Community attitudes and social distance towards the mentally ill in South Sudan: A survey from a post-conflict setting with no mental health services

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Volumn 49, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 771-780

  Ayazi, Touraj ^a   Lien, Lars ^b,f   Eide, Arne ^c   Shadar, Elizabeth Joseph Shadar ^d   Hauff, Edvard ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b INNLANDET HOSPITAL TRUST   (Norway)

^c SINTEF   (Norway)

^d AHFAD UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN   (Sudan)

^e ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^f INLAND NORWAY UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Norway)

Author keywords

Post conflict; Social distance; South Sudan; Stigma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MENTAL PATIENT; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PERCEPTION; PSYCHOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RELIGION; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL STIGMA; STEREOTYPING; SUDAN; WAR;

ADULT; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; CULTURE; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; MENTALLY ILL PERSONS; MIDDLE AGED; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RELIGION; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SOCIAL STIGMA; STEREOTYPING; SUDAN; WAR;

EID: 84903307081     PISSN: 09337954     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-013-0775-y     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Corrigan PW (ed) (2005) On the stigma of mental illness: practical strategies for research and social change. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
2. Angermeyer MC, Dietrich S (2006) Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: a review of population studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 113:163-179
3. Mak WW, Poon CY, Pun LY, Cheung SF (2007) Meta-analysis of stigma and mental health. Soc Sci Med 65:245-261
4. Corrigan PW (2000) Mental health stigma as social attribution: implications for research methods and attitude change. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 6:48-67
5. Corrigan PW, Green A, Lundin R, Kubiak MA, Penn DL (2001) Familiarity with and social distance from people who have serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 52:953-958
6. Jorm AF, Oh E (2009) Desire for social distance from people with mental disorders. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 43:183-200
7. Hinshaw SP, Stier A (2008) Stigma as related to mental disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 4:367-393
8. Broussard B, Goulding SM, Talley CL, Compton MT (2012) Social distance and stigma toward individuals with schizophrenia: findings in an urban, African-American community sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 200:935-940
9. Arboleda-Flórez J, Sartorius N (eds) (2008) Front matter, in understanding the stigma of mental illness: Theory and interventions. Wiley, Chichester
10. Estroff H (1982) Long-term psychiatric clients in an American community: some sociocultural factors in chronic mental illness. In: Chrisman NJ, Maretzki TW (eds) Clinically applied anthropology. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 369-393
11. Cohen A (1992) Prognosis for schizophrenia in the third world: a re-evaluation of cross-cultural research. Cult Med Psychiatry 16:53-75
12. Cohen A, Patel V, Thara R, Gureje O (2008) Questioning an axiom: better prognosis for schizophrenia in the developing world? Schizophr Bull 34:229-244
13. Lauber C, Rössler W (2007) Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. Int Rev Psychiatry 19:157-178
14. Adewuya AO, Makanjuola RO (2008) Social distance towards people with mental illness in south western Nigeria. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 42:389-395
15. Adewuya AO, Makanjuola RO (2005) Social distance towards people with mental illness amongst Nigerian university students. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:865-868
16. Shibre T, Negash A, Kullgren G, Kebede D, Alem A, Fekadu A, Fekadu D, Madhin G, Jacobsson L (2001) Perception of stigma among family members of individuals with schizophrenia and major affective disorders in rural Ethiopia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36:299-303
17. Kapungwe A, Cooper S, Mwanza J, Mwape L, Sikwese A, Kakuma R, Lund C, Flisher AJ, MHaPP Research Programme Consortium (2010) Mental illness: stigma and discrimination in Zambia. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg) 13:192-203
18. Barke A, Nyarko S, Klecha D (2011) The stigma of mental illness in Southern Ghana: attitudes of the urban population and patients' views. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46:1191-1202
19. Crabb J, Stewart RC, Kokota D, Masson N, Chabunya S, Krishnadas R (2012) Attitudes towards mental illness in Malawi: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 12:541. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-541
20. Lauber C, Nordt C, Falcotto L, Rossler W (2004) Factors influencing social distance toward people with mental illness. Commun Ment Health J 40:265-274
21. Hayward P, Bright J (1997) Stigma and mental illness: a review and critique. J Ment Health 6:345-354
22. Jang H, Lim JT, Oh J, Lee SY, Kim YI, Lee JS (2007) Factors affecting public prejudice and social distance on mental illness: analysis of contextual effect by multi-level analysis. J Prev Med Public Health 45:90-97
23. van't Veer JT, Kraan HF, Drosseart SH, Modde JM (2006) Determinants that shape public attitudes towards the mentally ill: a Dutch public study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41:310-317
24. Levey S, Howells K (1995) Dangerousness, unpredictability, and the fear of people with schizophrenia. J Forensic Psychiatry 6:19-39
25. Bag B, Yilmaz S, Kirpinar I (2006) Factors influencing social distance from people with schizophrenia. Int J Clin Pract 60:289-294
26. Reavley NJ, Jorm AF (2012) Stigmatising attitudes towards people with mental disorders: changes in Australia over 8 years. Psychiatry Res 197:302-306
27. Bell JS, Aaltonen SE, Airaksinen MS, Volmer D, Gharat MS, Muceniece R, Vitola A, Foulon V, Desplenter FA, Chen TF (2010) Determinants of mental health stigma among pharmacy students in Australia, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, India and Latvia. Int J Soc Psychiatry 56:3-14
28. Abdullah T, Brown TL (2011) Mental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev 31:934-948
29. World Bank (2008) Key indicators for Southern Sudan. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/SOUTHSUDANEXT/0,contentMDK:22950607~pagePK: 141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:8019852,00.html. Accessed 15 September 2012
30. Ayazi T, Lien L, Eide AH, Ruom MM, Hauff E (2012) What are the risk factors for the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a war-affected population? A cross-sectional community study in South Sudan. BMC Psychiatry 12:175
31. Roberts B, Damundu EY, Lomoro O, Sondorp E (2009) Post-conflict mental health needs: a cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan. BMC Psychiatry 4:7
32. Saxena S, Lora A, Morris J, Berrino A, Esparza P, Barrett T, van Ommeren M, Saraceno B (2011) Mental health services in 42 low- and middle-income countries: a WHO-AIMS cross-national analysis. Psychiatr Serv 62:123-125
33. World Health Organization (2001) The World Health Report 2001. Mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva, World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/. Accessed 12 October 2012
34. Cohen A, Eaton J, Radtke B, George C, Manuel BV, De Silva M, Patel V (2011) Three models of community mental health services in low-income countries. Int J Ment Health Syst 5:3
35. South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics (2008) Sudan Census (2008) Priority result. http://ssnbs.org/census-2008-priority-results/. Accessed 15 September 2011
36. World Health Organization Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (2005) Immunization coverage cluster survey. Reference manual. Organization; Report No.: WHO/IVB/04.23. World Health, Geneva
37. Bromet E, Andrade LH, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Hu C, Iwata N, Karam AN, Kaur J, Kostyuchenko S, Lépine JP, Levinson D, Matschinger H, Mora ME, Browne MO, Posada-Villa J, Viana MC, Williams DR, Kessler RC (2011) Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Med 9:90
38. Seedat S, Scott KM, Angermeyer MC, Berglund P, Bromet EJ, Brugha TS, Demyttenaere K, de Girolamo G, Haro JM, Jin R, Karam EG, Kovess-Masfety V, Levinson D, Medina Mora ME, Ono Y, Ormel J, Pennell BE, Posada-Villa J, Sampson NA, Williams D, Kessler RC (2009) Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:785-795
39. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2009) Global trends: refugees, asylum seekers, returnees, internally displaced and stateless persons. Division of Programme Support and Management, Geneva, UNHCR. http://www.unhcr.org/4c11f0be9.html. Accessed 10 September 2012
40. Stuart H, Arboleda-Flórez J (2001) Community attitudes toward people with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 46:245-252
41. Economou M, Peppou LE, Louki E, Stefanis CN (2012) Medical students' beliefs and attitudes towards schizophrenia before and after undergraduate psychiatric training in Greece. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 66:17-25
42. Gaebel W, Baumann A, Witte AM, Zaeske H (2002) Public attitudes towards people with mental illness in six German cities: results of a public survey under special consideration of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 252:278-287
43. The World Psychiatric Association (2005) The WPA global programme to reduce stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia-Open the Doors Training Manual. http://www.open-the-doors.com/english/media/Training- 8.15.05.pdf. Accessed 12 October 2012
44. Gaebel W, Zäske H, Baumann AE, Klosterkötter J, Maier W, Decker P, Möller HJ (2008) Evaluation of the German WPA "Program against stigma and discrimination because of schizophrenia-Open the Doors": results from representative telephone surveys before and after three years of antistigma interventions. Schizophr Res 98:184-193
45. Goldberg P, Williams P (1988) A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. NFER-Nelson, Windsor
46. McDowell I, Newell C (1996) Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York
47. Osman AM, Elkordufani Y, Abdullah MA (2009) The psychological impact of vitiligo in adult Sudanese patients. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg) 12:284-286
48. Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA (1999) Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. Am J Public Health 89:1328-1333
49. Read J, Haslam N, Sayce L, Davies E (2006) Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach. Acta Psychiatr Scand 114:303-318
50. Alexander LA, Link BG (2003) The impact of contact on stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness. J Ment Health 12:271-289
51. Aromaa E, Tolvanen A, Tuulari J, Wahlbeck K (2011) Predictors of stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental disorders in a general population in Finland. Nord J Psychiatry 65:125-132
52. Sorsdahl KR, Stein DJ (2010) Knowledge of and stigma associated with mental disorders in a South African community sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 198:742-747
53. Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H (2007) Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet 370:878-889
54. Sartorius N, Gaebel W, Cleveland HR, Stuart H, Akiyama T, Arboleda-Flórez J, Baumann AE, Gureje O, Jorge MR, Kastrup M, Suzuki Y, Tasman A (2010) WPA guidance on how to combat stigmatization of psychiatry and psychiatrists. World Psychiatry 9:131-144
55. Dumesnil H, Verger P (2009) Public awareness campaigns about depression and suicide: a review. Psychiatr Serv 60:1203-1213
56. Kakuma R, Kleintjes S, Lund C, Drew N, Green A, Flisher AJ, MHAPP Research Programme Consortium (2010) Mental health stigma: what is being done to raise awareness and reduce stigma in South Africa? Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg) 13:116-124
57. Cross HA, Heijnders M, Dalal A, Sermrittirong S, Mak S (2011) Interventions for stigma reduction - part 2: practical applications. Disabil CBR Incl Develop 22:71-80
58. Collins PY, Patel V, Joestl SS, March D, Insel TR, Daar AS (2011) Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature 475(7354):27-30
59. Perkins DV, Raines JA, Tschopp MK, Warner TC (2009) Gainful employment reduces stigma toward people recovering from Schizophrenia. Community Ment Health J 45:158-162