The origins of reasonable doubt: Theological roots of the criminal trial

The Origins of Reasonable Doubt: Theological Roots of the Criminal Trial

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-276

  Whitman, James Q ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84903349531     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (391)

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182. Paul Fournier, Les Officialités au Moyen Age: Etude sur l'Organisation, la Compétence et la Procédure des Tribunaux Ecclésiastiques Ordinaires en France, de 1180 à 1328 (Paris: Plon, 1880), 247.
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184. Heinrich Brunner, Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, 2d ed. (Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot, 1928), 2:554.
185. Langbein, summarizing many years of his research, in The Legal History of Torture, in Torture: A Collection, ed. Sanford Levinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 94.
186. Carl Groß, Das Beweisverfahren im canonischen Process (Vienna: Becksche Universitäts-Buchhandlung, 1880), 2:26-28.
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206. Speculum Iuris Gulielmi Durandi (Venice: Bindoni, 1576), 2:785
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213. Radin, The Conscience of the Court, Law Quarterly Review 192 (1932): 506-520.
214. Power, Law, Society and Culture in the Maghrib, 1300-1500 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 78-81.
215. Barbara Shapiro, Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth-Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 174
216. Susanne Lepsius, Von Zweifeln zur Überzeugung: Zum Zeugenbeweis im gelehrten Recht ausgehend von der Abhandlung des Bartolus von Sassoferrato (Frankfurt a. M.: Klostermann, 2003), 167-175.
217. Philip Jaffé, ed., Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, 2d ed. (repr. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1956), 1779
218. Robert Lingat, Classical Hindu Law, ed. and trans. D. M. D. Derrett (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), 40-45.
219. Enciclopedia Cattolica (Vatican City: Ente per l'Enciclopedia cattolica e per il Libro cattolico, 1950), 4: col. 1945 (s.v. "dubbio").
220. James Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 94-101, 218-212.
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224. Sebastiano Guazzini, Tractatus ad Defensam Inquisitorum, Carceratorum, Reorum, & Condemnatorum super quocunque crimine (Venice: Apud Bertanos, 1699), bk. 2, 98-99
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227. Kaspar Ziegler, Dicastice, sive de Judicum Officio et Delictis, Tractatus Moralis, In quo tota Judicis conscientia excutitur (Wittenberg: Sumptibus Christiani Theoph. Ludovici, 1702), 752:
228. Johannes Rogerius Trochaeus, De officio iudicis in caussis [sic] capitalibus ex bono et aequo decidendis liber singularis ad leges (Naples: Terri, 1774), 54
229. Aegidii Bossii Patricii Mediolanensis . . . Tractatus Varii (Lyons: Apud Antonium de Antoniis, 1562), 457.
230. Paolo Marchetti, Testis contra se: L'Imputato come fonte di Prova nel Processo Penale dell' Età Moderna (Milan: Giuffrè, 1994), 27-38 .
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234. Detlef Liebs, Lateinische Rechtsregeln und Rechtssprichwörter, 6th ed. (Munich: Beck, 1998).
235. Aegidii Bossii Patricii Mediolanensis . . . Tractatus Varii (Lyons: Apud Antonium de Antoniis, 1562), 457:
236. Epigraph. Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae (repr. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange, 2003) (orig. 1736), 2:313.
237. Mathias Schmoeckel, "Ein sonderbares Wunderwerck Gottes": Bemerkungen zum langsamen Rückgang der Ordale nach 1215, Ius Commune 26 (1999): 123-164.
238. Paul R. Hyams, Trial by Ordeal: The Key to Proof in the Early Common Law, in On the Laws and Customs of England: Essays in Honor of Samuel E. Thorne, ed. Morris S. Arnold et al. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981), 90-126.
239. Mike MacNair, Vicinage and the Antecedents of the Jury, Law and History Review 17 (1999): 537-590.
240. Raoul van Caenegem, Public Prosecution of Crime in Twelfth-Century England, in van Caenegem, Legal History: A European Perspective (London: Hambledon, 1991), 1-36
241. Patrick Wormald, The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century, vol. 1 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999).
242. J. E. A. Joliffe, Angevin Kingship, 2d ed. (London, 1963), 87-109.
243. S. F. C. Milsom, The Legal Framewok of English Feudalism (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1976)
244. R. C. Palmer, The Feudal Framework of English Law, Michigan Law Review 79 (1981): 1130-1164.
245. Paul Brand, Multis Vigilis Excogitatam et Inventam: Henry II and the Creation of the English Common Law, in The Making of the Common Law (London: Hambledon, 1992), 78-10.
246. Joseph Biancalana, For Want of Justice: Legal Reforms of Henry II, Columbia Law Review 88 (1988): 433-536.
247. Joseph Canning, The Political Thought of Baldus de Ubaldis (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 93-158.
248. Mary Cheney, The Litigation between John Marshal and Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1164: A Pointer to the Origin of Novel Disseisin? in Law and Social Change in British History, ed. J. A. Guy and H. G. Beale (London: Royal Historical Society, 1984), 9-26
249. Schmitt, Politische Theologie: Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souveränität, 3d ed. (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1979), 11.
250. Bracton F. 122, in Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England, ed. Samuel Thorne (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1977), 2:346.
251. John Hudson, The Formation of the English Common Law (London: Longman, 1996), 79,
252. Paul Hyams, The Strange Case of Thomas Enderfield, History Today 36 (June 1986): 12;
253. van Caenegem, Public Prosecution of Crime in Twelfth-Century England, in van Caenegem, ed., Legal History: A European Perspective (London: Hambledon Press, 1991), 20 n. 59; PM, 2:496 n. 7.
254. R. H. Helmholz, The Early History of the Grand Jury and the Canon Law, U. Chicago L. Rev 50 (1983): 613-627.
255. F. C. Hamil, The King's Approvers, Speculum 11 (1936): 238-258.
256. Ralph V. Turner, The Origins of the Medieval English Jury: Frankish, English, or Scandinavian? Journal of British Studies 7 (1968): 1-10.
257. Patrick Wormald, Frederick William Maitland and the Earliest English Law, 16 Law & History Review 1, 16-17 (1998).
258. Bruce R. O'Brien, From Mordor to Murdrum: The Preconquest Origin and Norman Revival of the Murder Fine, Spcculum 71 (1996): 321-357.
259. Naomi Hurnard, The Jury of Presentment and the Assize of Clarendon, EHR 56 (1941): 379-383
260. Roger Groot, The Jury of Presentment before 1215, 26 Am. J. Legal History 1, 3-5 (1982).
261. English Historical Documents, 1042-1189, ed. David C. Douglas and George W. Greenaway, 2d ed. (London: Eyre Methuen, 1981), 440-441.
262. Daniel Klerman, Was the Jury Ever Self-Informing? S.Cal. L. Rev. 77 (2003): 123-149
263. The Treatise on the laws and customs of England commonly called Glanvill, ed. G. D. G. Hall (London: Nelson, 1965), 171, xiv, 1
264. MacNair, Law, Politics, and the Jury, Law and History Review 17 (1999): 603
265. Hermann Nottarp, Gottesurteilstudien (Munich: Kosel, 1956), 68; PM, 2:599 n. 6.
266. R. C. van Caenegem, ed., English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I (London: Selden Society, 1991), no. 281
267. Ernest-Joseph Tardif, Summa de Legibus Normannie in curia laicali (Rouen: Société de l'histoire de Normandie, 1896), 2:232.
268. Thomas of Chobham, Summa Confessorum, ed. F. Broomfield (Louvain: Nauwelaerts, 1968), 258
269. Paul Hyams, Rancor and Reconciliation in Medieval England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 57.
270. Richard Baxter, A Christian Directory or a Summ of Practical Theologie and Cases of Conscience (London: Printed by Robert White for Nevill Simmors at the Princes Armes in St. Pauls Churchyard, 1673), 149
271. Civil Pleas, ed. William Paley Baildon (London: Quaritch for Selden Society, 1890), 96, pl. 241.
272. J. H. Baker, The Oxford History of the Laws of England, vol. 6 (1483-1558) (Oxford, 2003), 365-369.
273. Matthew of Paris's report for the year 1249 in Matthew Paris' English History from the Year 1235 to 1273, trans. J. A. Giles (London: Bohn, 1853), 2:296-297.
274. Stephan Kuttner and Eleanor Rathbone, Anglo-Norman Canonists of the Twelfth Century, Traditio 7 (1949-1951): 279, 288-290
275. Knut Wolfgang Nörr, Zur Stellung des Richters im gelehrten Prozeß der Frühzeit: Iudex secundum allegata non secundum conscientiam iudicat (Munich: Beck, 1967), 52
276. Antonio Padoa-Schioppa, Conscience dans le Ius Commune Européen, in Jean-Marie Carbasse and Laurence Depambour-Tarride, eds., La conscience du juge dans la tradition juridique européenne (Paris: P.U.F., 1999), 100-101,
277. Fritz Schulz, Bracton and Raymond de Peñafort, Law Quarterly Review 61 (1945): 286-292
278. Vincent de Beauvais, discussed in chapter 4. Maitland mistakenly ascribed the passage to Bernard of Pavia in Maitland, ed., Select Passages from the Works of Bracton and Azo (London: Selden Society, 1895), App. II (pp. 225-235)
279. Ralph V. Turner, Clerical Judges in English Secular Courts: The Ideal versus the Reality, in Turner, Judges, Administrators and the Common Law in Angevin England (London: Hambledon, 1994): 159-179.
280. Thayer, A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Common Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1898), 291.
281. Radin, The Conscience of the Court, Law Quarterly Review 192 (1932): 507-508.
282. Jeremy Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium, or The Rule of Conscience in all her General Measures; Serving as a great Instrument for the determination of Cases of Conscience (London: Printed by R. Norton, for R. Royston, Bookseller to the King's Most Sacred Majesty, 1676), 65
283. J. S. Cockburn, A History of English Assizes, 1558-1714 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 110
284. John H. Langbein, The Criminal Trial before Lawyers, 45 U. Chi. L. Rev. 263, 288 n. 74 (1978); id. 290.
285. J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History, 3d ed. (London: Butterworths, 1990), 14-26.
286. Alan Harding, The Law Courts of Medieval England (London: Allen and Unwin, 1973), 32-123.
287. William Roper, The Lyfe of Sir Thomas Moore, Knighte, ed. James Mason Cline (New York: Swallow Press and William Morrow, 1950), 43-44.
288. Hawles, The English-mans Right: A Dialogue between a Barrister at Law, and a Jury-Man (London: Printed for Richard Janeway, in Queenshead Alley in Paternoster-Row, 1680) (repr. New York: Garland, 1978), 23.
289. Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I (repr. Union, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange, 1996), 2:627.
290. Thomas A. Green, Verdict According to Conscience: Perspectives on the English Criminal Jury Trial, 1200-1800 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 65.
291. Max Radin, The Conscience of the Court, Law Quarterly Review 192 (1932): 506-520.
292. David Seipp, Jurors, Evidence and the Tempest of 1499, in "The Dearest Birth Right of the People of England": The Jury in the History of the Common Law, ed. John W. Cairns and Grant McLeod (Oxford, 2002), 91
293. Brown, Society and the Supernatural: A Medieval Change," in Brown, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 313.
294. Morris Arnold, Law and Fact in the Medieval Jury Trial: Out of Sight, Out of Mind, 18 Amer. J. Legal Hist. 267, 268 (1974)
295. Fisher, The Jury's Rise as Lie Detector, Yale L. J. 107 (1997): 706.
296. de Groot, Jury of Presentment; Mike MacNair, Vicinage and the Antecedents of the Jury, Law and History Review 17 (1999): 537-590.
297. Wormald, Neighbors, Courts and Kings: Reflections on MacNair's Vicini, Law and History Review 17 (1999): 597-601
298. Salem and Bizance, in John Guy, Ralph Keen, Clarence Miller, and Ruth McGugan, eds., The Complete Works of St. Thomas More (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 10: lxviii-xciv.
299. Thomas Gisborne, An Enquiry into the Duties of Men in the Higher and Middle Classes of Society in Great Britain, 4th ed., 2 vols. (London: Printed for B. and J. White, and Cadell and Davies, 1771), 2:460.
300. Langbein, Criminal Trial before Lawyers, 263, 288 n. 74 (1978); id. 290.
301. Wigmore, A Treatise on the System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law (repr. Holmes Beach: Gaunt, 2003), 2324
302. Reynolds, The Emergence of Professional Law, Law and History Review 21 (2003): 362.
303. Van Caenegem, ed., English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I, 2:615, no. 568.
304. Raoul C. van Caenegem, La Conscience du Juge dans l'Histoire du Droit Anglais, in La conscience du juge dans la tradition juridique européenne, ed. Jean-Marie Carbasse and Laurence Depambour-Tarride (Paris: P.U.F., 1999), 274.
305. L. J. Downer, Leges Henrici Primi (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 264
306. Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, ed. Mary Dewar (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 114.
307. John Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance: England, Germany, France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 50.
308. Fulbeck, Direction or Preparative to the Study of the Law, ed. Peter Birks (Brookfield, VT: Gower, 1987), 87 (1599).
309. Norman Doe, Fundamental Authority in Late Medieval English Law (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 132-154.
310. H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, Select Cases of Procedure without Writ under Henry III (SS 60) (London: Selden Society, 1941), lxxxvii-lxxxix.
311. Britton: An English Translation and Notes, ed. Francis M. Nichols (repr. Holmes Beach: Gaunt, 1983), 2:212.
312. S. F. C. Milsom, Historical Foundations of the Common Law (London: Butterworths, 1981), 77
313. William Hawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown (London: Sweet, 1824), 2:619
314. Richard Kaeuper, Law and Order in Fourteenth-Century England: The Evidence of Special Commissions of Oyer and Terminer," Speculum 54 (1979): 738-742.
315. Alan Harding, Early Trailbaston Proceedings from the Lincoln Roll of 1305, in R. B. Hunisett and J. B. Post, eds., Medieval Legal Records Edited in Memory of C. A. F. Meekings (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1978): 130-138.
316. Sir William Staunford, Les Plees del Coron (repr. New York: Garland, 1979), 165
317. Richard Baxter, A Christian Directory or a Summ of Practical Theologie and Cases of Conscience (London: Printed by Robert White for Nevill Simmons at the Princes Armes in St. Pauls Churchyard, 1673), 149.
318. G. R. Elton, The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1962).
319. Thomas A. Green, Verdict According to Conscience: Perspectives on the English Criminal Jury Trial, 1200-1800 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 105, and generally 113-118.
320. Michael Stuckey, The High Court of Star Chamber (Holmes Beach: Gaunt, 1998), 49-50
321. J. A. Guy, The Court of Star Chamber and Its Records to the Reign of Elizabeth I (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1985), 53.
322. J. S. Cockburn, A History of English Assizes, 1558-1714 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 123-124
323. J. H. Baker, Oxford History of the Laws of England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 6:372-373.
324. J. H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History, 3d ed. (London: Butterworths, 1990), 588
325. John M. Murrin, Trial by Jury in Seventeenth-Century New England, in Saints and Revolutionaries: Essays on Early American History, ed. David Hall, John Murrin, and Thad Tate (New York: Norton, 1984), 152-206, here 155-156.
326. Paolo Prodi, Una storia della giustizia: Dal pluralismo dei fori al moderno dualismo tra coscienza e diritto (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2000), 363-370
327. Waldman, Origins of the Legal Doctrine of Reasonable Doubt, Journal of the History of Ideas 20 (1959): 299-316.
328. Pietro Palazzini, Dubbio, in Enciclopedia Cattolica (Vatican City: Ente per l'Enciclopedia cattolica e per il Libro cattolico, 1950), 4: cols. 1944-1948;
329. Beyond Reasonable Doubt and Probable Cause: Historical Perspectives on the Anglo-American Law of Evidence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), at e.g. 14-16
330. Barbara Shapiro, A Culture of Fact: England, 1550-1720 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000), 8-16.
331. James Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 1-63
332. Margaret Sampson, Laxity and Liberty in Seventeenth-Century English Political Thought, in Conscience and Casuisty in Early Modern Europe, ed. Edmund Leites (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 85-87.
333. H. R. McAdoo, The Structure of Caroline Moral Theology (London: Longman's, Green, 1949), 1-13.
334. Max Radin, The Conscience of the Court, Law Quarterly Review 192 (1932): 517.
335. William Ames, Conscience with the Power and Cases Thereof (London: Printed by Edw. Griffin, for John Rothwell; and are to be sold at his Shop at the Sign of the Sun in Paul's Churchyard, 1643), 281-283.
336. Joseph Hall, Cases of Conscience, Practically Resolved. (London: Printed by R.H. and J.G. and are to be sold by Fr: Aglesfield at the Marigold in S. Paul's Churchyard, 1654), 117-129
337. Jeremy Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium, or The Rule of Conscience in all her General Measures; Serving as a great Instrument for the determination of Cases of Conscience (London: Printed by R. Norton, for R. Royston, Bookseller to the King's Most Sacred Majesty, 1676), 62-67.
338. Green, Verdict According to Conscience, 210, citing Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae (repr. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange, 2003) (orig. 1736), 2:160.
339. D. E. C. Yale, Introduction, in Sir Matthew Hale's Prerogratives of the King (London: Selden Society, 1976), xxiv-xxiv.
340. Hale himself: see the discussion of Carleton Kemp Allen, Legal Duties and Other Essays in Jurisprudence (Oxford: Clarendon, 1931), 257-258.
341. Gilbert Burnet, Life and Death of Sir Matthew Hale (London: William Taylor, 1682), 24.
342. Robert Edgar Megarry, A Second Miscellany-at-Law (London: Stevens, 1973), 197-198.
343. The Diary of John Milward, Esq., ed. Caroline Robbins (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press 1938), 167.
344. John Langbein, The Origins of Adversary Criminal Trial (Oxford: Oxford University Prss, 2003), 324 n. 346.
345. William Hudson, A Treatise of the Court of Star Chamber, ed. Francis Hargarve (Birmingham: Legal Classics Library, 1986), 72
346. John H. Langbein, The Criminal Trial before Lawyers, 45 U. Chi. L. Rev. 263, 299 n. 105 (1978).
347. Giles Duncombe, Trials per Pais (Buffalo: Hein, 1980) (1682), 274
348. Anon., The Security of English-Mens Lives, or the Trust, Power, and Duty of the Grand Jurys of England (London: Printed for T. Mitchel, 1681)
349. Richard Baxter, A Christian Directory or a Summ of Practical Theologie and Cases of Conscience (London: Printed by Robert White for Nevill Simmors at the Princes Armes in St. Pauls Churchyard, 1673), 149.
350. Burnet, Life and Death of Sir Matthew Hale, 24. For another example from the period, see Anon., The Power and Privilege of Juries Asserted (London: Janeway, 1681).
351. Jim Spivey, Benjamin Calamy, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 9:483-485.
352. Benjamin Calamy, A discourse about a scrupulous conscience, preached at the Parish-Church of St. Mary Aldermanbury (London: Printed for Rowland Reynolds, 1683), 4.
353. Zachary Babington, Advice to Grand Jurors in Cases of Blood (London: Printed for John Amery at the Peacock against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-street, 1677) (repr. New York: Garland, 1978), B7r.
354. Hawles, The English-mans Right: A Dialogue between a Barrister at Law, and a Jury-Man (London: Printed for Richard Janeway, in Queenshead Alley in Paternoster-Row, 1680) (repr. New York: Garland, 1978), 29.
355. Hawles, The English-mans Right: A Dialogue between a Barrister at Law, and a Jury-Man (London: Printed for Richard Janeway, in Queenshead Alley in Paternoster-Row, 1680) (repr. New York: Garland, 1978), 23.
356. John H. Langbein, The Historical Origins of the Sanction of Imprisonment for Serious Crime, 5 J. Legal Studies 35-60 (1976).
357. Bernard Durand, Déontologie du Juge et Droits de la Défense: Quelques pistes dans la procédure criminelle d'ancien régime, in Justice et Justiciables, Mélanges Henri Vidal (Montpellier: Faculté de droit, d'économie et de gestion, 1994), 213-237.
358. J. M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, 1660-1800 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 500-519, 538-548, 592-601, 619-621.
359. J. S. Cockburn, A History of English Assizes, 1558-1714 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 127-133.
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