BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS

Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Sixth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 784-794

  Jackson, Mary Anne ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI KANSAS CITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CHILDREN S MERCY HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902317994     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-4044-6.50071-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (144)

1. S.L. Abbott and J.M. Janda (1997) Enterobacter cancerogenus (“ Enterobacter taylorae”) infections associated with severe trauma or crush injuries. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 107 359-361.
2. R.V. Aghabian and J.E. Conte Jr. (1980) Mammalian bite wounds. Ann. Emerg. Med. 9 79-83.
3. E.V. Alves, J.E. Martins, E.B. Ribeiro, et al. (2000) Pityrosporum folliculitis: Renal transplantation case report. J. Dermatol. 27 49-51.
4. D.P. Amren, A.S. Anderson and L.W. Wannamaker (1966) Perianal cellulitis associated with group A streptococci. Am. J. Dis. Child. 112 546-552.
5. B.F. Anthony, L.V. Perlman and L.W. Wannamaker (1967) Skin infections and acute nephritis in American Indian children. Pediatrics 39 263-279.
6. H. Aranow and W.B. Wood (1942) Staphylococcal infections simulating scarlet fever. J. A. M. A. 119 1491-1495.
7. K. Aroni, M. Aivaliotis and P. Davaris (1998) Disseminated and recurrent infundibular folliculitis (D. R. I. F.): Report of a case successfully treated with isotretinoin. J. Dermatol. 25 51-53.
8. R.U. Ashford, P.D. Sargeant and G.D. Lum (1998) Septic arthritis of the knee caused by Edwardsiella tarda after a catfish puncture wound. Med. J. Aust. 168 443-444.
9. J.R. Avner and M.D. Baker (1991) Dog bites in urban children. Pediatrics 88 55-57.
10. C.J. Baker (1982) Group B streptococcal cellulitis-adenitis in infants. Am. J. Dis. Child. 136 631-633.
11. M.D. Baker and S.E. Moore (1987) Human bites in children: A six-year experience. Am. J. Dis. Child. 141 1285-1290.
12. L.J. Baraff, R.N. Fine and D.W. Knutson (1979) Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis: Fact and controversy. Ann. Intern. Med. 91 76-86.
13. B.O. Barnett and I.J. Frieden (1992) Streptococcal skin diseases in children. Semin. Dermatol. 11 3-10.
14. F. Benaoudia, F. Escande and M. Simonet (1994) Infection due to Actinobacillus lignieresii after a horse bite. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13 439-440.
15. A.N. Binnick, R.B. Klein and R.D. Baughman (1980) Recurrent erysipelas caused by group B streptococcus organisms. Arch. Dermatol. 116 798-799.
16. S. Bitnun (1985) Prophylactic antibiotics in recurrent erysipelas. Lancet 1 345.
17. D. Bratcher (2001) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the community. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20 1167-1168.
18. J.W. Britton, J.E. Fajardo and B. Krafte-Jacobs (1990) Clinical and laboratory observations: Comparison of mupirocin and erythromycin in the treatment of impetigo. J. Pediatr. 117 827-829.
19. T.V. Brogan, V. Nizet, J.H. Waldhausen, et al. (1995) Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis complicating primary varicella: A series of fourteen patients. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14 588-594.
20. I. Brook and E.H. Frazier (1995) Clinical and microbiological features of necrotizing fasciitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33 2382-2387.
21. T.E. Brothers, D.U. Tagge, J.E. Stutley, et al. (1998) Magnetic resonance imaging differentiates between necrotizing and non-necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 187 416-421.
22. K.L. Brown, A. Stein and D.S. Morrell (2006) Ecthyma gangrenosum and septic shock syndrome secondary to Chromobacterium violaceum. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 54(Suppl.), S224-S228.
23. E.S. Buescher, A. Hebert and R.P. Rapini (1988) Staphylococcal botryomycosis in a patient with the hyperimmunoglobulin E-recurrent infection syndrome. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7 431-433.
24. H.A. Bukharie, M.S. Abdelhadi, I.A. Saeed, et al. (2001) Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a community pathogen. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 40 1-4.
25. M.J. Cawley, M. Briggs, L.R. Haith, et al. (1999) Intravenous immunoglobulin as adjunctive treatment for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome associated with necrotizing fasciitis: Case report and review. Pharmacotherapy 19 1094-1098.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006) Orf virus infection in humans—New York, Illinois, California, and Tennessee, 2004-2005. M. M. W. R. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55 65-68.
27. P.H. Chandrasekar, K.V.I. Rolston, W. Kannangara, et al. (1984) Hot tub-associated dermatitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Case report and review of the literature. Arch. Dermatol. 120 1337-1340.
28. M.A. Chastain (2000) A cycle: Recurrent gram-negative folliculitis with Citrobacter diversus (koseri) following eradication of recurrent staphylococcal pyoderma. Arch. Dermatol. 136 803.
29. J.T. Combs (2000) Perianal streptococcal disease. Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 39 500.
30. N.H. Cox, M.A. Knowles and I.D. Porteus (1994) Pre-septal cellulitis and facial erysipelas due to Moraxella species. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 19 321-323.
31. B. Crickx, F. Chevron, M. Sigal-Nahum, et al. (1991) Erysipelas: Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic data (111 cases). Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 118 545-546.
32. H.O. Dada-Adegbola and O.A. Oluwatoba (2005) Cutaneous myiasis presenting as chronic furunculosis—case report. West Afr. J. Med. 24 346-347.
33. R. Dagan and Y. Bar-David (1992) Double-blind study comparing erythromycin and mupirocin for treatment of impetigo in children: Implications of a high prevalence of erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36 287-290.
34. A.S. Dajani, P. Ferrieri and L.W. Wannamaker (1972) Natural history of impetigo, II: Etiologic agents and bacterial interactions. J. Clin. Invest. 51 2863-2871.
35. M. Debacker, C. Zinsou, J. Aguiar, et al. (2003) First case of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) following a human bite. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 e67-e68.
36. J. Del Pozo, J. Garcia-Silva, M. Almagro, et al. (1998) Ecthyma gangrenosum- like eruption associated with Morganella morganii infection. Br. J. Dermatol. 139 520-521.
37. H.E. de Melker and R.A. de Melker (1996) Dog bites: Publications on risk factors, infections, antibiotics, and primary wound closure. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 140 709-713.
38. C.W. Demidovich, R.R. Wittler, M.E. Ruff, et al. (1990) Impetigo: Current etiology and comparison of penicillin, erythromycin, and cephalexin therapies. Am. J. Dis. Child. 144 1313-1315.
39. H.C. Dillon (1970) The treatment of streptococcal skin infections. J. Pediatr. 76 676-684.
40. T. Duvanel, Y. Merot, M. Harms, et al. (1985) Prophylactic antibiotics in erysipelas. Lancet 1 1401.
41. T. Ejlertsen, B. Gahrn-Hansen, P. Sogaard, et al. (1996) Pasteurella aerogenes isolated from ulcers or wounds in humans with occupational exposure to pigs: A report of 7 Danish cases. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 28 567-570.
42. B.K. Eriksson (1999) Anal colonization of group G beta-hemolytic streptococci in relapsing erysipelas of the lower extremity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29 1319-1320.
43. L.J. Eron (1999) Targeting lurking pathogens in acute traumatic and chronic wounds. J. Emerg. Med. 17 189-195.
44. F. Escande, A. Bailly, S. Bone, et al. (1996) Actinobacillus suis infection after a pig bite. Lancet 348 888.
45. N.B. Esterly and M. Markowitz (1970) The treatment of pyoderma in children. J. A. M. A. 212 1667-1670.
46. N.B. Esterly, D.B. Nelson and W.M. Dunne Jr. (1991) Impetigo. Am. J. Dis. Child. 145 125-126.
47. P.A. Falcone, V.E. Pricolo and L.E. Edstrom (1988) Necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of chickenpox. Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 27 339-343.
48. S. Farber and G.F. Vawter (1966) Clinical pathological conference: The Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass. J. Pediatr. 69 485-489.
49. L.D. Farrell, S.R. Karl, P.K. Davis, et al. (1988) Postoperative necrotizing fasciitis in children. Pediatrics 82 874-879.
50. C.A. Feldman (1962) Staphylococcal scarlet fever. N. Engl. J. Med. 267 877-878.
51. J.E. Fergie, C.C. Patrick and L. Lott (1991) Pseudomonas aeruginosa cellulitis and ecthyma gangrenosum in immunocompromised children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 10 496-500.
52. P. Ferrieri, A.S. Dajani, L.W. Wannamaker, et al. (1972) Natural history of impetigo, I: Site sequence of acquisition and familial patterns of spread of cutaneous streptococci. J. Clin. Invest. 51 2851-2862.
53. J.D. Fine, J.A. Miller, T.J. Harrist, et al. (1981) Cutaneous lesions in disseminated candidiasis mimicking ecthyma gangrenosum. Am. J. Med. 70 1133-1135.
54. N. Forbes and A.P. Rankin (2001) Necrotizing fasciitis and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: A case series and review of the literature. N. Z. Med. J. 114 3-6.
55. L.M. Ford and J. Waksman (1999) Necrotizing fasciitis during primary varicella. Pediatrics 103 783-790.
56. A.B. Fox and G.W. Hambrick (1984) Recreationally associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis. Arch. Dermatol. 120 1304-1307.
57. Y.F. Francis, S. Richman, S. Hussain, et al. (1982) Aeromonas hydrophila infection: Ecthyma gangrenosum with aplastic anemia. N. Y. State J. Med. 82 1461-1464.
58. I.J. Frieden (1989) Blistering dactylitis caused by group B streptococci. Pediatr. Dermatol. 6 300-302.
59. L.B. Givner, J.S. Abramson and B. Wasilauskas (1991) Apparent increase in the incidence of invasive group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal disease in children. J. Pediatr. 118 341-346.
60. E.J. Goldstein (1999) Current concepts on animal bites: Bacteriology and therapy. Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis. 19 99-111.
61. A. Gonzalez, L.A. Schachner, T. Cleary, et al. (1989) Pyoderma in childhood. Adv. Dermatol. 4 127-141.
62. E.J. Gorak, S.M. Yamada and J.D. Brown (1999) Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized adults and children without known risk factors. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29 797-800.
63. I.B. Gosbell, J.L. Mercer, S.A. Neville, et al. (2001) Non-multiresistant and multiresistant methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired infections. Med. J. Aust. 174 627-630.
64. S.L. Greene, W.P. Su and S.A. Muller (1984) Ecthyma gangrenosum: Report of clinical, histopathologic, and bacteriologic aspects of eight cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11 781-787.
65. D. Guberman, L.T. Gilead, A. Zlotogorski, et al. (1999) Bullous erysipelas: A retrospective study of 26 patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 41 733-737.
66. H. Gucluer, T. Ergun and Z. Demircay (1999) Ecthyma gangrenosum. Int. J. Dermatol. 38 299-302.
67. W.D. Hall, R.W. Blumberg and M.D. Moody (1973) Studies in children with impetigo: Bacteriology, serology, and incidence of glomerulonephritis. Am. J. Dis. Child. 125 800-806.
68. S.A. Halperin (1990) Haemophilus influenzae type b and its role in diseases of the head and neck. J. Otolaryngol. 19 169-174.
69. S.B. Hauger (1981) Facial cellulitis: An early indicator of group B streptococcal bacteremia. Pediatrics 67 376-377.
70. G.F. Hayden (1985) Skin diseases encountered in a pediatric clinic: A one-year prospective study. Am. J. Dis. Child. 139 36-38.
71. G.C. Hays and J.E. Mullard (1975) Blistering distal dactylitis: A clinically recognizable streptococcal infection. Pediatrics 56 129-131.
72. B.C. Herold, L.C. Immergluck, M.C. Maranan, et al. (1998) Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. J. A. M. A. 279 593-598.
73. W.D. Hewitt and W.E. Farrar (1988) Bacteremia and ecthyma caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. Sci. 295 52-54.
74. M. Hirn and J. Niinikoski (1989) Management of perineal necrotizing fasciitis (Fournier's gangrene). Ann. Chir. Gynaecol. 78 277-281.
75. P.W. Ho, F.D. Pien and D. Hamburg (1979) Value of cultures in patients with acute cellulitis. South. Med. J. 72 1402-1403.
76. P.H. Hoeger, W. Lenz, A. Boutonnier, et al. (1992) Staphylococcal skin colonization in children with atopic dermatitis: Prevalence, persistence, and transmission of toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains. J. Infect. Dis. 165 1064-1068.
77. S. Hsieh and F.E. Babl (1999) Serratia marcescens cellulitis following an iguana bite. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28 1181-1182.
78. C.T. Hsu, Y.T. Lin, Y.H. Yang and B.L. Chiang (2004) The hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. J Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 37 121-123.
79. M.A. Jackson, J. Colombo and A. Boldrey (2003) Streptococcal fasciitis with toxic shock syndrome in the pediatric patient. Orthop. Nurs. 22 4-8.
80. W.R. Jarvis (1996) The epidemiology of colonization. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 17 47-52.
81. S.L. Kaplan (2006) Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in children. Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 17 113-119.
82. S.L. Kaplan, K.G. Hulten, B.E. Gonzalez, et al. (2005) Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40 1785-1791.
83. M. Kars, H. van Dijk, M.M. Salimans, et al. (2005) Association of furunculosis and familial deficiency of mannose-binding lectin. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 35 531-534.
84. C. Kelly, D. Taplin and A.M. Allen (1971) Streptococcal ecthyma: Treatment with benzathine penicillin G. Arch. Dermatol. 103 306-310.
85. A. Kimyai-Asadi, F.A. Tausk and H.C. Nousari (1999) Ecthyma secondary to herpes simplex virus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29 454-455.
86. M.S. Kocher, C.J. Coombs and J. Upton 3rd. (1996) Actinomycetoma of the phalanx in an immunocompromised patient: A case report. J. Hand Surg. [Am.] 21 515-517.
87. N.P. Kokx, J.A. Comstock and R.R. Facklam (1987) Streptococcal perianal disease in children. Pediatrics 80 659-663.
88. J. Lacroix, D. Cau, C. Pascal, et al. (1983) A case of erysipelas caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Union Med. Can. 112 272.
89. J. Lapins, K. Sartorius and L. Emtestam (2002) Scanner-assisted carbon dioxide laser surgery: A retrospective follow-up study of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 47 280-285.
90. E.L. Larson, C.A. Hughes, J.D. Pyrek, et al. (1998) Changes in bacterial flora associated with skin damage on hands of health care personnel. Am. J. Infect. Control 26 513-521.
91. J. Le and J.M. Lieberman (2006) Management of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pharmacotherapy 26 1758-1770.
92. S.M. Lesko, K.L. O'Brien, B. Schwartz, et al. (2001) Invasive group A streptococcal infection and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use among children with primary varicella. Pediatrics 107 1108-1115.
93. R. Levy and F. Schlaeffer (1993) Successful treatment of a patient with recurrent furunculosis by vitamin C: Improvement of clinical course and of impaired neutrophil functions. Int. J. Dermatol. 32 832-834.
94. R. Levy, O. Shriker, A. Porath, et al. (1996) Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with impaired neutrophil functions. J. Infect. Dis. 173 1502-1505.
95. C. Lion, M.C. Conroy, M.L. Dupuy, et al. (1995) Pasteurella “SP” group infection after a guinea pig bite. Lancet 346 901-902.
96. E.C. Loebl, J.A. Marvin, P.W. Curreri, et al. (1974) Survival with ecthyma gangrenosum, a previously fatal complication of burns. J. Trauma 14 370-377.
97. I.N. Mandell, H.D. Feiner, N.M. Price, et al. (1977) Pseudomonas cepacia endocarditis and ecthyma gangrenosum. Arch. Dematol. 113 199-202.
98. V.J. Marks and M. Maksimak (1988) Perianal streptococcal cellulitis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 18 587-588.
99. S. McLinn (1990) A bacteriologically controlled, randomized study comparing the efficacy of 2% mupirocin ointment (Bactroban) with oral erythromycin in the treatment of patients with impetigo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 22 883-885.
100. F.T. Meredith and D.J. Sexton (1996) Mycobacterium abscessus osteomyelitis following a plantar puncture wound. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23 651-653.
101. L. Mereghetti, N. van der Mee-Marquet, A.F. Dubost, et al. (1997) Nocardia otitidis-caviarum infection of a traumatic skin wound. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16 383-384.
102. P. Milstein and R. Gleckman (1975) Pneumococcal erysipelas: A unique case in an adult. Am. J. Med. 59 293-296.
103. D. Miron, A.L. El, M. Zuker, et al. (2000) Mycobacterium fortuitum osteomyelitis of the cuboid after nail puncture wound. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 19 483-485.
104. N.P. Mogielnicki, J.D. Schwartzman and J.A. Elliott (2000) Perineal group A streptococcal disease in a pediatric practice. Pediatrics 106 276-281.
105. C.D. Moyer, P.A. Sykes and J.M. Rayner (1977) Aeromonas hydrophila septicaemia producing ecthyma gangrenosum in a child with leukaemia. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 9 151-153.
106. J.J. Murphy, R. Granger, G.K. Blair, et al. (1995) Necrotizing fasciitis in childhood. J. Pediatr. Surg. 30 1131-1134.
107. O. Murphy, P.J. Marsh, J. Gray, et al. (1996) Ecthyma gangrenosum occurring at sites of iatrogenic trauma in pediatric oncology patients. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 27 62-63.
108. K. O'Brien, B. Schwartz, S.M. Lesko, et al. (1999) Necrotizing fasciitis during primary varicella. Pediatrics 103 783-790.
109. N. Ohana, J. Keness, E. Verner, et al. (1989) Skin-isolated, community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus: In vitro resistance to methicillin and erythromycin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 21 544-546.
110. M. Patel, J.C. Ahrens, D.V. Moyer, et al. (1994) Pneumococcal soft-tissue infections: A problem deserving more recognition. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19 149-151.
111. A. Pouryousefi, J. Foland, C. Michie, et al. (1999) Ecthyma gangrenosum as a very early herald of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. J. Paediatr. Child Health 35 505-506.
112. R. Rabinowitz and E.B. Lewin (1980) Gangrene of the genitalia in children with Pseudomonas sepsis. J. Urol. 124 431-432.
113. A. Rahmouni, O. Chosidow, D. Mathieu, et al. (1994) MR imaging in acute infectious cellulitis. Radiology 192 493-496.
114. K.P. Redbord, D.A. Shearer, H. Gloster, et al. (2006) Atypical Mycobacterium furunculosis occurring after pedicures. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 54 520-524.
115. S. Rhie, R. Turcios, H. Buckley, et al. (2000) Clinical features and treatment of Malassezia folliculitis with fluconazole in orthotopic heart transplant recipients. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 19 215-219.
116. A.V. Rittner, K. Fitzpatrick and A. Corfield (2005) Best evidence topic report: Are antibiotic indicated following human bites? Emerg. Med. J. 22 654.
117. S. Rodot, J.P. Lacour, L. van Elslande, et al. (1995) Ecthyma gangrenosum caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int. J. Dermatol. 34 216-217.
118. U. Rolle (2000) Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis after bite injuries in children. J. Pediatr. Surg. 35 1408-1409.
119. J.C. Roujeau (2001) Necrotizing fasciitis: Clinical criteria and risk factors. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 128 376-381.
120. G. Schwarz, M. Sagy and Z. Barzilay (1989) Multifocal necrotizing fasciitis in varicella. Pediatr. Emerg. Care 5 31-33.
121. J.D. Semel and G. Trenholme (1990) Aeromonas hydrophila water-associated traumatic wound infections: A review. J. Trauma 30 324-327.
122. L.D. Sevinsky, C. Viecens, D.O. Ballesteros, et al. (1993) Ecthyma gangrenosum: A cutaneous manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 29 104-106.
123. S. Shama and G.B. Calandra (1982) Atypical erysipelas caused by group G streptococci in a patient with cured Hodgkin's disease. Arch. Dermatol. 118 934-936.
124. B. Shopsin, B. Mathema, J. Martinez, et al. (2000) Prevalence of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the community. J. Infect. Dis. 182 359-362.
125. R.U. Sidwell, M.A. Ibrahim and C.B. Bunker (2002) A case of common variable immunodeficiency presenting with furunculosis. Br. J. Dermatol. 147 364-367.
126. A.E. Simor, E. Phillips, A. McGeer, et al. (2007) Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine gluconate for washing, intranasal mupirocin, and rifampin and doxycycline versus no treatment for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 178-185.
127. K.J. Smith, R. Neafie, J. Yeager, et al. (1999) Micrococcus folliculitis in HIV-1 disease. Br. J. Dermatol. 141 558-561.
128. P.F. Smith, A.M. Meadowcroft and D.B. May (2000) Treating mammalian bite wounds. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 25 85-99.
129. R.J. Sokol and R.A. Bowden (1980) An erysipelas-like scalp cellulitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b. J. Pediatr. 96 60-61.
130. D.M. Sosin, R.A. Gunn, W.L. Ford, et al. (1989) An outbreak of furunculosis among high school athletes. Am. J. Sports Med. 17 828-832.
131. L. Stone, F. Codére and S.A. Ma (1991) Streptococcal lid necrosis in previously healthy children. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 26 386-390.
132. D.A. Talan, F.M. Abrahamian, G.J. Moran, et al. (2003) Clinical presentation and bacteriologic analysis of infected human bites in patients presenting to emergency departments. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37 1481-1489.
133. D.B. Thomas, D.E. Brooks, T.G. Bice, et al. (2005) Tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulphate prevents infection in contaminated wounds. Clin. Orthop. 441 366-371.
134. D. Turnbull and M.F. Parry (1981) Ecthyma-like skin lesions caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Arch. Intern. Med. 141 689.
135. I.J. Umbert, R.K. Winkelmann, G.F. Oliver, et al. (1989) Necrotizing fasciitis: A clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 20 774-781.
136. L. Vaillant (2001) Diagnostic criteria for erysipelas. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 128 326-333.
137. R. Varghese, J.C. Melo, C.H. Chun, et al. (1979) Erysipelas-like syndrome caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. South. Med. J. 72 757-758.
138. P.N. Wenger, J.M. Brown, M.M. McNeil, et al. (1998) Nocardia farcinica sternotomy site infections in patients following open heart surgery. J. Infect. Dis. 178 1539-1543.
139. J.C. Wenke, B.D. Owens, S.J. Svoboda and D.E. Brooks (2006) Effectiveness of commercially-available antibiotic-impregnated implants. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 88 1102-1104.
140. C.M. Wilfert (1990) Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b infections. Pediatrics 85 631-635.
141. J. Zentner, W. Hassler and D. Petersen (1991) A wooden foreign body penetrating the superior orbital fissure. Neurochirurgia 34 188-190.
142. D.M. Zerr, E.R. Alexander, J.S. Duchin, et al. (2000) A case-control study of necrotizing fasciitis during primary varicella. Pediatrics 105 1372-1373.
143. D.M. Zerr and C.E. Rubens (1999) NSAIDs and necrotizing fasciitis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18 724-725.
144. M. Zittergruen and C. Grose (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging for early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Pediatr. Emerg. Care 9 26-28.