Politics and passion: Toward a more egalitarian liberalism

Politics and Passion: Toward a More Egalitarian Liberalism

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-184

  Walzer, Michael ^a  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY   (United States)

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References (162)

1. See my "Communitarian Critique of Liberalism," Political Theory 18, no. 1 (February 1990): 6-23, reprinted without revision as an appendix to this book.
2. Nancy L. Rosenblum, Membership and Morals: The Personal Uses of Pluralism in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998);
3. Jeff Spinner-Halev, Surviving Diversity: Religion and Democratic Citizenship (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000);
4. Jacob T. Levy, The Multiculturalism of Fear (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000);
5. Amy Gutmann, Identity in Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
6. Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, "Are Multiculturalist Policies Bad for the Welfare State?" Dissent (Fall 2003): 59-66.
7. Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community, and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989);
8. Susan Moller Okin (with respondents), Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? ed. Joshua Cohen, Matthew Howard, and Martha Nussbaum (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
9. Andrew Koppelman, Antidiscrimination Law and Social Equality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996);
10. Ayelet Shachar, Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Differences and Women's Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
11. Susan Moller Okin's essay " 'Mistresses of Their Own Destiny': Group Rights, Gender, and Realistic Rights of Exit," Ethics 112, no. 2 (January 2002): 205-230.
12. Susan Moller Okin's, The Social Contract, trans. G. D. H. Cole (New York: E. P. Dutton, Everyman's Library, 1950), book I, chap. 1, pp. 3-4.
13. A. Campbell et al., The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960), pp. 147-148.
14. A. D. Lindsay in The Modern Democratic State (London: Oxford University Press, 1943), chap. 3.
15. Louis Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, trans. Henrietta Szold (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1961), 1: 213-214.
16. Bunyan's Christian, see The Pilgrim's Progress (New York: New American Library, 1964), p. 19 ("The Second Part," starting on p. 151, is the sequel).
17. Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War, and Citizenship (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), esp. the fifth essay.
18. A. John Simmons, Moral Principles and Political Obligation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
19. Irving Bernstein, A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941: Turbulent Years (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), pp. 327-328.
20. Stuart White, "Trade Unionism in a Liberal State," in Amy Gutmann, ed., Freedom of Association (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), chap. 12.
21. "Political Alienation and Military Service," in Walzer, Obligations, chap. 5.
22. Rousseau, Social Contract, book III, chap. 18.
23. Cf. "The Obligations of Oppressed Minorities," in Walzer, Obligations, chap. 3.
24. Nancy J. Hirschmann, "Eastern Veiling, Western Freedom?" Review of Politics 59, no. 3 (Summer 1997): 461-488.
25. Iring Fetscher, Arbeit und Spiel (Stuttgart: Phillip Reclam, Jun., 1983), pp. 164-165.
26. Julia Kristeva, Nations Without Nationalism, trans. Leon Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 35.
27. George Kateb, "Notes on Pluralism," Social Research 61, no. 3 (Fall 1994): 531.
28. Harold Rosenberg, The Tradition of the New (New York: Horizon Press, 1959): the phrase is the title of part IV.
29. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, n.d.), esp. no. 51, pp. 335-341.
30. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Social Contract, trans. G. D. H. Cole (New York: E. P. Dutton, Everyman's Library, 1950), book III, chap. 1, pp. 54-60.
31. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956);
32. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961);
33. Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View (London: Macmillan, 1974);
34. Dennis H. Wrong, Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses (New York: Harper and Row, 1980);
35. Jeffrey C. Isaac, Power and Marxist Theory: A Realist View (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987).
36. Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz, "The Two Faces of Power," American Political Science Review 56 (November 1962): 947-952.
37. John Kenneth Galbraith, American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952).
38. Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000).
39. Charles Tilly, Durable Inequality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
40. Glenn C. Loury, The Anatomy of Racial Inequality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002).
41. Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962 (New York: Viking, 1977), chaps. 1-3;
42. Pierre Birnbaum, The Idea of France, trans. M. B. DeBevoise (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
43. Susan Moller Okin, Women in Western Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979);
44. Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).
45. Jane J. Mansbridge, in Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), provides an example of a failed campaign but one that perfectly illustrates the emancipation model.
46. Jon Elster, Ulysses and the Sirens: Studies in Rationality and Irrationality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
47. I draw here on some arguments that I first made in "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Interest," in David Biale, Michael Galchinsky, and Susannah Heschel, eds., Insider/Outsider: American Jews and Multiculturalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 88-98.
48. David Carroll Cochran, The Color of Freedom: Race and Contemporary American Liberalism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999).
49. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, 1992).
50. Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community, and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989);
51. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996);
52. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism and "The Politics of Recognition," ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
53. Kymlicka, ed., The Rights of Minority Cultures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
54. see my What It Means to Be an American (New York: Marsilio, 1992).
55. David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 144.
56. Lewis A. Coser, Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment (New York: Free Press, 1974).
57. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987).
58. Susan Moller Okin, "Feminism and Multiculturalism: Some Tensions," in Dan Avnon and Avner de-Shalit, eds., Liberalism and Its Practice (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 81-105.
59. Anne Phillips, "Democracy and Difference: Some Problems for Feminist Theory," in Kymlicka, ed., Rights of Minority Cultures, pp. 288-299.
60. Yael Tamir, ed., Democratic Education in a Multicultural State (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
61. Stephen Macedo, Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000).
62. Stephen Macedo, The Social Contract, trans. G. D. H. Cole (New York: E. P. Dutton, Everyman's Library, 1950), book I, chap. 8, p. 19: "obedience to a law which we prescribe to ourselves is liberty."
63. Miller, On Nationality, p. 145.
64. David Miller, Citizenship and National Identity (Cambridge: Polity, 2000), p. 57.
65. "Does Feminism Need a Conception of Civil Society?" in Simone Chambers and Will Kymlicka, eds., Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 71-89,
66. Jean L. Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992), pp. 75-82.
67. Loren Lomasky, "Classical Liberalism and Civil Society," in Chambers and Kymlicka, eds., Alternative Conceptions, pp. 90-112.
68. R. D. Laing and D. G. Cooper, Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy, 1950-1960 (New York: Pantheon, 1971), pp. 121ff.
69. Adam Seligman, The Idea of Civil Society (New York: Free Press, 1992), esp. chap. 4.
70. Sheri Berman, "Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic," World Politics (April 1997): 401-429;
71. Lewis A. Coser, Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment (New York: Free Press, 1974).
72. Jean L. Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory, chap. 8 on "discourse ethics."
73. Simone Chambers, "A Critical Theory of Civil Society" in Chambers and Kymlicka, eds., Alternative Conceptions, pp. 90-112.
74. A. D. Lindsay, The Modern Democratic State (London: Oxford University Press, 1943), chap. 10.
75. Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963)-the pioneering study, much imitated and mostly confirmed in the years since its publication.
76. Lewis A. Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1956).
77. Simone Chambers and Jeffrey Kopstein, "Bad Civil Society," Political Theory 29, no. 6 (December 2001), pp. 837-865.
78. Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).
79. A. S. P. Woodhouse, ed., Puritanism and Liberty (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1938), part I: "The Putney Debates," p. 34.
80. I discuss this exchange in Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War, and Citizenship (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 196-197.
81. Lomasky, "Classical Liberalism and Civil Society," pp. 54-58.
82. Jean L. Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society;
83. Adam Seligman, The Idea of Civil Society;
84. John Keane, Democracy and Civil Society (London: Verso, 1988).
85. Carole Pateman, "The Fraternal Social Contract," in John Keane, ed., Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1988), pp. 101-127;
86. Anne Phillips, "Does Feminism Need a Conception of Civil Society?"
87. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism and "The Politics of Recognition," ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
88. Loren Lomasky, "Classical Liberalism and Civil Society."
89. Dean M. Kelley, Public Funding of Social Services Related to Religious Bodies (New York: Institute of Human Relations, American Jewish Committee Task Force on Sectarian Social Services and Public Funding, 1990).
90. David Carroll Cochran provides further suggestions along these lines in The Color of Freedom: Race and Contemporary American Liberalism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), pp. 141-169.
91. John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 36-37, where Rawls distinguishes pluralism from "reasonable pluralism." I am more interested here in the unqualified "variety of doctrines and views."
92. Will Kymlicka, "The Good, the Bad, and the Intolerable: Minority Group Rights," Dissent (Summer 1996).
93. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
94. "Pluralism and Social Democracy," Dissent (Winter 1998): 47-53.
95. George Konrad, Antipolitics: An Essay, trans. Richard E. Allen (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984).
96. Lynn Sanders, "Against Deliberation," Political Theory 25, no. 3 (June 1997): 347-376;
97. "Critique of Philosophical Conversation," aimed only in part at Habermas: Philosophical Forum 21 (Fall - Winter, 1989-1990): 182-196.
98. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996);
99. Henry S. Richardson, Democratic Autonomy: Public Reasoning About the Ends of Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
100. Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), pp. 165-167,
101. Richardson on "deep compromise," in Democratic Autonomy, chap. 11.
102. Gutmann and Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement, pp. 69-73.
103. John Rawls's description of the Supreme Court as the "institutional exemplar" of public reason, which radically separates deliberation from politics as we know it: Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 235.
104. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology, ed. R. Pascal (New York: International Publishers, 1947), p. 39.
105. Joseph M. Schwartz, The Permanence of the Political: A Democratic Critique of the Radical Impulse to Transcend Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
106. James Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).
107. Selected Poems of William Butler Yeats, ed. M. L. Rosenthal (New York: Macmillan, 1962), pp. 91-92.
108. William Butler Yeats, Ausgewahlte Werke (Zurich: Coron-Verlag, 1971), p. 135.
109. Yvor Winters, Forms of Discovery: Critical and Historical Essays on the Forms of the Short Poem in English (n.p.: Alan Swallow, 1967), pp. 213-214.
110. David Hume, History of England, roughly from chapter 50 forward.
111. David Miller, Philosophy and Ideology in Hume's Political Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 57, 103, 116 - 117, 151.
112. John Donne, Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne (New York: Modern Library, 1941), pp. 171, 172.
113. Friedrich Engels, Anti-Duhring [in English] (Chicago: Charles Kerr, 1935), p. 292.
114. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Circles," in Essays: First Series, in Emerson, The Complete Essays and Other Writings, ed. Brooks Atkinson (New York: Modern Library, 1940), p. 290.
115. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before Its Triumph (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977);
116. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes (New York: Kelley, 1951).
117. Niccolò Machiavelli, "The Prince" and "The Discourses," trans. Christian E. Detmold (New York: Modern Library, 1940), pp. 121-122.
118. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests, pp. 57-59.
119. James Boswell, Boswell's Life of Johnson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1933), vol. 1, p. 567.
120. Hume, Moral and Political Philosophy, ed. Henry D. Aiken (New York: Hafner, 1948), p. 61.
121. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer and Max Lerner, trans. George Lawrence (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), vol. 2, part II, pp. 497-501.
122. Jon Elster, Making Sense of Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), for an argument that stresses that aspect of Marxism.
123. Bogdan Denitch, Ethnic Nationalism: The Tragic Death of Yugoslavia, rev. ed. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
124. Iris Marion Young's essay "Social Difference as a Political Re source," in Inclusion and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), chap. 3, esp. pp. 109-110.
125. Diane Rothbard Margolis, The Fabric of Self: A Theory of Ethics and Emotions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998),
126. Ignazio Silone, Emergency Exit (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), chap. 7 (trans. Harvey Fergusson).
127. Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
128. Thomas Pogge, Realizing Rawls (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989);
129. Darrel Moellendorf, Cosmopolitan Justice (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2002);
130. Ian Shapiro and Lea Brilmayer, eds., Global Justice (Nomos XLI) (New York: New York University Press, 1999);
131. Thomas Pogge, ed., Global Justice (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001).
132. John Rawls's The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999)
133. Paul Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996);
134. John Keane, Global Civil Society? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
135. Brian Barry, "Statism and Nationalism: A Cosmopolitan Critique," in Shapiro and Brilmayer, eds., Global Justice, pp. 12-66.
136. Neil A. Englehart, "In Defense of State Building: States, Rights, and Justice," Dissent (Fall 2003): 18-22.
137. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 72.
138. Iris Marion Young provides a usefully expansive account of the "regulatory regimes" necessary to a decent international society in Inclusion and Democracy, chap. 7, esp. pp. 267-268.
139. Thomas Pogge, "Priorities of Global Justice," in Pogge, ed., Global Justice (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), pp. 6-23.
140. Rawls's The Law of Peoples, pp. 64-70;
141. Andrew Kuper, "Rawlsian Global Justice: Beyond The Law of Peoples to a Cosmopolitan Law of Persons," Political Theory 29, no. 5 (October 2000): 640-674.
142. Karl Marx, "On the Jewish Question," in Early Writings, ed. T. B. Bottomore (London: C. A. Watts, 1963), p. 26.
143. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981).
144. Thomas Hobbes, The Elements of Law, part I, chap. 9, para. 21.
145. Albert O. Hirschman's Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).
146. MacIntyre, After Virtue, chaps. 2 and 17.
147. Richard Rorty's summary of Michael Sandel's argument: Rorty, "The Priority of Democracy to Philosophy," in Merrill D. Peterson and Robert C. Vaughan, eds., The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
148. Thomas Hobbes, De Cive, ed. by Howard Warrender (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), part I, chap. 1.
149. Robert Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 21, 290;
150. Richard Rorty's comment in "Priority," p. 275 n. 12.
151. A. Campbell et al., The American Voter (New York: Wiley, 1960), pp. 147-148.
152. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart, pp. 249, 252.
153. Roberto Mangabeira Unger, The Critical Legal Studies Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 41.
154. A. S. P. Woodhouse, ed., Puritanism and Liberty (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1938), p. 34.
155. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 527ff.
156. Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), chaps. 5 and 6.
157. Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), chap. 7.
158. "Socializing the Welfare State," in Amy Gutmann, Democracy and the Welfare State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), pp. 13-26.
159. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press, 1985), pp. 71-72.
160. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982);
161. Will Kymlicka, "Liberalism and Communitarianism," Canadian Journal of Philosophy (June 1988): 181-204.
162. Horace Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924).