A model of energy budgets over water, snow, and ice surfaces

Journal of Geophysical Research

Volumn 119, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 6034-6051

  Wang, Jingfeng ^a   Bras, Rafael L ^a   Nieves, Veronica ^b   Deng, Yi ^a  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; HEAT FLUX; MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHODS; SNOW; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; WIND;

CONDUCTIVE HEAT FLUX; ENERGY BUDGETS; MAXIMUM ENTROPY PRODUCTIONS; RADIATIVE FLUXES; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST); SURFACE ENERGY BUDGET; SURFACE HEAT FLUXES; SURFACE RADIATIVE FLUX;

BUDGET CONTROL;

AIR TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; ENERGY BUDGET; ENTROPY; EVAPORATION; HEAT FLUX; ICE SHEET; LAND SURFACE; NUMERICAL MODEL; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SNOW; SOLAR RADIATION;

EID: 84902809878     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21562202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JD021150     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Andreas, E. L., and B. Murphy (1986), Bulk transfer coefficients for heat and momentum over leads and polynyas, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1875–1883.
2. Best, M. J., et al. (2011), The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description. Part 1: Energy and water fluxes, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 677–699.
3. Bill, R. G., A. F. Cook, L. H. Allen, J. F. Bartholic, and T. Maki (1980), Predicting fluxes of latent and sensible heat of lakes from surface water temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 85(C1), 507–512.
4. Blyth, E., J. Gash, A. Lloyd, M. Pryor, G. P. Weedon, and J. Shuttleworth (2010), Evaluating the JULES land surface model energy fluxes using FLUXNET data, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 509–519.
5. Boyle, J. P. (2007), Field results from a second-generation ocean/lake contact heat flux, solar irradiance, and temperature measurement instruments—The multisensor float, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24, 856–976.
6. Caisley, B., H. Lister, and L. Molyneux (1963), Measurement of profiles of wind speed, temperature and vapour pressure near to the ground, General Assembly of Berkeley, IASH Publication no. 61, 37–48.
7. Chou, S.-H., E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, R. M. Atlas, and C.-L. Shie (2003), Surface turbulent heat and momentum fluxes over global oceans based on the Goddard satellite retrieval, version 2 (GSSTF2), J. Clim., 16, 3256–3273.
8. Colbeck, S. C. (1989), Snow-crystal growth with varying surface temperature and radiation penetration, J. Glaciol., 36(119), 23–29.
9. Curry, J. A., C. A. Clayson, W. B. Rossow, R. Reeder, C. Y-Zhang, P. J. Webster, G. Liu, and R.-S. Sheu (1999), High-resolution satellite-derived dataset of the surface fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum for the TOGA COARE IOP, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2059–2080.
10. Dai, Y., et al. (2003), The common land model, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84(8), 1013–1023.
11. Dewar, R. C. (2005), Maximum entropy production and the fluctuation theorem, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 38, L371–L381.
12. Dewar, R. C., and A. Maritan (2013), A theoretical basis for maximum entropy production, in Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-Equilibrium Systems, edited by R. Dewar, pp. 49–71, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
13. Defant, A. (1961), Physical Oceanography, vol. 1, 729 pp., Pergamon, New York.
14. Desborough, C. E., A. J. Pitman, and P. Irannejad (1996), Analysis of the relationship between bare soil evaporation and soil moisture simulated by 13 land surface schemes for a simple non-vegetated site, Global Planet. Change, 13, 47–56.
15. Dickinson, R. E., A. Henderson-Sellers, P. J. Kennedy, and M. F. Wilson (1986), Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the NCAR Community Climate Model, NCAR Tech. Note, TN-275+STR, 69, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
16. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young (1996a), Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 101(C2), 3747–3764.
17. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. S. Godfrey, G. A. Wick, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young (1996b), Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 101(C1), 1295–1308.
18. Flanagan, L. B., and B. G. Johnson (2005), Interacting effects of temperature, soil moisture and plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration in a northern temperate grassland, Agric. For. Meteorol., 130, 237–253.
19. Gargett, A. E. (1989), Ocean turbulence, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 21, 419–451.
20. Granger, R. J., and N. Hedstrom (2011), Modelling hourly rates of evaporation from small lakes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 267–277.
21. Greuell, W., and J. Oerlemans (1989), The evolution of the Englacial temperature distribution in the superimposed ice zone of a polar ice cap during a summer season, in Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, edited by J. Oerlemans, pp. 289–303, Kluwer Acad., Netherlands.
22. Halldin, S., S-E. Gryningb, L. Gottschalkc, A. Jochumd, L-C. Lundina, and A. A. Van de Griende (1999), Energy, water and carbon exchange in a boreal forest landscape—NOPEX experiences, Agric. For. Meteorol., 98–99, 5–29.
23. Hayashi, Y. (1981), Space-time cross spectral analysis using the maximum entropy method, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn, 59(5), 620–623.
24. Henderson-Sellers, A., A. J. Pitman, P. K. Love, P. Irannejad, and T. H. Chen (1995), The project for intercomparison of land surface parameterization schemes(P ILPS): Phase 2 and 3, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76(4), 489–503.
25. Henderson-Sellers, A., P. Irannejad, K. McGuffie, and A. Pitman (2003), Predicting land-surface climates—Better skills or moving targets?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(14), 1777, doi:10.1029/2003GL017387.
26. Heikinheimo, M., M. Kangas, T. Tourula, A. Venäläinen, and S. Tattari (1999), Momentum and heat fluxes over lakes Tämnaren and Råksjö determined by the bulk aerodynamic and eddy-correlation methods, Agric. For. Meteorol., 98–99, 521–534.
27. Jaynes, E. T. (1957), Information theory and statistics mechanics, Phys. Rev., 106, 620–630.
28. Jaynes, E. T., and G. L. Bretthorst (Ed.) (2003), Probability Theory—The Logic of Science, 755 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
29. Jeffries, M. O., and K. Morris (2006), Instantaneous daytime conductive heat flow through snow on lake ice in Alaska, Hydrol. Processes, 20, 803–815.
30. Kaiser, J. A. C., and K. G. Williams (1974), Measurement of the vertical heat flux in the upper ocean layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4(2), 137–114.
31. Kantha, L. H., and C. A. Calyson (1994), An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications, J. Geophys. Res., 99(C12), 25,235–25,266.
32. Kapur, J. N. (1989), Maximum Entropy Models in Science and Engineering, 635 pp., John Wiley, New York.
33. Kato, S., N. G. Loeb, F. G. Rose, D. R. Doelling, D. A. Rutan, T. E. Caldwell, L. Yu, and R. A. Weller (2013), Surface irradiances consistent with CERES-derived top-of-atmosphere shortwave and longwave irradiances, J. Clim., 26, 2719–2740.
34. Kiehl, J. K., and K. E. Trenberth (1997), Earth’s annual global mean energy budget, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 197–208.
35. Kleidon, A., and R. D. Lorenz (Ed.) (2005), Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Production of Entropy, 260 pp.
36. Kleidon, A., and S. Schymanski (2008), Thermodynamics and optimality of the water budget on land, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20404, doi:10.1029/2008GL035393.
37. Kleidon, A., Y. Malhi, and P. M. Cox (2010), Maximum entropy production in ecological environmental systems: Applications and implications, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 365, 1295–1455.
38. Kowalczyk, E. A., Y. P. Wang, and R. M. Law (2006), The CSIRO Atmospheric Biosphere Land Exchnage (CABLE) model for use in climate models and as an offline model, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper 13, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Vic., Australia. [Available at http://www.cmar.csiro.au/e-print/open/kowalczykea_2006a.pdf.]
39. Khundzhua, G. G., A. M. Gusev, Y. G. Andreyev, V. V. Gurov, and N. A. Skorokhvatov (1977), Structure of the cold surface film of the ocean and heat transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere [English translation], Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 13, 506–509.
40. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney (1994), Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 32(4), 363–403.
41. Large, W. G., and S. G. Yeager (2009), The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set, Clim. Dyn., 33, 341–364.
42. Lemone, M. A., M. Tewari, F. Chen, J. G. Alfieri, and D. Niyogi (2008), Evaluation of the Noah land surface model using data from a fair-weather IHOP_2002 day with heterogeneous surface fluxes, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 4915–4941.
43. Liu, W. T., K. B. Katsaros, and J. A. Businger (1979), Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1722–1735.
44. McJannet, D. L., F. J. Cook, R. P. McGloin, H. A. McGowan, and S. Burn (2011), Estimation of evaporation and sensible heat flux from open water using a large aperture scintillometer, Water Resour. Res., 47, W05545, doi:10.1029/2010WR010155.
45. Miller, K. S., and B. Ross (1993), An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Fractional Differential Equations, 366 pp., John Wiley, New York.
46. Mitchell, K. (2005), The community Noah land-surface model (LSM), Users Guide Public Release Version 2.7.1. [Available at ftp://ftp.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/gcp/ldas/noahlsm/ver_2.7.1.]
47. Moore, G. W. K., and I. A. Renfrew (2002), An assessment of the surface turbulent heat fluxes from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis over the western boundary currents, J. Clim., 15, 2020–2037.
48. Mueller, B., et al. (2011), Evaluation of global observations based evapotranspiration datasets and IPCC AR4 simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06402, doi:10.1029/2010GL046230.
49. Oleson, K. W., et al. (2010), Technical description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM), NCAR Tech. Note, NCAR/TN-478+STR 266, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
50. Paltridge, G. W. (1975), Global dynamics and climate—A system of minimum entropy exchange, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 101, 475–484.
51. Paulson, C. A., and J. J. Simpson (1981), The temperature difference across the cool skin of the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 86(C11), 11,044–11,054.
52. Ryerson, T. B., et al. (2013), The 2010 California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 5830–5866, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50331.
53. Saunders, P. (1967), Temperature at the ocean-air interface, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 269–273.
54. Shipley, B. (2010), From Plant Traits to Vegetation Structure: Chance and Selection in the Assembly of Ecological Communities, 277 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
55. Slatyer, R. O., and I. C. Mcllroy (1961), Practical Microclimatology, 300 pp., Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Australia, UNESCO, Paris, France.
56. Soloviev, A. V., and P. Schlüssel (1996), Evolution of cool skin and direct air-sea gas transfer coefficient during daytime, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 77, 45–68.
57. Sromovsky, L. A., J. R. Anderson, F. A. Best, J. P. Boyle, C. A. GSisko, and V. E. Suomi (1999a), The Skin-layer Ocean Heat Flux Instrument (SOHFI). Part I: Design and laboratory characterization, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 1224–1238.
58. Sromovsky, L. A., J. R. Anderson, F. A. Best, J. P. Boyle, C. A. GSisko, and V. E. Suomi (1999b), The Skin-layer Ocean Heat Flux Instrument (SOHFI). Part II: Field measurements of surface heat flux and solar irradiance, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 1239–1253.
59. Stephens, G. L., M. Wild, P. W. Stackhouse, T. L’Ecuyer, S. Kato, and D. S. Henderson (2012), The global character of the flux of downward longwave radiation, J. Clim., 25, 2329–2340.
60. Suzuki, E. (1958), Weather Forecast and Entropy in Information Theory. Meteorological Research Institute of Japan Meteorological Agency, Vol. IX, No. 2, 52–62.
61. Tarboton, D. G., and C. H. Luce (1996), Utah energy balance snow accumulation and melt model (UEB), in Computer Model Technical Description and Users Guide, 66 pp., Utah Water Research Laboratory and USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Loganm UTah. [Available at http://www.engineering.usu.edu/dtarb/.]
62. Uttal, T., et al. (2002), Surface heat budget of the Arctic Ocean, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 255–275.
63. Verkley, W. T. M., and P. Lynch (2009), Energy and enstrophy spectra of geostrophic turbulent flows derived from a maximum entropy principle, J. Atmos. Sci., 66(8), 2216–2236.
64. Wang, J., and R. L. Bras (1999), Ground heat flux estimated from surface soil temperature, J. Hydrol., 216, 214–226.
65. Wang, J., and R. L. Bras (2009), A model of surface heat fluxes based on the theory of maximum entropy production, Water Resour. Res., 45, W11422, doi:10.1029/2009WR007900.
66. Wang, J., and R. L. Bras (2010), An extremum solution of the Monin-Obukhov similarity equations, J. Atmos. Sci., 67(2), 485–499.
67. Wang, J., and R. L. Bras (2011), A model of evapotranspiration based on the theory of maximum entropy production, Water Resour. Res., 47, W03521, doi:10.1029/2010WR009392.
68. Wang, J., V. Nieves, and R. L. Bras (2013), MaxEnt and MaxEP in modeling fractal topography and atmospheric turbulence, in Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-Equilibrium Systems, edited by R. Dewar et al., pp. 309–322, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
69. Wang, Y. P., E. Kowalczyk, R. Leuning, G. Abramowitz, M. R. Raupach, B. Pak, E. van Gorsel, and A. Luhar (2011), Diagnosing errors in a land surface model (CABLE) in the time and frequency domains, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G01034, doi:10.1029/2010JG001385.
70. Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas (1992), TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73(9), 1377–1416.
71. Wolfe, D. E., and C. W. Fairall (2010), Ship-board flux measurements made during CalNex 2010, Abstract A21C-0100 presented at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 13–17 Dec
72. Yang, J., Z.-H. Wang, and T.-W. Lee (2013), Relative efficiency of surface energy partitioning over different land cover, Br. J. Environ. Clim. Change, 3, 86–102.
73. Yang, Z.-L., and R. E. Dickinson (1996), Description of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the soil moisture workshop and evaluation of its performance, Global Planet. Change, 13, 117–134.
74. Yen, Y.-C. (1981), Review of thermal properties of snow, ice and sea ice, CRREL Report 81-10, US Army Corps of Engineering, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire.
75. Zeng, X., M. Zhao, and R. E. Dickinson (1998), Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data, J. Clim., 11, 2628–2644.