Troubled waters: The national flood insurance program in historical perspective

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 327-353

  Knowles, Scott Gabriel ^a   Kunreuther, Howard C ^b  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902286914     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0898030614000153     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. The National Flood Insurance Program was created through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, Public Law 90-448, 90th Cong., 2nd sess., 1968.
2. Alfred Manes, Insurance: Facts and Problems; Selected Lectures on Business Administration and Economics (New York, 1938).
3. Douglas C. Dacy and Howard Kunreuther, The Economics of Natural Disasters: Implications for Federal Policy (New York, 1969), 37-47.
4. Frank Hobbs and Nicole Stoops, U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Special Reports, Series CENSR-4, Demographic Trends in the 20th Century (Washington, D.C., 2002), 24, 27-28, A-1
5. "Mapping the 2010 U.S. Census," New York Times, http://projects. nytimes.com/census/2010/map (accessed 18 September 2013).
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8. National Weather Service, Hydrologic Information Center, Flood Loss data: http://www.nws. noaa.gov/hic/
9. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA's State of the Coast, U.S. Hurricane Top Ten Lists: http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/insurance/ hurricanetopten.html.
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15. Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012, Public Law 112-141, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., 2012.
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32. Ernest B. Abbott, " Floods, Flood Insurance, Litigation, Politics-and Catastrophe: The National Flood Insurance Program," Sea Grant Law and Policy Journal 1, no. 1 (June 2008): 129-55
33. American Academy of Actuaries, Flood Insurance Subcommittee, "The National Flood Insurance Program: Past, Present⋯ and Future?" July 2011
34. James M. Wright, "The Nation's Responses to Flood Disasters: A Historical Account, A Report by the Association of State Floodplain Managers," April 2010.
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39. Lyndon B. Johnson: "Executive Order 11296-Evaluation of Flood Hazard in Locating Federally Owned or Financed Buildings, Roads, and Other Facilities, and in Disposing of Federal Lands and Properties," 10 August 1966. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=60542.
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51. Anderson, "The National Flood Insurance Program," 582-84.
52. "Chronology," 15.
53. Anderson, "The National Flood Insurance Program," 585-86.
54. FEMA, "A Chronology of Major Events Affecting the National Flood Insurance Program," 20.
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56. Comptroller General of the United States, "Formidable Administrative Problems Challenge Achieving National Flood Insurance Program Objectives," April 1976, ii.
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64. Charles Perrow, The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters (Princeton, 2007)
65. Platt, Disasters and Democracy
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68. David A. Moss, When All Else Fails: Government as the Ultimate Risk Manager (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), 256-57.
69. David A. Moss, " Courting Disaster? The Transformation of Federal Disaster Policy Since 1803," in The Financing of Catastrophe Risk, ed. Kenneth A. Froot (Chicago, 1999), 307-55, 318.
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71. Moss, "Courting Disaster?" 318.
72. Chris Kirkham and John Rudolf, "Jersey Shore Development Failures Exposed by Hurricane Sandy," Huffington Post, 12 December 2012: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/11/jersey-shore-development-n-2267557. html.
73. Gilbert F. White, "Looking Toward the Horizon: Prospects for Floodplain Managers," Association of State Floodplain Managers Annual Conference, Little Rock, Ark., 1997
74. quoted in Wright, "The Nation's Responses to Flood Disasters," 41.
75. Carolyn Kousky and Erwann O. Michel-Kerjan, "Informed Decisions on Catastrophe Risk: Hurricane Sandy's Storm Surge and the NFIP," Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, November 2012.
76. G. McClelland, W. Schulze, and D. Coursey, " Insurance for Low-Probability Hazards: A Bimodal Response to Unlikely Events," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 7 (1993) : 9 5-1 16.
77. Erwann Michel-Kerjan, S. Lemoyne de Forges, and Howard Kunreuther, " Policy Tenure under the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)," Risk Analysis 32, no. 4 (2012): 644-58.
78. W. Kriesel and C. Landry, " Participation in the NFIP: An Empirical Analysis for Coastal Properties," Journal of Risk and Insurance 71 (2004): 405-20 (Pubitemid 39307879)
79. L. Dixon, N. Clancy, S. A. Seabury, and A. Overton, The National Flood Insurance Program's Market Penetration Rate: Estimates and Policy Implications (Santa Monica, Calif., 2006).
80. Wright, "The Nation's Responses to Flood Disasters," 36.
81. Scott Gabriel Knowles, The Disaster Experts: Mastering Risk in Modern America (Philadelphia, 2011), chaps. 1-3.
82. Andrew Healy and Neil Malhotra, " Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy," American Political Science Review 101, no. 3 (August 2009): 387-406.
83. "The National Flood Insurance Program: Past, Present, and Future?" American Academy of Actuaries, July 2011, 9.
84. Douglas Jordan, "U.S. Rep. Ron DeSantis on Defensive After Disaster Vote," St. Augustine Record, 17 June 2013; http://jacksonville.com/news/ politics/2013-06-17/story/us-rep-ron-desantis-defensive-After-disaster- vote#ixzz2ZKlH2fM3.
85. Howard Kunreuther, Erwann Michel-Kerjan, and Mark Pauly, " Making America More Resilient Toward Natural Disasters: A Call for Action " Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 55, no. 4 (July-August 2013): 15-23.
86. The Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 is Title II of the Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2012 (H.R. 4348). The roll-call vote in the House of Representatives was 373-52 and 74-19 in the Senate. The bill was signed into law by President Obama on 6 July 2012.
87. More details on FEMA's Advisory Base Flood Elevations (ABFE) program can be found at http://www.region2coastal.com/faqs/advisory-bfe-faq.
88. Carolyn Kousky and Howard Kunreuther, " Addressing Affordability in the National Flood Insurance Program " Journal of Extreme Events, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2014) 1450001 (28 pages), DOI: 10.1142/S2345737614500012
89. Kousky and Kunreuther, "Addressing Affordability in the National Flood Insurance Program," Resources for the Future/Wharton Risk Center, RFF-13-12, August 2013.
90. Senator Mary Landrieu, Press Release, "Landrieu: We Need to Repeal, Amend, or Delay Biggert-Waters to Make Flood Insurance Affordable," 13 September 2013: http://www.landrieu.senate.gov/?p=press-release&id=3970.
91. U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, "Hearings: Implementation of the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Act of 2012: One Year After Enactment," 18 September 2013.
92. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Flood Insurance: More Information Needed on Subsidized Properties, GAO-607, 3 July 2013.
93. Scott Gabriel Knowles, "Flood Zone Foolishness: Politicians from Disaster-Prone States Lead the Fight Against Real Disaster Reforms," Slate, 23 March 2014: http://www.slate.com/articles/health-and-science/science/2014/ 03/biggert-waters-and-nfip-flood-insurance-should-be-strengthened.html.
94. Howard Kunreuther and Erwann Michel-Kerjan, "Maintain the Best Features of Biggert-Waters" The Hill, 6 March 2014
95. Robert Repetto and Robert Easton, " Climate Change and Damage from Extreme Weather Events," Environment 52 (2012): 2, 22-33.
96. Howard Kunreuther, Erwann Michel-Kerjan, and Nicola Ranger, " Insuring Against Future Climate Catastrophes," Climatic Change 18 (2013): 2, 339-54.