Evaluation of the surface representation of the Greenland Ice sheet in a general circulation model

Journal of Climate

Volumn 27, Issue 13, 2014, Pages 4835-4856

  Cullather, Richard I ^a   Nowicki, Sophie M J ^b   Zhao, Bin ^c   Suarez, Max J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^c SAIC FREDERICK INC   (United States)

Author keywords

General circulation models; Ice sheets; Land surface model; Snowmelt icemelt; Surface fluxes; Surface temperature

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE MODELS; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; GLACIERS; SOLVENTS;

GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; ICE SHEET; LAND SURFACE MODELING; SNOWMELT; SURFACE FLUX; SURFACE TEMPERATURES;

COMPUTER SIMULATION;

ALBEDO; ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; CLIMATE MODELING; ENERGY FLUX; EOS; LAND SURFACE; RUNOFF; SEASONAL VARIATION; SNOWMELT; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; SPATIAL VARIATION; SURFACE FLUX; SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

ARCTIC; GREENLAND; GREENLAND ICE SHEET;

EID: 84903387395     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00635.1     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Agosta, C., V. Favier, G. Krinner, H. Gallée, X. Fettweis, and C. Genthon, 2013: High-resolution modelling of the Antarctic surface mass balance, application for the twentieth, twenty first and twenty second centuries. Climate Dyn., 41, 3247-3260, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1903-9.
2. Alley, R. B., and I. Joughin, 2012: Modeling ice-sheet flow. Science, 336, 551-552, doi:10.1126/science.1220530.
3. Bales, R. C., J. R. McConnell, E. Mosley-Thompson, and B. Csatho, 2001: Accumulation over the Greenland ice sheet from historical and recent records. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33 813-33 825, doi:10.1029/2001JD900153.
4. Bales, R. C., and Coauthors, 2009: Annual accumulation for Greenland updated using ice core data developed during 2000-2006 and analysis of daily coastal meteorological data. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06116, doi:10.1029/2008JD011208.
5. Bamber, J. L., R. L. Layberry, and S. P. Gogenini, 2001: A new ice thickness and bed data set for the Greenland ice sheet: 1. Measurement, data reduction, and errors. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33 773-33 780, doi:10.1029/2001JD900054.
6. Bengtsson, L., S. Koumoutsaris, and K. Hodges, 2011: Large-scale surface mass balance of ice sheets from a comprehensive atmospheric model. Surv. Geophys., 32, 459-474, doi:10.1007/s10712-011-9120-8.
7. Bindoff, N. L., and Coauthors, 2007: Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 385-432.
8. Bindoff, N. L, and Coauthors, 2013: Detection and attribution of climate change: From global to regional. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 867-952.
9. Bindschadler, R. A., and Coauthors, 2013: Ice-sheet model sensitivities to environmental forcing and their use in projecting future sea-level (the SeaRISE project). J. Glaciol., 59, 195-224, doi:10.3189/2013JoG12J125.
10. Bougamont, M., J. L. Bamber, and W. Greuell, 2005: A surface mass balance model for the Greenland Ice Sheet. J. Geophys. Res., 110, F04018, doi:10.1029/2005JF000348.
11. Box, J. E., and A. Rinke, 2003: Evaluation of Greenland Ice Sheet surface climate in the HIRHAM regional climate model using automatic weather station data. J. Climate, 16, 1302-1319, doi:10.1175/1520-0442-16.9.1302.
12. Budd, W. F., W. R. Dingle, and U. Radok, 1966: The Byrd Snow Drift Project: Outline and basic results. Studies in Antarctic Meteorology, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 9, M. J. Rubin, Ed., Amer. Geophys. Union, 59-70.
13. Bugnion, V., and P. H. Stone, 2002: Snowpack model estimates of the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet and its changes over the twenty-first century. Climate Dyn., 20, 87-106, doi:10.1007/s00382-002-0240-1.
14. Carstensen, L. S., and B. V. Jørgensen, 2011: Weather and climate data from Greenland 1958-2010. Danish Meteorological Institute Tech. Rep. 11-10, 22 pp.
15. Chen, L., O. M. Johannessen, H. Wang, and A. Ohmura, 2011: Accumulation over the Greenland Ice Sheet as represented in reanalysis data. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1030-1038, doi:10.1007/s00376-010-0150-9.
16. Church, J. A., and Coauthors, 2013. Sea level change. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 1137-1216.
17. Cogley, J. G., 2004: Greenland accumulation: An error model. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18101, doi:10.1029/2003JD004449.
18. Cullather, R. I., and M. G. Bosilovich, 2012: The energy budget of the polar atmosphere in MERRA. J. Climate, 25, 5-24, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4138.1.
19. Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
20. Douville, H., J.-F. Royer, and J.-F. Mahfouf, 1995: A new parameterization for theMétéo-France climate model. Climate Dyn., 12, 37-52, doi:10.1007/BF00208761.
21. ECMWF, 2007: IFS documentation-Cy31r1. Part IV: Physical processes. ECMWF, 155 pp. [Available online at http://old.ecmwf.int/research/ifsdocs/CY31r1/.]
22. Ettema, J., M. R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, W. J. van de Berg, J. L. Bamber, J. E. Box, and R. C. Bales, 2009: Higher surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet revealed by high-resolution climate modeling. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12501, doi:10.1029/2009GL038110.
23. Ettema, J., M. R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, W. J. van de Berg, J. L. Bamber, 2010a: Climate of the Greenland ice sheet using a high-resolution climate model-Part 1: Evaluation. Cryosphere, 4, 511-527, doi:10.5194/tc-4-511-2010.
24. Ettema, J., M. R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, and W. J. van de Berg, 2010b: Climate of the Greenland ice sheet using a high-resolution climate model-Part 2: Nearsurface climate and energy balance. Cryosphere, 4, 529-544, doi:10.5194/tc-4-529-2010.
25. Farr, T. G., and Coauthors, 2007: The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2004, doi:10.1029/2005RG000183.
26. Fichefet, T., C. Poncin, H. Goosse, P. Huybrechts, I. Janssens, and H. Le Treut, 2003: Implications of changes in freshwater flux from the Greenland ice sheet for the climate of the 21st century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1911, doi:10.1029/2003GL017826.
27. Flato, G., and Coauthors, 2013: Evaluation of climate models. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 741-866.
28. Franco, B., X. Fettweis, C. Lang, and M. Erpicum, 2012: Impact of spatial resolution on the modelling of the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance between 1990-2010, using the regional climate model MAR. Cryosphere, 6, 695-711, doi:10.5194/tc-6-695-2012.
29. Gates, W. L., and Coauthors, 1999: An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 29-55, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080,0029:AOOTRO.2.0.CO;2.
30. Gerdes, R., W. Hurlin, and S. M. Griffies, 2006: Sensitivity of a global ocean model to increased run-offfrom Greenland. Ocean Modell., 12, 416-435, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.08.003.
31. Glover, R. W., 1999: Influence of spatial resolution and treatment of orography onGCMestimates of the surface mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet. J. Climate, 12, 551-563, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012,0551:IOSRAT.2.0.CO;2.
32. Greuell, W., and T. Konzelmann, 1994: Numerical modelling of the energy balance and englacial temperature of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Calculations for the ETH-Camp location (West Greenland, 1155m a.s.l.). Global Planet. Change, 9, 91-114, doi:10.1016/0921-8181(94)90010-8.
33. Hall, D. K., J. C. Comiso, N. E. DiGirolamo, C. A. Shuman, J. R. Key, and L. S. Koenig, 2012: A satellite-derived climatequality data record of the clear-sky surface temperature of the Greenland Ice Sheet. J. Climate, 25, 4785-4798, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00365.1.
34. Ham, Y.-G., M. M. Rienecker, S. Schubert, J. Marshak, S.-W. Yeh, and S.-C. Yang, 2012a: The decadal modulation of coupled bred vectors. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20712, doi:10.1029/2012GL053719.
35. Ham, Y.-G., S. Schubert, and Y. Chang, 2012b: Optimal initial perturbations for ensemble prediction of the Madden-Julian oscillation during boreal winter. J. Climate, 25, 4932-4945, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00344.1.
36. Hanna, E., P. Huybrechts, I. Janssens, J. Cappelen, K. Steffen, and A. Stephens, 2005: Runoffand mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet: 1958-2003. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D13108, doi:10.1029/2004JD005641.
37. Hanna, E., and Coauthors, 2011: Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance 1870 to 2010 based on Twentieth Century Reanalysis, and links with global climate forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D24121, doi:10.1029/2011JD016387.
38. Hanna, E., and Coauthors, 2013: Ice-sheet mass balance and climate change. Nature, 498, 51-59, doi:10.1038/nature12238.
39. Hoch, S. W., 2005: Radiative flux divergence in the surface boundary layer. A study based on observations at Summit, Greenland. Ph. D. dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, 164 pp.
40. Jarosch, A. H., F. S. Anslow, and G. K. C. Clarke, 2012: Highresolution precipitation and temperature downscaling for glacier models. Climate Dyn., 38, 391-409, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0949-1.
41. Koenig, L. S., and D. K. Hall, 2010: Comparison of satellite, thermochron and air temperatures at Summit, Greenland, during the winter of 2008/09. J. Glaciol., 56, 735-741, doi:10.3189/002214310793146269.
42. Kojima, K., 1967: Densification of seasonal snow cover. Proc. Int. Conf. on Low Temperature Science, Sapporo, Japan, Institute of Low Temperature Science, 929-952.
43. Koster, R. D., M. J. Suárez, A. Ducharne, M. Stieglitz, and P. Kumar, 2000: A catchment-based approach to modeling land surface processes in a GCM: Part 1. Model structure. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24 809-24 822, doi:10.1029/2000JD900327.
44. Lenaerts, J. T. M., M. R. van den Broeke, J. H. van Angelen, E. van Meijgaard, and S. J. Déry, 2012: Drifting snow climate of the Greenland ice sheet. A study with a regional climate model. Cryosphere, 6, 891-899, doi:10.5194/tc-6-891-2012.
45. Lin, S.-J., 2004: A vertically Lagrangian finite-volume dynamical core for global models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2293-2307, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132,2293:AVLFDC.2.0.CO;2.
46. Lipscomb, W. H., and Coauthors, 2013: Implementation and initial evaluation of the Glimmer Community Ice Sheet Model in the Community Earth System Model. J. Climate, 26, 7352-7371, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00557.1.
47. Liu, H., K. Jezek, B. Li, and Z. Zhao, 2001: Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project digital elevation model version 2. National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, digital media. [Available online at http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0082.]
48. Loewe, F., 1970: The transport of snow on ice sheets by wind. Studies on Drifting Snow, U. Radok, Ed., Department of Meteorology, University of Melbourne, Publication 13, 1-69.
49. Loveland, T. R., B. C. Reed, J. F. Brown, D. O. Ohlen, Z. Zhu, L. Yang, and J. W. Merchant, 2000: Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 21, 1303-1330, doi:10.1080/014311600210191.
50. Lynch-Stieglitz, M., 1994: The development and validation of a simple snow model for the GISS GCM. J. Climate, 7, 1842-1855, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007,1842: TDAVOA.2.0.CO;2.
51. Meehl, G. A., and Coauthors, 2007: Global climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 747-845.
52. Mernild, S. H., and G. E. Liston, 2012: Greenland freshwater runoff. Part II. Distribution and trends, 1960-2010. J. Climate, 25, 6015-6035, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00592.1.
53. Molod, A., L. Takacs, M. Suarez, J. Bacmeister, I.-S. Song, and A. Eichmann, 2012: The GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: Mean climate and development from MERRA to Fortuna. NASA Tech. Rep. NASA/TM-2008-104606, Vol. 28, 115 pp.
54. Murphy, B. F., I. Marsiat, and P. Valdes, 2002: Atmospheric contributions to the surface mass balance of Greenland in the HadCM3 atmospheric model. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4556, doi:10.1029/2001JD000389.
55. Nowicki, S., and Coauthors, 2013: Insights into spatial sensitivities of ice mass response to environmental change from the SeaRISE ice sheet modeling project. II: Greenland. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 118, 1025-1044, doi:10.1002/jgrf.20076.
56. Parizek, B. R., and R. B. Alley, 2004: Implications of increased Greenland surface melt under global-warming scenarios: Icesheet simulations. Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 1013-1027, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.024.
57. Pollard, D., 2010: A retrospective look at coupled ice sheet-climate modeling. Climatic Change, 100, 173-194, doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9830-9.
58. Punge, H. J., H. Gallée, M. Kageyama, and G. Krinner, 2012: Modelling snow accumulation on Greenland in Eemian, glacial inception and modern climates in a GCM. Climate Past, 8, 1801-1819, doi:10.5194/cp-8-1801-2012.
59. Quiquet, A., and Coauthors, 2012: Sensitivity of a Greenland ice sheet model to atmospheric forcing fields. Cryosphere, 6, 999-1018, doi:10.5194/tc-6-999-2012.
60. Rae, J., and Coauthors, 2011: Twenty-first century climate change in Greenland: A comparative analysis of three regional climate models. Hadley Centre Tech. Note 90, 41 pp.
61. Randall, D. A., and Coauthors, 2007: Climate models and their evaluation. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 589-662.
62. Reale, O., W. K. Lau, K.-M. Kim, and E. Brin, 2009: Atlantic tropical cyclogenetic processes during SOP-3 NAMMA in GEOS-5 global data assimilation and forecast system. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3563-3578, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3123.1.
63. Reijmer, C. H., and J. Oerlemans, 2002: Temporal and spatial variability of the surface energy balance in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4759, doi:10.1029/2000JD000110.
64. Reynolds, R. W., N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith, D. C. Stokes, and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015,1609:AIISAS.2.0.CO;2.
65. Ridley, J. K., P. Huybrechts, J. M. Gregory, and J. A. Lowe, 2005: Elimination of the Greenland ice sheet in a high CO2 climate. J. Climate, 18, 3409-3427, doi:10.1175/JCLI3482.1.
66. Rienecker, M. M., and Coauthors, 2008: The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System-Documentation of versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0. NASA Tech. Rep. Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, NASA/TM-2008-104606, Vol. 27, 92 pp.
67. Rienecker, M. M., and Coauthors, 2011: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624-3648, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1.
68. Shepherd, A., and Coauthors, 2012: A reconciled estimate of icesheet mass balance. Science, 338, 1183-1189, doi:10.1126/science.1228102.
69. Slater, A. G., A. J. Pitman, and C. E. Desborough, 1998: The validation of a snow parameterization designed for use in general circulation models. Int. J. Climatol., 18, 595-617, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199805)18:6,595::AID-JOC275.3.0.CO;2-O.
70. Smith, I., 1999: Estimating mass balance components of the Greenland ice sheet from a long-termGCMsimulation. Global Planet. Change, 20, 19-32, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00060-5.
71. Steffen, K., and J. Box, 2001: Surface climatology of Greenland ice sheet: Greenland Climate Network 1995-1999. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33 951-33 964, doi:10.1029/2001JD900161.
72. Stieglitz, M., A. Ducharne, R. D. Koster, and M. J. Suarez, 2001: The impact of detailed snow physics on the simulation of snow cover and subsurface thermodynamics at continental scales. J. Hydrometeor., 2, 228-242, doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002,0228:TIODSP.2.0.CO;2.
73. Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485-498, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.
74. van Angelen, J. H., J. T. M. Lenaerts, S. Lhermitte, X. Fettweis, P. KuipersMunneke, M. R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, and C. J. P. P. Smeets, 2012: Sensitivity of Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance to surface albedo parameterization. A study with a regional climate model. Cryosphere, 6, 1175-1186, doi:10.5194/tc-6-1175-2012.
75. van As, D., and R. S. Fausto, 2011: Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE). First temperature and ablation records. Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl. Bull., 23, 73-76.
76. van den Broeke, M., P. Smeets, J. Ettema, and P. Kuipers Munneke, 2008: Surface radiation balance in the ablation zone of the west Greenland ice sheet. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13105, doi:10.1029/2007JD009283.
77. van den Broeke, and Coauthors, 2009: Partitioning recent Greenland mass loss. Science, 326, 984-986, doi:10.1126/science.1178176.
78. van de Wal, R. S. W., W. Boot, C. J. P. P. Smeets, H. Snellen, M. R. van den Broeke, and J. Oerlemans, 2012: Twenty-one years of mass balance observations along the K-transect, West Greenland. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 4, 31-35, doi:10.5194/essd-4-31-2012.
79. Vaughan, D. G., and Coauthors, 2013. Observations: Cryosphere. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 317-382.
80. Vernon, C. L., J. L. Bamber, J. E. Box, M. R. van den Broeke, X. Fettweis, E. Hanna, and P. Huybrechts, 2013: Surface mass balance model intercomparison for the Greenland ice sheet. Cryosphere, 7, 599-614, doi:10.5194/tc-7-599-2013.
81. Vizcaíno, M., U. Mikolajewicz, J. Jungclaus, and G. Schurgers, 2010: Climate modification by future ice sheet changes and consequences for ice sheet mass balance. Climate Dyn., 34, 301-324, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0591-y.
82. Vizcaíno, W. Lipscomb, W. Sacks, J. van Angelen, B. Wouters, and M. van den Broeke, 2013: Greenland surface mass balance as simulated by the Community Earth System Model. Part I: Model evaluation and 1850-2005 results. J. Climate, 26, 7793-7812, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00615.1.
83. Wientjes, I. G. M., and J. Oerlemans, 2010: An explanation for the dark region in the western melt zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Cryosphere, 4, 261-268, doi:10.5194/tc-4-261-2010.
84. Wild, M., P. Calanca, S. C. Scherrer, and A. Ohmura, 2003: Effects of polar ice sheets on global sea level in high-resolution greenhouse scenarios. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4165, doi:10.1029/2002JD002451.
85. Zwally, H. J., M. B. Giovinetto, M. A. Beckley, and J. L. Saba, 2012: Antarctic and Greenland drainage systems. Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, digital media. [Available online at http://icesat4.gsfc.nasa.gov/cryo_data/ant_grn_drainage_systems.php.]