The Iraqi opposition and the failure of U.S. intelligence

International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 135-167

  Gunter, Michael M ^a  

^a TENNESSEE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903402432     PISSN: 08850607     EISSN: 15210561     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/088506099305124     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Samir al-Khalil (Kanan Makiya), The Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
2. Derek Hopwood et al., eds., Iraq: Power and Society (Ithaca: Paul & Company, 1994).
3. Michael M. Gunter, “The Iraqi National Congress (INC) and the Future of the Iraqi Opposition,” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 19(Spring 1996), pp. 1-20.
4. Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Iraq: A Country Study (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990), pp. 64-65, 197-199, and 251.
5. Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981).
6. Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds of Iraq: Tragedy and Hope (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992).
7. Michael M. Gunter, “A de facto Kurdish State in Northern Iraq,” Third World Quarterly 14:2 (1993), pp. 295-319.
8. Robert Olson, “The Creation of a Kurdish State in the 1990s?” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 15 (Summer 1992), pp. 1-25.
9. Salim Badawi, “Telephone Interview with Staff Major Wafig al-Samarra’i,” Paris Radio Monte Carlo in Arabic, 1815GMT, 17March 1995; as cited inFBIS-NES, 20 March 1995, p. 17.
10. Jane Arraf, “Only Whispers of Iraqi Opposition in Baghdad,” Reuters, 30 December 1993; as cited inThe Kurds: Recent Wire Reports, 30 December 1993.
11. Elaine Sciolino, “C.I.A. Asks Congress for $19 Million to Undermine Iraq’s Rulers and Rein in Iran,”The New York Times, 12 April 1995, p. A4.
12. Elaine Sciolino, “Al-Jalabi on UINC Role in Kurdistan,” Al-Hayah (London), 8 August 1994, p. 4.
13. Leslie Plommer and Karen Dabrawski, “Opposition Collapsing amid Internal Rivalries,” Guardian (London), 1 July 1995, p. 1.
14. Zuhayr Qusaybati, “Al-Naqib: I Cooperate with Barzani to Change the Regime,”Al-Hayah, 7 August 1995, p. 6.
15. Zuhayr Qusaybati and Kamran Qurrah Daghi, “Iraqi Kurdish Oppositionists Continue Polemics,” Al-Hayah, 5 August 1995, pp. 1, 6.
16. Tim Weiner, “Iraqi Offensive into Kurdish Zone Disrupts U.S. Plot to Oust Hussein,” The New York Times, 7 September 1996, pp. 1, 4.
17. Jonathan C. Randal, “Iraqi Opposition Describes Mass Execution Near Irbil,”The Washington Post, 2 September 1996, p. A20.
18. Kevin Fedarko, “Saddam’s Coup,”Time, 23 September 1996, p. 44.
19. John Lancaster and David B. Ottaway, “With CIA’s Help, Group in Jordan Targets Saddam,”The Washington Post, 23 June 1996.
20. R. Jeffrey Smith and David B. Ottaway, “Anti-Saddam Operation Cost CIA $100 Million,” The Washington Post, 15 September 1996, pp. A1, A29-A30.
21. Jim Hoagland, “CIA’s ‘Zipless Coup’ in Iraq Is a Matchless Flop,” International Herald Tribune, 9 May 1997.
22. Jim Hoagland, “How CIA’s Secret War on Saddam Collapsed,” The Washington Post, 26 June 1997, pp. A21, A28-29.
23. Walter Pincus, “Justice Asked to Investigate Leaks by CIA Ex-Officials,”The Washington Post, 19 July 1997, p. A16.
24. James Risen, “CIA Failure, Under Clinton, to Overthrow Saddam,”Los Angeles Times, 15 February 1998.
25. Pary Karadaghi, “Kurdish Evacuees from Iraqi Kurdistan,”Kurdistan Times2 (November 1997), pp. 139-145.
26. Eric Lipton, “New Life, New Struggles Confront Kurdish Exiles,”The Washington Post, 30 December 1996.
27. James Risen, “Evidence to Deny 6 Iraqis Asylum May Be Weak, Files Show,”The New York Times, 13 October 1998.
28. Tim Weiner, “Ex-CIA Chief Offers Aid to Iraqis Facing Deportation.”The New York Times, 21 March 1998.
29. John Burgess and David B. Ottaway, “Iraqi Opposition Unable to Mount Viable Challenge,”The Washington Post, 12 February 1998.
30. Rend Rahim Francke, “The Opposition,” in Iraq Since the Gulf War: Prospects for Democracy, Fran Hazelton, ed. (London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1994), pp. 153-177.
31. Tim Weiner, “C.I.A. Drafts Covert Plan to Topple Saddam,”The New York Times, 26 February 1998.
32. Thomas W. Lippman, “U.S. Aims to Unify Foes of Saddam; War Crimes Case is Considered,”The Washington Post, 2 August 1998.
33. Jon Kyl, “Erosion of Resolve on Iraq,”Washington Times, 27 August 1998.
34. David Rogers, “Clinton Seeking Support for Plan Against Saddam: Congress Is Asked to Give Broad New Authority for Covert Operations,”Wall Street Journal, 17 July 1998.
35. Daniel Pearl, “U.S. Approaches Groups in Iran Opposing Iraq Head,”Wallstreet Journal, 31 July 1998.
36. Carol Giacomo, “U.S. Plans New Effort To Boost Iraqi Opposition,” Reuters, 17 June 1998.
37. Vernon Loeb, “Congress Stokes Visions of War to Oust Saddam: White House Fears Fiasco in Aid to Rebels,”Washington Post, 20 October 1998, p. A1.