Carrots, sticks, and bombs: The end of libya's WMD program

Mediterranean Quarterly

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 77-94

  Newnham, Randall ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADMINISTRATION; DECISION MAKING; DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS; INCENTIVE; MILITARY INTERVENTION; POLICY REFORM; UNITED NATIONS;

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA; UNITED STATES;

DAUCUS CAROTA;

EID: 73249139814     PISSN: 10474552     EISSN: 15271935     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10474552-2009-016     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. "First U.S. Ambassador in 36 Years Arrives in Libya," Reuters, 27 December 2008.
2. The spelling of Qaddafi's name has vexed scholars and journalists for decades. There is no standard method for rendering Arabic names in English, and his name contains several difficult sounds. Currently the Library of Congress lists fifty-six alternate spellings for his name. The library's preferred variant is used in this essay, but many sources disagree. See www.authorities .loc.gov.
3. Quoted in David Sanger, "The Lone Superpower That Couldn't," New York Times, 16 October 2006.
4. Ron Suskind, "The Tyrant Who Came In from the Cold," Washington Monthly, October 2006,
5. Perhaps the most well known study on economic sanctions is the work of Gary Hufbauer et al., which examines many cases of sanctions in recent years-including sanctions against Libya. See Gary Hufbauer, Jeffrey Schott, and Kimberly Elliot, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2008).
6. Other general works on sanctions and incentives include David Baldwin, Economic Statecraft (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985);
7. David Cortright and George Lopez, Economic Sanctions: Panacea or Peacebuilding in a Post-Cold War World (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995);
8. and Stephen Chan and A. Cooper Drury, eds., Sanctions as Economic Statecraft: Theory and Practice (New York: St. Martin's, 2000).
9. See, for example, Randall Newnham, Deutsche Mark Diplomacy: Positive Economic Sanctions in German-Russian Relations (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002).
10. Jason Davidson and George Shambaugh, "Who's Afraid of Economic Incentives: The Efficacy-Externality Tradeoff," in Chan and Drury, 42-44
11. Baldwin, 251-261
12. Alexander George and Andrew Bennett, Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005).
13. Baldwin, 42-44
14. Meghan O'Sullivan, Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003);
15. Tuomas Forsberg, "Economic Incentives, Ideas, and the End of the Cold War: Gorbachev and German Unification," Journal of Cold War Studies 7, no.2 (2005): 142-164
16. Thomas Bernauer and Dieter Ruloff, The Politics of Positive Incentives in Arms Control (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999).
17. As noted in Randall Newnham, "Nukes For Sale Cheap? Purchasing Peace with North Korea," International Studies Perspectives 5 (May 2004): 165.
18. See ibid.; and Robert Gallucci, Joel Wit, and Daniel Poneman, Going Critical: The First North Korean Nuclear Crisis (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004).
19. For a more detailed overview of Libyan history, see Dirk Vandewalle, A History of Modern Libya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
20. For more on the history of US-Libyan relations, see Ronald Bruce St. John, Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002).
21. Newnham, Deutsche Mark Diplomacy, 29.
22. Richard Rosecrance, "Reward, Punishment, and Interdependence," Journal of Conflict Resolution 25, no.1 (1981): 34.
23. International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database, October 2008, www.imf.org/ external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28, accessed 10 March 2009.
24. Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliott, Case 78-88, US v. Libya, (1978-2004). Full text of case studies is on the CD-ROM bundled with the book
25. Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliott, Case 78-88, US v. Libya, (1978-2004) Ibid.
26. O'Sullivan, 196.
27. International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database, October 2008.
28. Ibid.
29. O'Sullivan, 198.
30. Ibid., 207.
31. Mary Jane Deeb, "Political and Economic Developments in Libya in the 1990s," in North Africa in Transition: State, Society, and Economic Transformations in the 1990s, ed. Yayha Zoubir (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1999), 77-89.
32. O'Sullivan, 204.
33. Ray Takeyh, "Qadhafi's Libya and the Prospect of Islamic Succession," Middle East Policy 7 (February 2000): 154-164
34. Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).
35. Suskind, 20.
36. O'Sullivan, 181.
37. Ibid., 197.
38. Ibid., 201.
39. Libya agreed to pay $10 million to the families of each Lockerbie victim. The last $2 million per family was paid in October 2008, as part of a $1.5 billion payment to settle all outstanding claims from US citizens harmed by Libyan acts. "Libya Pays to End Terrorism Cases," New York Times, 1 November 2008.
40. US Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001), 67.
41. Richard Haass and Meghan O'Sullivan, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies," Survival 42, no. 2 (2000): 131-2.
42. Bruce Jentleson and Christopher Whytock, "Who 'Won' Libya? The Force-Diplomacy Debate and Its Implications for Theory and Policy," International Security 30, no. 3 (2005/06): 70.
43. Martin Indyk, "The Iraq War Did Not Force Qadaffi's Hand," Financial Times, 9 March 2004.
44. Suskind, 20.
45. Ibid., 22.
46. Flynt Leverett, "Why Libya Gave Up the Bomb," New York Times, 23 January 2004.
47. Suskind, 23.
48. Scott MacLeod, "Behind Qaddafi's Diplomatic Turnaround," Time, 18 May 2006.
49. Suskind, 23.
50. The term jamahiriya is Arabic and refers to a "state of the masses," since Qaddafi claims the country is actually governed by local popular assemblies.
51. Somini Sengupta, "Pakistan Reports Arrest of a Top Qaeda Leader," New York Times, 5 May 2005.
52. Suskind, 20.
53. O'Sullivan, 185.
54. Ibid., 227-228
55. Central Intelligence Agency, "Libya: Economy," dated 15 May 2009, World Factbook 2008, online at www.cia.gov/.
56. "Libya: Economy," 2009, World Factbook 2008, www.cia.gov/. Ibid.
57. International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database, October 2008.
58. Takeyh.
59. Jentleson and Whytock, 86.