Must Stand Up to, Confront Iran," Jerusalem Post, April 27, 2009.
135. Sanger and Broad, "Allies' Clocks Tick Diverently on Iran."
136. Trita Parsi, "Netanyahu and Threat of Bombing Iran-The Bluv That Never Stops Giving?," Huffington Post, April 7, 2009, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tritaparsi/netanyahu-and-threat-of-bebe183 822.html.
137. Biden, The Situation Room, CNN, April 8, 2009.
138. "National Security Through Diplomacy," Before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs, 111th Cong. (April 23, (2009) (statement of Hillary Clinton, Secretary of State), http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/04/122098.htm
139. Aluf Benn, "Obama Team Readying for Clash with Netanyahu," Haaretz, April 8, 2009.
140. Katz, "Ya'alon."
141. Howard Schneider and Glenn Kessler, "Israel Puts Iran Issue Ahead of Palestinians: Shift on One Tied to Progress on Other," Washington Post, April 22, 2009.
142. David Sanger, "Iranian Overture Might Complicate Relations with Israel," New York Times, February 11, 2009.
143. David Sanger, "U.S.May Drop Key Conditions for Talks with Iran," New York Times, April 14, 2009.
144. Erika Niedowski, "U.S.Wants Iranian Involvement in Conflict Resolution," The National (Abu Dhabi), January 29, 2009.
145. Slobodan Lekic, "NATO Leader Urges Engagement with Iran," Associated Press, January 27, 2009.
146. Golnar Motevalli, "Analysis-U.S.Needs Iran's Help to Fight Afghan War," Reuters, February 1, 2009.
147. "Q&A with Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister for Americas Avairs," Wall Street Journal, April 1, 2009.
148. Robert Dreyfuss, "Hillary & Iran & Dennis & Israel," Agence Global, March 6, 2009.
149. "Iran and U.S.Hold 'Cordial' Talks," BBC News, March 31, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/southeasia/7975079.stm.
150. Anne Gearan, "U.S., Iranian Diplomats Break the Ice at Conference," Associated Press, March 31, 2009.
151. Jay Solomon, "U.S., Allies Set October Target for Iran Progress," Wall Street Journal, May 14, 2009.
152. Robin Wright, "Stuart Levey's War," New York Times Magazine, November 2, 2008.
153. Classified U.S.State Department cable, "Codels Ackerman and Casey Meetings with Prime Minister Netanyahu," June 2, 2009.
154. "Senators Mull Iran Nuclear Threat, Diplomatic Evorts," AFP, March 4, 2009.
155. Daniel Dombey, "U.S.Senator Opens Iran Nuclear Debate," Financial Times, June 10, 2009.
156. Adam Graham-Silverman, "Special Adviser on Iran Hopes for 'Just Right' Engagement Approach," Congressional Quarterly, March 16, 2009.
157. Sue Pleming, "Clinton Doubts Iran Will Respond to Overtures," Reuters, March 2, 2009.
158. Borzou Daragahi, "Obama Overture Elicits Cautious Response from Iran," Los Angeles Times, March 21, 2009.
159. "Gates Prefers Sanctions to Diplomacy for Iran," AFP, March 29, 2009.
160. Farideh Farhi, "And Happy Nowruz to You Too Mr. Obama!," Informed Comment: Global Avairs, March 20, 2009, http://icga.blogspot.com/2009/03/andhappy-nowruz-to-you-too-mr-obama.htm l.
161. Farideh Farhi, "On Khamenei's Response to Obama," Informed Comment: Global Avairs, March 22, 2009, http://icga.blogspot.com/2009/03/on-khameneisresponse-to-obama.html.
162. "Text of Khamenei's Speech to U.S.President," BBC, March 22, 2009.
163. Rasool Nafisi, e-mail message to author, March 22, 2009.
164. Asr-e Iran, March 21, 2009.
165. "The Nuances of Iran's Response to Obama's Nowruz Message," Persia House News Brief, March 27, 2009.
166. "Iran Senior Cleric Calls U.S.to Show Its 'Goodwill in Practice,' " BBC, March 28, 2009.
167. "America Resents Iran's Military and Scientific Progress," Islamic Republic News Agency, April 1, 2009.
168. "Iranian President Welcomes Honest, Fair Talks with U.S.A.," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, April 9, 2009, http://www.iranalmanac.com/news/lastnews.php?newsid=10131.
169. Nazila Fathi, "Iran Responds Cautiously to Obama's Gesture," New York Times, April 9, 2009.
170. Roula Khalaf, "U.S.Has Others to Please as It Engages Iran," Financial Times, April 13, 2009.
171. "Peres to Iran: Reclaim Your Rightful Place Among 'Enlightened Nations,' " Haaretz, March 21, 2009.
172. "With Obama to Iran," Haaretz, March 24, 2009.
173. Helene Cooper and David E. Sanger, "Obama's Message to Iran Is Opening Bid in Diplomatic Drive," New York Times, March 21, 2009.
174. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Codel Kyl's Meeting with Prime Minister Netanyahu: What Will the U.S. Do About Iran?," April 28, 2009.
175. Sean Lengell, "Senators Target Firms Doing Business with Iran," Washington Times, April 13, 2009.
176. Ron Kampeas, "AIPAC Policy Conference to Push Iran Bills," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 28, 2009.
177. Press Release, "Stand with Obama on Israel and Iran," J Street, Washington, DC, April 30, 2009, available at http://www.mepeace.org/group/jstreet/forum/topics/ stand-with-obama-on-israel.
178. Ali Gharib, "Hawks Soften Rhetoric on Iran," Asia Times Online, April 30, 2009.
179. Nathan Guttman, "AIPAC Confronts a New Reality as Obama's Agenda Becomes Clear," Forward, May 7, 2009, http://www.forward.com/articles/105680/.
180. Press Release, "Berman Introduces Legislation to Prevent Iran Nuclear Weapons Capability," House Foreign Avairs Committee, April 29, 2009.
181. Andrew Glass, "AIPAC Launches Push for Iran Sanctions," Politico, May 4, 2009, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0509/22086.html.
182. Guttman, "AIPAC Confronts a New Reality."
183. Reuters, "Clinton Plays Down More U.S. Sanctions on Iran Now," May 20, 2009.
184. Guttman, "AIPAC Confronts a New Reality."
185. Herb Keinon, "Iran Talks Should Last 12 Weeks Max," Jerusalem Post, December 18, 2008.
186. UPI, "Israel Calls for Time-limit on Iran Talks," May 7, 2009.
187. Jeremy Ben-Ami and Trita Parsi, "How Diplomacy with Iran Can Succeed," Hu~ngton Post, June 11, 2009, http://www.hu~ngtonpost.com/jeremy-benami/howdiplomacy-with-iran-cebe214 407.html.
188. Barak Ravid, "U.S. Puts October Deadline on Iran Talks," Haaretz, May 11, 2009.
189. Jim Lobe, "Despite Smiles, Obama, Netanyahu Seem Far Apart," Inter Press Service, May 19, 2009.
190. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Obama Tells Netanyahu He Has an Iran Timetable," New York Times, May 19, 2009.
191. Lobe, "Despite Smiles."
192. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Codels Ackerman and Casey Meetings with Prime Minister Netanyahu," June 2, 2009.
193. David Sanger, "After Israeli Visit, a Diplomatic Sprint on Iran," New York Times, May 20, 2009.
194. "Powerful Reformer to Run Against Iran's President," Associated Press, March 10, 2009.
195. Mark Phillips, "Who Is Mir Hossein Mousavi?," CBS, June 18, 2009.
196. "Profile: Mir Hossein Mousavi," BBC News, June 16, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle eeast/8103851.stm.
197. Mehrzad Boroujerdi and Kourosh Rahimkhani, "Iran's Political Elite: The Iran Primer," United States Institute of Peace, December 2010.
198. Farideh Farhi, "New Hardships Intensify Debate over Iran Iraq War," Tehran Bureau, August 5, 2010.
199. Mehrzad Boroujerdi, "The Potato Revolution," Foreign Policy, May 13, 2009.
200. "Mousavi: I Stand Firm on Principles/Diplomacy Will Relieve Tensions," Mehr News Agency, April 6, 2009 (Farvardin 17, 1388).
201. "Iran Reform Candidate Says Open to U.S. Negotiations," AFP, April 6, 2009.
202. Hafezi, "Iran Candidate Backs Nuclear Talks with the West."
203. Barbara Slavin, "Iran's Unlikely Hero," Washington Times, June 17, 2009.
204. Robert Dreyfuss, "Iran's Election, Obama's Challenge," Nation, June 10, 2009).
205. Scott Peterson, "Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Iranian Style," Christian Science Monitor, June 3, 2009.
206. Muhammad Sahimi, "New Evidence of Fraud in 2009 Election," Tehran Bureau, August 11, 2010.
207. Farideh Farhi, "Is Commander Jafari Stupid?," Informed Comment: Global Avairs, September 4, 2009, http://icga.blogspot.com/2009/09/is-commander-jafari-stupid.html.
208. Ali Ansari, ed., Preliminary Analysis of the Voting Figures in Iran's 2009 Presidential Election (London: Chatham House, 2009), http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/defa ult/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/iranelection0609.pdf.
209. Robert Dreyfuss, "A Disgusting Fraud," Nation, June 21, 2009.
210. "Iran Bars Foreign Media from Reporting on Streets," Associated Press, June 16, 2009.
211. Trita Parsi, "Who's Fighting Who in Iran's Struggle?," Time, June 16, 2009.
212. Nazila Fathi and Alan Cowell, "Iran's Top Leader Dashes Hopes for a Compromise," New York Times, June 19, 2009.
213. "Larijani Criticizes the Guardian Council, IRIB," Press TV, June 21, 2009, http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/98645.html.
214. "Iran Leader Rafsanjani Rallies Opposition," Washington Times, July 19, 2009.
215. "Iran Prisoner Beaten to Death, Coroner Says," CNN, September 1, 2009.
216. Farnaz Fassihi, "Tehran Court Tries Top Reformists," Wall Street Journal, August 4, 2009.
217. "Moussavi, Khatami Blast Iran Trials," CNN, August 2, 2009.
218. Laura Rozen, "The Iran Chessboard, as Seen by Team Obama," ForeignPol icy.com, June 26, 2009, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/06/26/theeiran echessboardeaseseenebyeteameobama.
219. Scott Wilson, "Muted Response Reflects U.S. Diplomatic Dilemma," Washington Post, June 15, 2009.
220. Iason Athanasiadis, "Iran Protest Biggest Since Revolution," Washington Times, June 16, 2009.
221. David Weigel, "Neocons, House GOPers Demand Obama Take Moussavi's Side," Washington Independent, June 16, 2009.
222. Manu Raju, "GOP Tries to Find Its Pitch on Iran," Politico, June 17, 2009, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0609/ 23827.html.
223. Anne Flaherty, "House Condemns Tehran Crackdown on Protesters," Associated Press, June 19, 2009.
224. Wilson, "Muted Response Reflects U.S. Diplomatic Dilemma."
225. Borzou Daragahi, "Ahmadinejad Calls for Prosecution of Iran's Opposition Leaders," Los Angeles Times, August 28, 2009.
226. Parsi, "What Obama Must Do Now on Iran."
227. Azadeh Moaveni, "Iranians to Obama: Hush," Daily Beast, June 17, 2009, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2009/06/17/iranians-to-obama-hush. html.
228. "Obama Ratchets Up Language on Iran Violence," Associated Press, June 23, 2009.
229. "Obama Condemns Iran Violence as 'Outrageous,' " CBC News, June 26, 2009.
230. "Human Rights Violations in Iran Worst for 20 Years: Amnesty," Reuters, December 10, 2009.
231. Borzou Daragahi, "Iran: Report of Second Letter from Obama to Tehran," Los Angeles Times, September 2, 2009.
232. "FAQs: The Iran Refined Petroleum Sanctions Act," American Israel Public Avairs Committee (AIPAC), September 1, 2009, www.aipac.org.
233. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Codels Ackerman and Casey Meetings with Prime Minister Netanyahu," June 2, 2009.
234. "Iran: Recent Developments and Implications for U.S. Policy," Before the House Foreign Relations Committee, 111th Cong.(July 22, 2009) (Howard Berman, committee chair).
235. "FAQs: The Iran Refined Petroleum Sanctions Act."
236. Brad Sherman, "New Sanctions on Iran Must Be Enforced," The Hill, August 9, 2010.
237. Hossein Askari and Trita Parsi, "Throwing Ahmadinejad a Lifeline," New York Times, August 14, 2009.
238. "Iran's Mousavi Opposes Sanctions Against Tehran," AFP, September 28, 2009
239. Ramin Mostaghim and Borzou Daragahi, "Iranian Cleric Rises to Become Voice of Opposition," Los Angeles Times, September 8, 2009.
240. Mark Fitzpatrick, Iran's Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Capabilities (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2011).
241. Thomas Erdbrink and William Branigin, "In Iran, Nuclear Issue Is Also a Medical One," Washington Post, December 20, 2009.
242. IAEA Obligated to Supply Nuclear Fuel," Tehran Times, February 10, 2010.
243. Marc Champion, "Russia Rejects New Iran Sanctions," Wall Street Journal, September 10, 2009.
244. "FM Lavrov Discusses Missile Defense and Iran with Codel Levin," April 29, 2009.
245. 'Israeli FM Lieberman in Moscow," June 5, 2009.
246. Michael D. Shear and Karen DeYoung, "Iran Reveals Existence of Second Uranium Enrichment Plant," Washington Post, September 25, 2009.
247. Scott Ritter, "Keeping Iran Honest," Guardian, September 25, 2009.
248. Glenn Kessler, "U.S. Aims to Isolate Iran If Talks Fail," Washington Post, September 29, 2009.
249. Tom Doggett, "U.S. Lawmakers Vote to Punish Iran's fuel?," Reuters, October 1, 2009.
250. Eric Fingerhut, "Getting a Yes on Iran Advocacy Day," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 11, 2009.
251. Mark Landler, "U.S. Is Seeking a Range of Sanctions Against Iran," New York Times, September 29, 2009.
252. Laura Rozen, "U.S. Previews Geneva Talks, as Iranian Foreign Minister Visits DC," Politico.com, September 30, 2009, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/ 0909/USepreviewseGenevaetalkseaseIranianeforeigneministerevisitseDC.html .
253. Mark Landler and Steven Erlanger, "As U.S. Plots Iran Strategy, Envoy's Visit Hints at a Thaw," New York Times, October 1, 2009.
254. "The US Is Working Hard to Talk to Iran," Jahan News, October 3, 2009.
255. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Ideas on How to Pressure the Regime on Human Rights Without Risking Our Broader Agenda," October 16, 2010.
256. Steven Erlanger and Mark Landler, "Iran Agrees to Send Enriched Uranium to Russia," New York Times, October 2, 2009.
257. Erlanger and Landler, "Iran Agrees to Send Enriched Uranium to Russia." Interview with Ambassador Ali Asghar Soltanieh, June 30, 2010.
258. Erlanger and Landler, "Iran Agrees to Send Enriched Uranium to Russia." Interview with senior EU o~cial, June 14, 2010.
259. "Cleric Terms Geneva Talks Victory for Iran," Fars News Agency, October 9, 2009.
260. "Ahmadinejad Optimistic About Future of Iran Talks with 5+1," Fars News Agency, October 12, 2009.
261. "MP: Negotiations Progressing in Iran's Interest After Geneva Talks," Fars News Agency, October 6, 2009.
262. Erlanger and Landler, "Iran Agrees to Send Enriched Uranium to Russia." Interview with senior EU o~cial, June 14, 2010.
263. Jay Solomon, "U.S., Allies Confer on New Iran Sanctions," Wall Street Journal, October 9, 2009.
264. "Minimizing Potential Threats from Iran: Administration Perspectives on Economic Sanctions and Other U.S. Policy Options," Before the Senate Banking Committee, 111th Cong. (October 6, 2009) (Testimony of James Steinberg, Deputy Secretary of State).
265. Oliver Meier, "Iran and Foreign Enrichment: A Troubled Model," Arms Control Today, January/February 2006.
266. Hillary Mann Leverett, "Pragmatists in Tehran," Foreign Policy, October 28, 2009.
267. Hadi Nili, "Iran Still Holds Bitter Memories of Russia," Washington Times, September 11, 2008.
268. David Sanger, "Iran Agrees to Draft of Deal on Exporting Nuclear Fuel," New York Times, October 21, 2009.
269. International Atomic Energy Agency, "IAEA Statement on Proposal to Supply Nuclear Fuel to Iranian Research Reactor," news release, October 23, 2009, http:// www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/2009/prn200912.html.
270. 'West Trying to Trick Iran in Nuclear Deal: Larijani," Tehran Times, October 25, 2009.
271. Richard Spencer, "Iran May Over Compromise on UN Nuclear Deal," Telegraph, October 26, 2009.
272. Borzou Daragahi and Ramin Mostaghim, "Iran's President Appears to Back Nuclear Proposal," Los Angeles Times, October 29, 2009.
273. "IAEA Receives Initial Iranian Response on Proposal to Supply Nuclear Fuel to Research Reactor," news release, October 29, 2009, http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/2009/prn200914.html.
274. "U.S. Tells Iran Nuclear Deal Over Won't Be Changed," Reuters, Nov 5, 2009.
275. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Moscow's Increasing Frustration with Tehran," December 14, 2009.
276. "China to Invest $2.5bn in Iran Oilfield," AFP, February 25, 2011. "Japan's Inpex Maintains 10% Share in Azadegan: Minister," Tehran Times, May 20, 2008.
277. "Japan's Inpex Maintains 10% Share in Azadegan: Minister," Tehran Times, May 20, 2008.
278. Laura Rozen, "Japan Emerges as Key Player on Iran," Politico, February 1, 2010, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0110/Japaneemergeseasekeyeplaye r eoneIran.html.
279. Sabrina Tavernise, "Turkish Leader Volunteers to Be U.S.-Iran Mediator," New York Times, November 11, 2008.
280. Hossein Jaseb, "Iran Says Won't Hinder Turkish Mediation with U.S.," Reuters, November 17, 2008.
281. Zahra Hosseinian, "No Sign of U.S. Correcting Regional 'Mistakes': Iran," Reuters, March 11, 2009.
282. Borzou Daragahi and Ramin Mostaghim, "Visit Raises Speculation over Turkish-mediated U.S.-Iran Talks," Los Angeles Times, March 10, 2009.
283. Classified U.S. State Department cable, Working Erdogan Back into the Fold on Iran," November 3, 2009.
284. Charlie Rose, PBS, November 6, 2009.
285. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Turkey: A/S Gordon Presses FM Davutoglu on Iran," November 17, 2009.
286. Glenn Kessler, "As Standov with Iran Continues, U.S. Prepares Targeted Sanctions," Washington Post, December 30, 2009.
287. Gareth Porter, "Iran's Fuel for Conflict," Le Monde Diplomatique, December 9, 2009.
288. Mir Hossein Mousavi, statement, October 30, 2009, www.kalame.ir.
289. Robert F. Worth and Nazila Fathi, "Opposition in Iran Urges Continuing Challenge," New York Times, November 1, 2009.
290. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Staffdel Kessler Discusses Iran with MFA, ENI, PD," January 22, 2010.
291. "Obama Accepts Nobel Prize," Financial Times, December 10, 2009.
292. Glenn Kessler, "As Standoff with Iran Continues, U.S. Prepares Targeted Sanctions," Washington Post, December 30, 2009.
293. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Codel Skelton's Meeting with Prime Minister Netanyahu," December 23, 2009.
294. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "U/S Tauscher's December 1-2 Visit to Israel," December 22, 2009.
295. Dan Williams, "Israel Urges Iran Oil Embargo Even," Reuters, February 22, 2010.
296. Roshanak Taghavi, "Iran, Bracing for Sanctions, Presses Its Parliament for Gas Money," Christian Science Monitor, January 5, 2010.
297. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Staffdel Kessler Discusses Iran with MFA, ENI, PD," January 22, 2010.
298. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "German MFA Hope Iran Sanctions Target Leaders Not Masses," January 21, 2010.
299. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Readout of January 20 U.S.-France Strategic Dialogue in Washington," February 17, 2010.
300. Charlie Rose, PBS, November 6, 2009.
301. John Pomfret, "Oil, Ideology Keep China from Joining Push Against Iran," Washington Post, September 30, 2009.
302. Kate Mackenzie, "Oil at the heart of Latest Iranian Sanction Efforts," Financial Times, March 8, 2010.
303. Laurent Maillard, "China Takes Over from West as Iran's Main Economic," AFP, March 15, 2010.
304. Pomfret, "Oil, Ideology Keep China from Joining Push Against Iran." "Response to Taiwan Deal Oil at the Heart of Latest Iranian Sanction Efforts," Financial Times, March 8, 2010.
305. Kevin Bogardus, "House Readies Iran Sanctions on Gas Imports," The Hill, December 15, 2009.
306. Laura Rozen, "Berman: Iran Sanctions Bill Empowers Obama," Politico, December 15, 2009, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/1209/BermanesayseIranesanctions ebille empowerseObamaeIranepolicy.html.
307. Howard Berman, speech given at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C., September 21, 2010.
308. Ron Kampeas, "As Zero Hour Nears, Differences Emerge on Sanctions," Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 5, 2010.
309. Josh Rogin, "Exclusive: State Department Letter to Kerry Outlines
310. Martin Matishak, "House Approves Gasoline Cutoff Bill on Iran Despite Warnings," Global Security Newswire, December 16, 2009.
311. "Iran Ayatollah: 'I Am Convinced That the Regime Will Collapse," ABC News, December 28, 2009.
312. "Iran's Dissident Grand Ayatollah Montazeri Dies," BBC News, December 20, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8423046.stm.
313. "Shirin Ebadi Warns Against Iranian Sanctions," BBC News, March 4, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8549183.stm.
314. Robert Tait, "Funeral of Iranian Cleric Montazeri Turns into Political Protest," Guardian, December 21, 2009.
315. "Iran Website Says Mousavi Nephew Killed in Clashes," Reuters, December 21, 2009.
316. Josh Rogin, "Iran Sanctions Bill Update: Full Speed Ahead," Foreign Policy, January 19, 2010.
317. Josh Rogin, "Senators Pressure Obama on Iran Sanctions," Foreign Policy, January 27, 2010.
318. Josh Rogin, "Iran Sanctions Bill Benefits from Joe-mentum," Foreign Policy, January 29, 2010.
319. Howard Berman (chairman, U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs), "Iran: Addressing the Nuclear Threat" (speech, St. Regis Hotel, Washington, D.C., September 21, 2010).
320. Arshad Mohammed, "China to Send Lower-level Envoy to Talks on Iran," Reuters, January 14, 2010.
321. Flynt Leverett and Hillary Mann Leverett, "'Narrow Stripes of Rationality' on the Iranian Nuclear Issue," Race for Iran, January 19, 2010, http://www.raceforiran.com/%E2%80%9Cnarrow-stripes-of-rationality%E2%80% 9D-onthe-nuclear-issue
322. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Russia: Moving Beyond Bilateral Issues, Miliband Reopened Dialogue," November 5, 2009.
323. Mark Landler, "Despite Pressure, China Still Resists Iran Sanctions," New York Times, February 25, 2010. Charley Keyes, "U.S. Announces $6.4 Billion Arms Deal with Taiwan," CNN, January 29, 2010.
324. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Secretary of Defense Gates's Meeting with French Foreign Minister Kouchner," February 12, 2010.
325. "Iran to U.N.: We Will Increase Uranium Enrichment," Fox News, February 8, 2010.
326. Helene Cooper, "U.S. Encounters Limits of Iran Engagement Policy," New York Times, February 16, 2010.
327. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Saudi Foreign Ministry Pressing China to Stop Iranian Proliferation, Concerned About TSA Regulations," January 26, 2010.
328. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Scenesetter for Secretary Clinton's Feb 15-16 Visit to Saudi Arabia," February 11, 2010.
329. Kate Mackenzie, "Oil at the Heart of Latest Iranian Sanction Efforts," Financial Times, March 8, 2010.
330. "New Iran Sanctions Within a Month: Israeli Minister," AFP, January 3, 2010.
331. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Iran Dominates Netanyahu's Visit to Moscow,"February 22, 2010.
332. Nathan Guttman, "U.S. Delays Iran Sanctions While Persuading Israel Not to Attack," Jewish Daily Forward, February 26, 2010, http://www.forward.com/articles/126305/.
333. Josh Rogin, "Choose Your Own Iran Sanctions Adventure at the U.N.?," Foreign Policy, February 24, 2010.
334. Nahum Barnea and Shimon Shifer, "Iranian Nu clear Program Is a Threat to America," Yedioth Ahronoth, March 8, 2010.
335. Josh Rogin, "Congress Hot to Trot on Iran Sanctions," Foreign Policy, March 5, 2010.
336. Tim Starks, "Plenty of Push for Iran Sanctions Legislation, but Little Consensus Yet," CQ Today, March 15, 2010.
337. Starks, "Plenty of Push for Iran Sanctions Legislation."
338. Alastair Macdonald, "'Insulted' by Israel, U.S. Scrambles to Save Talks," Reuters, March 13, 2010.
339. Daniel Nasaw, "Obama Aide Calls Israeli Settlement Announcement an 'Insult' to the US," Guardian, March 14, 2010.
340. Mark Perry, "The Petraeus Briefing: Biden's Embarrassment Is Not the Whole Story,"Foreign Policy, March 14, 2010.
341. Barak Ravid, "Netanyahu's Brother-in-law: Obama Is an Anti-Semite," Haaretz, March 17, 2010.
342. American Israel Public Affairs Committee, "AIPAC Calls Recent Statements by the U.S. Government 'A Matter of Serious Concern,"' press release, March 14, 2010,http://www.aipac.org //media/Publications/Policy%20and%20Politics/Press/AIPAC%20Statements/20 10 /03 /AIPACeCALLSeONeOBAMAeADMINeTOeDEFUSEeTENSION.pdf.
343. J Street, "Statement on Escalation of US-Israel Tensions," press release, March 15, 2010, http://jstreet.org/blog/statement-on-escalation-of-us-israeltensions/.
344. Laura Rozen, "Israeli Ambassador: U.S.-Israel Relations in Crisis," Politico, March 15, 2010, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0310/IsraelieambassadoreUSIsrae lerelationseinecrisis.html.
345. American Israel Public Affairs Committee, "AIPAC Applauds Overwhelming Bipartisan House Letter," press release, March 26, 2010, http://www.aipac.org//media/Publications/Policy%20and%20Politics/Press/A IPAC%20Statements/2010/03/AIPACeapplaudseHoyereCantor.pdf.
346. David Corn, "Sen. Lindsey Graham: Any Attack on Iran Must Be Full-Scale," Mother Jones, March 24, 2010.
347. Josh Rogin, "Senators Pressure Obama on Iran Sanctions," Foreign Policy, March 23, 2010.
348. Adrian Blomfield, "Obama Snubbed Netanyahu for Dinner with Michelle and the Girls, Israelis Claim," Telegraph, March 25, 2010.
349. Laura Rozen, "Fierce Debate on Israel Underway Inside Obama Administration," Politico, March 28, 2010, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0310/Fierce-debate-on-Israel-un derway-inside-Obama-administration.html.
350. Chris Strathmann and Kate McCarthy, "Netanyahu Calls for 'Crippling Sanctions' Against Iran," ABC News, April 19, 2010.
351. "Russia, China Push Iran to Change Nuclear Stance," Reuters, March 24, 2010.
352. "Iran's Top Nuclear Negotiator Heads to China," Associated Press, March 31, 2010.
353. Julian Borger and Ewen MacAskill, "China Supports Barack Obama's Call for New Iran Sanctions," Guardian, March 31, 2010.
354. Colum Lynch, "U.S. Urges U.N. Security Council to Impose Arms Embargo, Other Measures on Iran," Washington Post, April 15, 2010.
355. Michael D. Shear and Glenn Kessler, "Russia Supports Iran Sanctions, but with Limits," Washington Post, April 9, 2010.
356. Laura Rozen, "Iran Rundown in Prague," Politico, April 8, 2010, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurar ozen/0410/IranerundowneinePrague.html.
357. Jonathan Weisman, "U.S., Russia Focus on Iran Sanctions," Wall Street Journal, April 9, 2010.
358. "U.S., Israeli Attack on Iran Would Be 'Unacceptable'-Russian Military," RIA Novosti, April 12, 2010, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100412/158538895.html.
359. Hiedeh Farmani, "Iran Is Obama's 'Only Chance' of Success: Ahmadinejad," AFP, April 13, 2010.
360. Louis Charbonneau, "Obama, Medvedev Discuss 'Progress' on Iran sanctions," Reuters, May 13, 2010.
361. "Brazil's Lula Arrives in Iran for Key Nuclear Talks," AFP, May 15, 2010.
362. Viola Gienger, "Clinton Urges Action from Turkey, Brazil on Iran," Bloomberg, April 13, 2010.
363. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Constraining Iranian Influence in Brazil," July 1, 2008.
364. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Brazil on Ahmadinejad, Iran's Nuclear Program, and Visas," November 6, 2009.
365. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Peres and Abbas Visits in Perspective," December 2, 2009.
366. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Constraining Iranian Influence in Brazil," July 1, 2008.
367. Jay Solomon and John Lyons, "New Hurdles to Iran Sanctions," Wall Street Journal, March 4, 2010.
368. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Constraining Iranian Influence in Brazil," July 1, 2008.
369. "UN Says Sanctions Have Killed Some 500,000 Iraqi Children," Reuters, July 21, 2000, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/072100-03.htm.
370. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Qom Report Gets the Brazilians Thinking," October 7, 2009.
371. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "HMG O~cials," September 23, 2009.
372. Matias Spektor, "How to Read Brazil's Stance on Iran," Council on Foreign Relations, March 5, 2010, http://www.cfr.org/brazil/read-brazils-stance-iran/p21576.
373. Andrew Downie, "Brazil's Diplomacy on Iran Points to Larger Ambitions," Los Angeles Times, May 22, 2010.
374. Spektor, "How to Read Brazil's Stance on Iran."
375. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Brazil on Ahmadinejad, Iran's Nuclear Program, and Visas," November 6, 2009.
376. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Brazil on Iran: A Soft Voice in the Chorus," September 18, 2009.
377. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Brazil on Ahmadinejad, Iran's Nuclear Program, and Visas," November 6, 2009.
378. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "August 4-5 Visit of U.S. National Security Advisor to Brazil," September 18, 2009.
379. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Qom Report Gets the Brazilians Thinking," October 7, 2009.
380. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Ahmadinejad Visit Readout: A Well-Scripted Avair," November 25, 2009.
381. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Peres and Abbas Visits in Perspective," December 2, 2009.
382. DSahin Alpay, "Ahmadinejad's Visit to Turkey Is Welcome," Today's Zaman, August 11, 2008.
383. Sabrina Tavernise, "Turkish Leader Volunteers to be U.S.-Iran Mediator," New York Times, November 11, 2008.
384. Borzou Daragahi and Ramin Mostaghim, "Visit Raises Speculation over Turkish-mediated U.S.-Iran talks," Los Angeles Times, March 10, 2009.
385. "Turkey Chastises the West on Iran," BBC News, October 26, 2009, http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8325373.stm.
386. Tavernise, "Turkish Leader Volunteers to Be U.S.-Iran Mediator."
387. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Turkey-Iran Relations: Motivations, Limitations, and Implications," December 4, 2009.
388. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Turkey-Iran Relations: Motivations, Limitations, and Implications," December 4, 2009.
389. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Turkey: A/S Gordon Presses FM Davutoglu on Iran," November 17, 2009.
390. Daragahi and Mostaghim, "Visit Raises Speculation over Turkish-mediated U.S.-Iran Talks."
391. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Turkey: A/S Gordon Presses FM Davutoglu on Iran," November 17, 2009.
392. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Israeli Ambassador Traces His Problems to Erdogan," October 27, 2009.
393. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Turkey-Iran Relations: Motivations, Limitations, and Implications," December 4, 2009.
394. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Stavdel Kessler Engages the French on Iran, Sanctions and Afghanistan," January 22, 2010.
395. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Amb. Rices's Meeting with Brazilian PermRep," February 16, 2010.
396. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Brazil: Ambassador's Meetings with MRE Under Secretaries for Political Avairs," February 19, 2010.
397. Flynt Leverett and Hillary Mann Leverett, "Clinton Strikes Out in Brazil: A Security Council Divided on Iran Sanctions," Race for Iran, March 4, 2010, http://www.raceforiran.com/clinton-strikesout-in-brazil-a-security-counc il-divided-on-iran-sanctions.
398. Selcuk Gokoluk, "Turkey Rebuvs U.S. Call to Join Iran Sanctions," Reuters, March 24, 2010.
399. State Department, "Background Briefing on Nuclear Nonproliferation Evorts with Regard to Iran and the Brazil/Turkey Agreement," May 28, 2010, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/05/142375.htm.
400. Viola Gienger, "Clinton Urges Action from Turkey, Brazil on Iran," Bloomberg, April 13, 2010.
401. Charbonneau, "Obama, Medvedev discuss 'progress' on Iran sanctions."
402. Ilhan Tanir, "Turkey: 'There is no deadline for Iran,' " Hurriyet Daily News, April 16, 2010, http:// www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-there-is-no-deadline-for-iran-2 010-04-16.
403. "Timeline: Brazil-Iranian Relations," Al Jazeera, May 16, 2010.
404. "Iran Optimistic About Fuel Swap: Mottaki," April 28, 2010, http://www.campaigniran.org/cas mii/index.php?q=node/9896.
405. "Iran, Turkey to Discuss Fuel Swap Deal," Press TV, May 7, 2010.
406. Thomas Erdbrink, "Iran Seeks to Persuade Security Council Not to Back Tough Nuclear Sanctions," Washington Post, April 21, 2010.
407. Sylvia Westall, "Iran Tries Fuel Deal Counter-over as Sanctions Loom," Reuters, April 28, 2010.
408. "U.S. Diplomats Attend Iran Dinner in New York, Haaretz, May 6, 2010.
409. Colum Lynch, "In Unusual Move, Iran's Foreign Minister Invites U.N. Security Council to Dinner," Washington Post, May 7, 2010.
410. Laura Rozen, "Obama WMD Czar Discusses Iran Nuclear Program," Politico, May 11, 2010, http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/0510/ObamaeWMDeczare sayseIranenucleareprogram.html.
411. Charbonneau, "Obama, Medvedev Discuss 'Progress' on Iran Sanctions."
412. Andre Soliani and Matthew Bristow, "Lula to Visit Iran as Chances for Nuclear Deal Fade," Bloomberg, May 14, 2010.
413. Alexei Barrionuevo and Ginger Thompson, "Brazil's Iran Diplomacy Worries U.S. Õcials," New York Times, May 15, 2010.
414. Louis Charbonneau, "Turkey, Brazil Brokering Iran Nuclear Deal," Reuters, April 30, 2010.
415. "Timeline: Brazil-Iranian Relations," Al Jazeera, May 16, 2010.
416. Raja News, May 19, 2010 (Ordibehesht 29, 1389).
417. http://www.politicaexterna.com/11023/brazil-iran-turkey-nuclear-negotiat ions-obamas-letter-to-lula.
418. "Erdogan Calls a Trip to Iran 'Unlikely,' " BBC Persian, May 14, 2010.
419. "Erdogan Joins Tehran Nuclear Talks," AFP, May 16, 2010.
420. Ladane Nasseri and Steve Bryant, "Erdogan Heads to Tehran for Nuclear Talks with Ahmadinejad, Brazil's Lula," Bloomberg, May 16, 2010.
421. "Iran Will Never Agree to Fuel Exchange," Jerusalem Post, April 30, 2010.
422. Parisa Hafezi and Fernando Exman, "Iran Agrees Atom Fuel Deal with Turkey, Brazil," Reuters, May 17, 2010.
423. "Brazil's FM to G5+1: Study Contents of Deal Carefully," Islamic Republic News Agency, May 17, 2010.
424. Stefan Simanowitz, "ElBaradei: To Dismiss Iranian Nuclear Agreement Would Be "a Dead End Street,' " Payvand, May 18, 2010, http://www.payvand.com/ news/10/may/1209.html.
425. Daren Butler, "U.N.'s Ban Hopes Iran Deal May Bring Atom Settlement," Reuters, May 21, 2010.
426. "Iranian Political Activists Support Nuclear Swap Agreement," Radio Zamaneh, May 17, 2010.
427. "Timeline: Brazil-Iranian relations," Al Jazeera, May 16, 2010.
428. Peter Baker and David E. Sanger, "U.S. Makes Concessions to Russia for Iran Sanctions," New York Times, May 21, 2010.
429. Dan Robinson, "U.S.: Iran Nuclear Deal Will Not Slow UN Sanctions Drive," Voice of America, May 17, 2010, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/West-Skepti cal-About-Irans-Fuel-Swap-Deal-93960164.html.
430. "U.S. Eyes Sanctions as Iran, Turkey Forge Nuclear Fuel Swap," PBS, May 17, 2010.
431. Peter Baker, "Major Powers Have a Deal on Sanctions for Iran, U.S. Says," New York Times, May 18, 2010.
432. "Clinton Blasts Brazil-Turkey Approach to Iran," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, May 28, 2010.
433. "Obama Talks Iran Sanctions, Israel with Jewish Lawmakers," AFP, May 19, 2010.
434. "AIPAC Applauds Move Toward New UNSC Resolution: Imposition of Tough Sanctions Needed," American Israel Public Avairs Committee press release, May 18, 2010, http://www.aipac.org/~/media/Publications/Policy%20and%20Politics/Press/ AIP AC%20Statements/2010/05/AIPACeapplaudseUNSCRedrafteagreemente5e18e 2010.pdf.
435. Hafezi and Exman, "Iran Agrees Atom Fuel Deal with Turkey, Brazil.", May 27, 2010.
436. Gareth Porter, "Fuel Swap Shakes Sanctions Draft, Prods U.S. on New Iran Talks," IPS, May 29, 2010, http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=51636.
437. Ellen Barry, "Iran and Russia Exchange Acerbic Barbs on Sanctions," New York Times, May 26, 2010.
438. Raja News, May 26, 2010 (Khordad 5, 1389).
439. Nathan Hodge, "Iran's Nuke Fuel Deal: Breakthrough or Bogus?," Wired, May 17, 2010, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/05/iransnuke-fuel-deal-breakthrough -or-bogus/.
440. "Turkey Chides U.S. in Iran Row, Urges Support for Swap Deal," AFP, May 27, 2010.
441. "Turkey to Withdraw from Nuclear Fuel Deal If West Imposes Sanctions on Iran," Bernama, May 18, 2010.
442. Scott Peterson, "U.S. Answer to Iran Nuclear Swap: Overnight Deal on Sanctions," Christian Science Monitor, May 18, 2010.
443. Ahmet Davutoglu and Celso Amorim, "Giving Diplomacy a Chance," New York Times, May 26, 2010.
444. Simanowitz, "ElBaradei."
445. "ElBaradei Supports the Iran-Turkey-Brazil Nuclear Deal, Warns Against Sanctions and Military Strikes," Race for Iran, May 20, 2010, http://www.raceforiran.com/baradei-supports-the-iran-turkey-brazil-nucle ar-deal-war ns-against-sanctions-and-military-strikes.
446. Roger Cohen, "America Moves the Goalposts," New York Times, May 20, 2010.
447. Glenn Kessler, "U.S., Brazilian O~cials at Odds over Letter on Iranian Uranium," Washington Post, May 28, 2010.
448. "U.S. Pressures Ankara to Not Abstain from Iran Sanctions Vote," Hurriyet Daily News, April 2, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=ankara-comes-under-us-pressure- against-abstention-vote-2010-04-27.
449. Susan Cornwell, "U.S. Congress OKs Sanctions on Iran's Energy, Banks," Reuters, June 24, 2010.
450. White House, "Remarks by the President at Signing of the Iran Sanctions Act," press release, July 1, 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-ov ice/remarks-president-signing-iran-sanctions-act.
451. Trita Parsi, "Analysis: Iran's Nuke Deal Irritates Washington, ABCnews.com, May 18, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/International/analysis-irans-nuclear-deal-turkeybr azil/ story?id=10681106.
452. http://www.armscontrol.org/events/RoleSanctionsIranNuclear.
453. "Iran Starting Work on New Nuclear Reactor, Official Says," CNN, June 17, 2010.
454. Justyna Pawlak, "Iran Ready for Nuclear Talks After November 10," International Business Times, October 30, 2010, http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/77282/20101030/iran-ready-for-nuclear-tal ks-after-november-10.htm.
455. Semira N. Nikou, "The Iran Primer: Timeline of Iran's Foreign Relations," United States Institute of Peace, http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/timeline-irans-foreign-relations.
456. Bruce Schneier, "The Story Behind the Stuxnet Virus," Forbes, October 7, 2010.
457. Jonathan Tirone and Benjamin Harvey, "Iran Refuses to Talk About Nuclear Program at Istanbul Meeting," Reuters, January 21, 2011.
458. Flynt Leverett and Hillary Mann Leverett, "Have We Already Lost Iran?," New York Times, May 24, 2009.
459. Jevrey Goldberg, "Point of No Return," Atlantic, September 2010.
460. Kian Mokhtari, "The Hidden Cost," Kayhan, January 13, 2010.
461. David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker, "Gates Says U.S. Lacks Strategy to Curb Iran's Nuclear Drive," New York Times, April 17, 2010.
462. Simon Tisdall, "Obama Feels the Heat on Iran's Threat," Guardian, April 20, 2010.
463. Dana Moss, "Reforming the Rogue," Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus #105, August 2010.
464. Yahia Zoubir, "The United States and Libya: From Confrontation to Normalization," Middle East Policy 13/2 (summer 2006).
465. Randall Newnham, "Carrots, Sticks, and Bombs: The End of Libya's WMD Program," Mediterranean Quarterly 20/3 (summer/fall 2009).
466. Christopher M. Blanchard and Jim Zanotti, "Libya: Background and U.S. Relations," Congressional Research Service, February 18, 2011, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/157348.pdf.
467. Mark E. Manyin, "The Vietnam-U.S. Normalization Process," Congressional Research Service, June 17, 2005, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/ib98033.pdf.
468. Charlie Rose, January 6, 2010.
469. Classified U.S. State Department cable, "Iran Sanctions: AA/S Glaser Briefs EU on Priority Targets," April 8, 2009.
470. Trita Parsi and Reza Marashi, The Geopolitical Battle for the Arab Street," Cairo Review of Global Avairs, May 16, 2011.
471. Matthew Duss, Letter from Herzliya, Neocon Woodstock," Nation, February 14, 2011.
472. Helene Cooper and Mark Landler, Interests of Saudi Arabia and Iran Collide, with the U.S. in the Middle," New York Times, March 17, 2011.
473. Saudi Soldiers Sent into Bahrain," Al Jazeera, March 15, 2011.
474. Matthew Rosenberg, Jay Solomon, and Margaret Coker, Saudi Bid to Curb Iran Worries U.S.," Wall Street Journal, May 27, 2011.
475. Jevrey Goldberg, The Point of No Return," Atlantic, September 2009.
476. Assistant Secretary of Defense Vershbow Meets with Senior Israeli Defense Õcials," November 16, 2009.
477. Jim Heintz, Medvedev: Israel Not Planning to Strike Iran," Associated Press, September 20, 2009.
478. Daniel Edelson, Former MI Chief: Israel Can't Face Iran Alone," netnews.com, March 11, 2009, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3684 838,00.html.
479. Gili Cohen, Israel Won't Withstand War in Wake of Strike on Iran, Ex-Mossad Chief Says," Haaretz, June 1, 2011.
480. Israeli Õcial Doubts Iran Would Nuke His Country," Associated Press, February 26, 2010.
481. Israel Defence Chief: Iran Not an Existential Threat," Reuters, September 17, 2009.
482. John Limbert, Engaging Iran: First, Break the Rules," International Relations and Security Network, May 30, 2011, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Avairs/Security-Watch-Archive/Detail/ ?ots736=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&ots627=fce62 fe0-528d-4884-9cdf-283c282cf0b2&id=129715.
483. UN Sanctions Will Hurt Ordinary Iranians, Says Mousavi," Telegraph, May 23, 2010.
484. Ladane Nasseri, Iran Sanctions Won't Hurt Rulers, Top Dissident Says," Bloomberg, May 27, 2010.
485. Trita Parsi and Reza Marashi, Want to Defuse the Iran Crisis?," Foreign Policy, November 12, 2010.
486. Seymour Hersh, Iran and the Bomb," New Yorker, June 6, 2011
487. Matt Duss, Ganji: Please Don't Talk About 'Regime Change' in Iran," Think Progress, May 13, 2010, http://thinkprogress.org/security/2010/05/13/176058/ganjiplease-dont-tal k-about-regime-change-in-iran/.
488. Parsi and Marashi, Want to Defuse the Iran Crisis?" Interview with Maziar Bahari, August 16, 2010.
489. Parsi and Marashi, Want to Defuse the Iran Crisis?"
490. Ali Gharib, Adm. Mike Mullen Supports Opening Up 'Any Channel' of Communication with Iran," ThinkProgress.org, September 20, 2011, http://thinkprog ress.org/security/2011/09/20/324318/mullen-iran-any-channel/.