Petrology-based modeling of mantle melt electrical conductivity and joint interpretation of electromagnetic and seismic results

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 119, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 4001-4016

  Pommier, A ^a   Garnero, E J ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

electrical conductivity; electromagnetic; partial melt; peridotite; seismology

Indexed keywords

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD; MANTLE PROCESS; PARTIAL MELTING; PERIDOTITE; PETROLOGY; SEISMIC DATA; SEISMIC VELOCITY; SEISMOLOGY;

AFAR; HAWAII [UNITED STATES]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84902436378     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JB010449     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Baba, K., A. D. Chave, R. L. Evans, G. Hirth, and, R. L. Mackie, (2006), Mantle dynamics beneath the East Pacific Rise at 17 degrees S: Insights from the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography (MELT) experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B02101, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003598.
2. Baba, K., H. Utada, T.-N. Gotob, T. Kasayac, H. Shimizua, and, N. Tada, (2010), Electrical conductivity imaging of the Philippine Sea upper mantle using seafloor magnetotelluric data, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 183, 44-62, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2010.09.010.
3. Baker, M. B., and, E. M. Stolper, (1994), Determining the composition of high-pressure mantle melts using diamond aggregates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 2811-2827.
4. Baker, M. B., M. M. Hirschmann, M. S. Ghiorso, and, E. M. Stolper, (1995), Compositions of near-solidus peridotite melts from experiments and thermodynamic calculations, Nature, 375, 308-311.
5. Behr, Y., J. Townend, S. Bannister, and, M. K. Savage, (2010), Shear velocity structure of the Northland Peninsula, New Zealand, inferred from ambient noise correlations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B05309, doi: 10.1029/2009JB006737.
6. Berryman, J. G., (1995), Mixture theories for rock properties, in American Geophysical Union Handbook of Physical Constants, edited by, T. J. Ahrens, pp. 205-228, AGU, Washington, D. C.
7. Berryman, J. G., and, E. A. Berge, (1993), Rock elastic properties: Dependence on microstructure, in Homogenization and Constitutive Modeling for Heterogeneous Materials, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Homogenization and Constitutive Modeling for Heterogeneous Materials, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, June 6-9, 1993, edited by, C. S. Chang, and, J. W. Ju, pp. 1-13, ASME, New York.
8. Blundy, J. D., T. J. Falloon, B. J. Wood, and, J. A. Dalton, (1995), Sodium partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melts, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 15,501-15,516, doi: 10.1029/95JB00954.
9. Blundy, J. D., J. A. C. Robinson, and, B. J. Wood, (1998), Heavy REE are compatible in clinopyroxene on the spinel lherzolite solidus, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 160, 493-504.
10. Bockris, J. O. M., J. A. Kitchener, S. Ignatowicz, and, J. W. Tomlinson, (1952), Electric conductance in liquid silicates, Trans. Faraday Soc., 48, 75-91.
11. Bonatti, E., M. Ligi, D. Brunelli, A. Cipriani, P. Fabretti, V. Ferrante, L. Gasperini, and, L. Ottolini, (2003), Mantle thermal pulses below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and temporal variations in the formation of oceanic lithosphere, Nature, 423, 499-505.
12. Boucher, S., (1976), Modules effectifs de matériaux composites quasi homogènes et quasi isotropes, constitués d'une matrice élastique et d'inclusions élastiques. II Cas des concentrations finies en inclusions, Rev. Metall., 22, 31-36.
13. Caricchi, L., F. Gaillard, J. Mecklenburg, and, E. Le Trong, (2011), Experimental determination of electrical conductivity during deformation of melt-bearing olivine aggregates: Implications for electrical anisotropy in the oceanic low velocity zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 302, 81-94.
14. Constable, S., and, G. Heinson, (2004), Hawaiian hot-spot swell structure from seafloor MT sounding, Tectonophysics, 389, 111-124.
15. Constable, S., (2006), SEO3: A new model of olivine electrical conductivity, Geophys. J. Int., 166, 435-437.
16. Dai, L., and, S.-I. Karato, (2009), Electrical conductivity of orthopyroxene: Implications for the water content of the asthenosphere, Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B, 85, 466-475.
17. Delorey, A. A., R. A. Dunn, and, J. B. Gaherty, (2005), Surface wave tomography of the upper mantle beneath the Reykjanes Ridge with implications for ridge-hot spot interaction, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B08313, doi: 10.1029/2006JB004785.
18. Desissa, M., N. E. Johnson, K. A. Whaler, S. Hautot, S. Fisseha, and, G. J. K. Dawes, (2013), A mantle magma reservoir beneath an incipient mid-ocean ridge in Afar, Ethiopia, Nat. Geosci., 6, 861-865, doi: 10.1038/NGEO1925.
19. Draper, D. S., (1992), Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Lorena Butte, Simcoe mountains, southern Washington (USA), J. Geol., 100, 766-776.
20. Duffy, J. A., and, M. D. Ingram, (1976), An interpretation of glass chemistry in terms of the Optical Basicity concept, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 21, 373-410.
21. Duffy, T. S., and, D. L. Anderson, (1989), Seismic velocities in mantle minerals and the mineralogy of the upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 94 (B2), 1895-1912, doi: 10.1029/JB094iB02p01895.
22. Dunn, R. A., and, D. W. Forsyth, (2003), Imaging the transition between the region of mantle melt generation and the crustal magma chamber beneath the southern East Pacific Rise with short-period Love waves, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (B7), 2352, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002217.
23. Evans, R. L., et al. (1999), Asymmetric electrical structure in the mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise at 17°S, Science, 286, 752-756.
24. Falloon, T. J., D. H. Green, L. V. Danyushevsky, and, A. W. McNeill, (2008), The composition of near-solidus partial melts of fertile peridotite at 1 and 1.5 GPa: Implications for the petrogenesis of MORB, J. Petrol., 49 (4), 591-613.
25. Faul, U. H., J. D. Fitz, and, I. Jackson, (2004), Shear wave attenuation and dispersion in melt-bearing olivine polycrystals: 2. Microstructural interpretation and seismological implications, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B06202, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002407.
26. Gaillard, F., (2004), Laboratory measurements of electrical conductivity of hydrous and dry silicic melts under pressure, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 218 (1-2), 215-228, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00639-3.
27. Gaillard, F., and, G. Iacono Marziano, (2005), Electrical conductivity of magma in the course of crystallization controlled by their residual liquid composition, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B06204, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003282.
28. Gassmann, F., (1951), Uber die elastizitat poroser medien, Viertel- jahrsschr. Naturforsch. Ges., 96, 1-23.
29. Ghiorso, M. S., M. M. Hirschmann, P. W. Reiners, and, V. C. Kress III, (2002), The pMELTS: A revision of MELTS for improved calculation of phase relations and major element partitioning related to partial melting of the mantle to 3 GPa, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3 (5), doi: 10.1029/2001GC000217.
30. Grant, F. S., and, G. F. West, (1965), Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics, 583 pp., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
31. Hammond, W. C., and, E. D. Humphreys, (2000a), Upper mantle seismic wave velocity: Effects of realistic partial melt geometries, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (B5), 10,975-10,986, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900041.
32. Hammond, W. C., and, E. D. Humphreys, (2000b), Upper mantle seismic wave velocity: Effects of realistic partial melt distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (B5), 10,987-10,999, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900042.
33. Hashin, Z., and, S. Shtrikman, (1962), A variational approach to the theory of the effective magnetic permeability of multiphase materials, J. Appl. Phys., 33, 3125-3131.
34. Heise, W., T. G. Caldwell, H. M. Bibby, and, S. L. Bennie, (2010), Three-dimensional electrical resistivity image of magma beneath an active continental rift, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10301, doi: 10.1029/2010GL043110.
35. Hirose, K., and, I. Kushiro, (1993), Partial melting of dry peridotites at high pressures: Determination of compositions of melts segregated from peridotite using aggregates of diamond, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 114, 477-489.
36. Hirschmann, M. M., M. S. Ghiorso, L. E. Wasylenki, P. D. Asimow, and, E. M. Stolper, (1998), Calculation of peridotite partial melting from thermodynamic models of minerals and melts. I. Review of methods and comparison with experiments, J. Petrol., 39 (6), 1091-1115.
37. Hirschmann, M. M., M. S. Ghiorso, and, E. M. Stolper, (1999), Calculation of peridotite partial melting from thermodynamic models of minerals and melts. II. Isobaric variations in melts near the solidus and owing to variable source composition, J. Petrol., 40 (2), 297-313.
38. Karato, S., (1993), Importance of anelasticity in the interpretation of seismic tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1623-1626, doi: 10.1029/93GL01767.
39. Kawahara, M., Y. Ozima, K. Morinaga, and, T. Yanagase, (1978), The electrical conductivity of Na2O-SiO2-MgO and CaO-SiO2-MgO melts, J. Jpn. Inst. Metals, 42, 618-623.
40. Kawakatsu, H., P. Kumar, Y. Takei, M. Shinohara, T. Kanazawa, E. Araki, and, K. Suyehiro, (2009), Seismic evidence for sharp lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries of oceanic plates, Science, 324, 499-502.
41. Kelbert, A., G. D. Egbert, and, C. deGroot-Hedlin, (2011), Crust and upper mantle electrical conductivity beneath the Yellowstone hotspot track, Geology, 40, 447-450, doi: 10.1130/G32655.
42. Kelbert, A., G. Egbert, and, C. deGroot-Hedlin, (2012), Crust and upper mantle electrical conductivity beneath the Yellowstone Hotspot Track, Geology, 40 (5), 447-450.
43. Kelley, K. A., T. Plank, S. Newman, E. M. Stolper, T. L. Grove, S. Parman, and, E. H. Hauri, (2010), Mantle melting as a function of water content beneath the Mariana Arc, J. Petrol., 51 (8), 1711-1738.
44. Key, K., S. Constable, L. Liu, and, A. Pommier, (2013), Electrical image of passive mantle upwelling beneath the northern East Pacific Rise, Nature, 495, doi: 10.1038/nature11932.
45. Klein, E. M., and, C. H. Langmuir, (1987), Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness, J. Geophys. Res., 92 (B8), 8089-8115, doi: 10.1029/JB092iB08p08089.
46. Kohlstedt, D. L., (1992), Structure, rheology and permeability of partially molten rocks at low melt fractions, in Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, edited by, J. Phipps Morgan, D. K. Blackman, and, J. M. Sinton, pp. 103-121, AGU, Washington, D. C.
47. Laske, G., A. Markee, J. A. Orcutt, C. J. Wolfe, J. A. Collins, S. C. Solomon, R. S. Detrick, D. Bercovici, and, E. H. Hauri, (2011), Asymmetric shallow mantle structure beneath the Hawaiian Swell-Evidence from Rayleigh waves recorded by the PLUME network, Geophys. J. Int., 187, 1725-1742.
48. Li, H., and, M. Tomozawa, (1996), Effects of water in simulated borosilicate-based nuclear waste glasses on their properties, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 195, 188-198.
49. Mainprice, D., (1997), Modelling the anisotropic seismic properties of partially molten rocks found at mid-ocean ridges, Tectonophysics, 279, 161-179.
50. Mathieu, R., G. Libourel, E. Deloule, L. Tissandier, C. Rapin, and, R. Podor, (2011), Na2O solubility in CaO-MgO-SiO2 melts, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 608-628.
51. Matsuno, T., R. L. Evans, N. Seama, and, A. D. Chave, (2012), Electromagnetic constraints on a melt region beneath the central Mariana back-arc spreading ridge, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q10017, doi: 10.1029/2012GC004326.
52. Maumus, J., N. Bagdassarov, and, H. Schmeling, (2005), Electrical conductivity and partial melting of mafic rocks under pressure, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69 (19), 4703-4718, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2005.05.010.
53. McGregor, L. M., S. Constable, and, M. C. Sinha, (1998), The RAMESSES experiment-III. Controlled-source electromagnetic sounding of the Reykjanes Ridge at 57°45'N, Geophys. J. Int., 135, 773-789.
54. McKenzie, D., (1984), The generation and compaction of partially molten rock, J. Petrol., 25, 713-765.
55. McKenzie, D., and, M. J. Bickle, (1988), The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere, J. Petrol., 29 (3), 625-679.
56. Moretti, R., (2005), Polymerisation, basicity, oxidation state and their role in ionic modeling of silicate melts, Ann. Geophys., 48, 583-608.
57. Naif, S., K. Key, S. Constable, and, R. L. Evans, (2013), Melt-rich channel observed at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, Nature, doi: 10.1038/nature11939.
58. Ni, H., H. Keppler, and, H. Behrens, (2011a), Electrical conductivity of hydrous basaltic melts: Implications for partial melting in the upper mantle, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 162, 637-650.
59. Ni, H., H. Keppler, M. A. G. M. Manthilake, and, T. Katsura, (2011b), Electrical conductivity of dry and hydrous NaAlSi3O8 glasses and liquids at high pressures, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 162, 501-s, doi: 10.1007/s00410-011-0608- 5.
60. Niu, Y., (1997), Mantle melting and melt extraction processes beneath ocean ridges: Evidence from abyssal peridotites, J. Petrol., 38 (8), 1047-1074.
61. Noritake, F., K. Kawamura, T. Yoshino, and, E. Takahashi, (2012), Molecular dynamics simulation and electrical conductivity measurement of Na2O•3SiO2 melt under high pressure; relationship between its structure and properties, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 358, 3109-3118.
62. Partzsch, G. M., F. R. Schilling, and, J. Arndt, (2000), The influence of partial melting on the electrical behavior of crustal rocks: Laboratory examinations, model calculations and geological interpretations, Tectonophysics, 317, 189-203.
63. Pommier, A., F. Gaillard, M. Pichavant, and, B. Scaillet, (2008), Laboratory measurements of electrical conductivities of hydrous and dry Mount Vesuvius melts under pressure, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B05205, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005269.
64. Pommier, A., (2013), Interpretation of magnetotelluric results using laboratory measurements, Surv. Geophys., doi: 10.1007/s10712-013-9226-2.
65. Pommier, A., R. L. Evans, K. Key, J. A. Tyburczy, S. Mackwell, and, J. Elsenbeck, (2013), Prediction of silicate melt viscosity from electrical conductivity: A model and its geophysical implications, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 1685-1692, doi: 10.1002/2012GC004467.
66. Pommier, A., F. Gaillard, M. Malki, and, M. Pichavant, (2010), Methodological re-evaluation of the electrical conductivity of silicate melts, Am. Mineral., 95, 284-291.
67. Pozgay, S. H., D. A. Wiens, J. A. Conder, H. Shiobara, and, H. Sugioka, (2009), Seismic attenuation tomography of the Mariana subduction system: Implications for thermal structure, volatile distribution, and slow spreading dynamics, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q04X05, doi: 10.1029/2008GC002313.
68. Presnall, D. C., C. L. Simmons, and, H. Porath, (1972), Changes in electrical conductivity of a synthetic basalt during melting, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5665-5672, doi: 10.1029/JB077i029p05665.
69. Rai, C. S., and, M. H. Manghnani, (1977), Electrical conductivity of basalts to 1550 °C, in Magma Genesis: Bulletin 96, edited by, H. J. B. Dick, pp. 219-232, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland.
70. Roberts, J. J., and, J. A. Tyburczy, (1999), Partial-melt electrical conductivity: Influence of melt composition, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7055-7065, doi: 10.1029/1998JB900111.
71. Robinson, J. A. C., B. J. Wood, and, J. D. Blundy, (1998), The beginning of melting of fertile and depleted peridotite at 1.5 GPa, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 155, 97-111.
72. Schiano, P., and, R. Clocchiatti, (1994), Worldwide occurrence of silica- rich melts in subcontinental and suboceanic mantle minerals, Nature, 368, 621-624.
73. Schilling, F. R., G. M. Partzsch, H. Brasse, and, G. Schwarz, (1997), Partial melting below the magmatic arc in the central Andes deduced from geoelectromagnetic field experiments and laboratory data, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 103, 17-31.
74. Schmeling, H., (1985), Numerical models on the influence of partial melt on elastic, anelastic and electric properties of rocks. Part I: Elasticity and anelasticity, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 41, 34-57.
75. Schmeling, H., (1986), Numerical models on the influence of partial melt on elastic, anelastic and electric properties of rocks. Part II: Electrical conductivity, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 43, 123-136.
76. Shankland, T. J., and, A. Duba, (1990), Standard electrical conductivity of isotropic, homogeneous olivine in the temperature range 1200-1500 °C, Geophys. J. Int., 103, 25-31.
77. Simonnet, C., J. Phalippou, and, M. Malki, (2003), Electrical conductivity measurements of oxides from molten state to glassy state, Rev. Sci. Inst., 74, 2805-2810.
78. Sinha, M. C., S. C. Constable, C. Pierce, A. White, G. Heinson, L. M. MacGregor, and, D. A. Navin, (1998), Magmatic processes at slow spreading ridges: Implications of the RAMESSES experiment at 57°45'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Geophys. J. Int., 135, 731-745.
79. Sinton, J. M., and, R. S. Detrick, (1992), Mid-ocean ridge magma chambers, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 197-216, doi: 10.1029/91JB02508.
80. Smith, R. B., M. Jordan, B. Steinberger, C. M. Puskas, J. Farrell, G. P. Waite, S. Husen, W.-L. Chang, and, R. O'Connell, (2009), Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics, and mantle flow, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 188, 26-56.
81. Stacey, F. D., (1992), Physics of the Earth, 3rd ed., 513 pp., Brookfield Press, Australia.
82. n) velocity model for the Afar region, Ethiopia: An insight into rifting processes, Geophys. J. Int., 193, 321-328.
83. Stratford, W. R., and, T. A. Stern, (2006), Crust and upper mantle structure of a continental backarc: Central North Island, New Zealand, Geophys. J. Int., 166, 469-484.
84. Takahashi, E., and, I. Kushiro, (1983), Melting of a dry peridotite at high-pressures and basalt magma genesis, Am. Mineral., 68, 859-879.
85. Takei, Y., (2000), Acoustic properties of partially molten media studied on a simple binary system with a controllable dihedral angle, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (B7), 16,665-16,682, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900124.
86. ten Grotenhuis, S. M., M. R. Drury, C. J. Spiers, and, C. J. Peach, (2005), Melt distribution in olivine rocks based on electrical conductivity measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B12201, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003462.
87. Toomey, D. R., D. Jousselin, R. A. Dunn, W. S. D. Wilcock, and, R. S. Detrick, (2007), Skew of mantle upwelling beneath the East Pacific Rise governs segmentation, Nature, 446, doi: 10.1038/nature05679.
88. Toomey, D. R., W. S. D. Wilcock, S. S. Solomon, W. C. Hammond, and, J. A. Orcutt, (1998), Mantle seismic structure beneath the MELT region of the East Pacific Rise from P and S wave tomography, Science, 280, 1224-1227.
89. Tyburczy, J. A., and, H. S. Waff, (1983), Electrical conductivity of molten basalt and andesite to 25 kilobars pressure: Geophysical significance and implications for charge transport and melt structure, J. Geophys. Res., 88 (B3), 2413-2430, doi: 10.1029/JB088iB03p02413.
90. Tyburczy, J. A., and, H. S. Waff, (1985), High-pressure electrical conductivity in naturally occurring silicate liquids, in Point Defects in Minerals, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 31, edited by, R. N. Schock, pp. 78-87, AGU, Washington, D. C.
91. Waff, H. S., (1974), Theoretical considerations of electrical conductivity in a partially molten mantle and implications for geothermometry, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4003-4010, doi: 10.1029/JB079i026p04003.
92. Waff, H. S., and, D. F. Weill, (1975), Electrical conductivity of magmatic liquids: Effects of temperature, oxygen fugacity and composition, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 28, 254-260.
93. Wagner, L., D. W. Forsyth, M. J. Fouch, and, D. E. James, (2010), Detailed three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the northwestern United States from Rayleigh wave tomography, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 299, 273-284.
94. Walter, M. J., and, D. C. Presnall, (1994), Melting behavior of simplified lherzolite in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-Na2O from 7 to 35 kbar, J. Petrol., 35 (2), 329-359.
95. Wasylenki, L. E., M. B. Baker, M. M. Hirschmann, and, E. M. Stolper, (1996), The effect of source depletion on equilibrium mantle melting, EOS Trans., 77, 847.
96. Wasylenki, L. E., M. B. Baker, A. J. R. Kent, and, E. M. Stolper, (2003), Near-solidus melting of the shallow upper mantle: Partial melting experiments on depleted peridotite, J. Petrol., 44 (7), 1163-1191.
97. Watt, J. P., G. F. Davies, and, R. J. O'Connell, (1976), The elastic properties of composite materials, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 14 (4), 541-563.
98. Williams, Q., and, E. J. Garnero, (1996), Seismic evidence for partial melt at the base of the Earth's mantle, Science, 273, 1528-1530.
99. Yang, X., H. Keppler, C. McCammon, H. Ni, Q. Xia, and, Q. Fan, (2011), The effect of water on the electrical conductivity of lower crustal clinopyroxene, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B04208, doi: 10.1029/2010JB008010.