Coupled wind-forced controls of the Bering-Chukchi shelf circulation and the Bering Strait throughflow: Ekman transport, continental shelf waves, and variations of the Pacific-Arctic sea surface height gradient

Progress in Oceanography

Volumn 125, Issue , 2014, Pages 40-61

  Danielson, Seth L ^a   Weingartner, Thomas J ^a   Hedstrom, Katherine S ^a   Aagaard, Knut ^b   Woodgate, Rebecca ^b   Curchitser, Enrique ^c   Stabeno, Phyllis J ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS; PRESSURE GRADIENT; STORMS; TIME MEASUREMENT; WIND STRESS;

CONTINENTAL SHELVES; DECADAL TIMESCALE; EAST-SIBERIAN SEAS; HYDROGRAPHIC PROFILES; INTEGRATED EFFECTS; MODEL INTEGRATION; SEA SURFACE HEIGHT; WESTERN SUBARCTIC GYRE;

SURFACE WATERS;

CONTINENTAL SHELF; EKMAN PUMPING; EKMAN TRANSPORT; GYRE; NUMERICAL MODEL; PRESSURE GRADIENT; SEA SURFACE HEIGHT; SHELF WAVE; THROUGHFLOW; UPLIFT; WATER COLUMN; WIND FORCING; WIND STRESS;

ALEUTIAN BASIN; ARCTIC OCEAN; BEAUFORT; BERING SEA; BERING STRAIT; CHUKCHI SEA; CHUKCHI SHELF; NORTH CAROLINA; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTH); UNITED STATES;

EID: 84901940252     PISSN: 00796611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.006     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Aagaard K., Carmack E.C. The role of sea-ice and other fresh water in the Arctic Circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1989, 94:14485-14498. 10.1029/89JC01375.
2. Aagaard K., Coachman L.K., Carmack E.C. On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part A 1981, 28:529-545.
3. Aagaard K., Roach A.T., Schumacher J.D. On the wind-driven variability of the flow through Bering Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1985, 90:7213-7221.
4. Aagaard K., Weingartner T.J., Danielson S.L., Woodgate R.A., Johnson G.C., Whitledge T.E. Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:L19602. 10.1029/2006GL026612.
5. Allen J.S. Continental Shelf waves and alongshore variations in bottom topography and coastline. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1976, 6:864-878.
6. Bloom G.L. Water transport and temperature measurements in the eastern Bering Strait 1953-1958. Journal of Geophysical Research 1964, 69:3335-3354.
7. Boyer, T.P., Antonov, J.I., Baranova, O.K., Garcia, H.E., Johnson, D.R., Locarnini, R.A., Mishonov, A.V., O'Brien, T.D., Seidov, D., Smolyar, I.V., Zweng, M.M., 2009. World Ocean Database, 2009. In: Levitus, S. (Ed.), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 66, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Wash., DC.
8. Brink K.H. Wind-driven currents over the continental shelf. The Sea 1998, 10:3-20.
9. Budgell W.P. Numerical simulation of ice-ocean variability in the Barents Sea region: towards dynamical downscaling. Ocean Dynamics 2005, 55:370-387. 10.1007/s10236-005-0008-3.
10. Carton J.A., Chepurin G., Cao X., Giese B.S. A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950-1995, Part 1: methodology. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2000, 30:294-309.
11. Carton J.A., Chepurin G., Cao X. A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950-1995 Part 2: results. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2000, 30:311-326.
12. Carton J.A., Giese B.S. A reanalysis of ocean climate using simple ocean data assimilation (SODA). Monthly Weather Review 2008, 136:2999-3017. 10.1175/2007MWR1978.1.
13. Chapman D.C. Numerical treatment of cross-shelf open boundaries in a barotropic coastal ocean model. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1985, 15:1060-1075.
14. Cherniawsky J.Y., Crawford W.R., Nikitin O.P., Carmack E.C. Bering Strait transports from satellite altimetry. Journal of Marine Research 2005, 63(5):887-900.
15. Clement J.L., Maslowski W., Cooper L., Grebmeier J., Walczowski W. Ocean circulation and exchanges through the northern Bering Sea-1979-2001 model results. Deep-Sea Research II. 2005, 52:3509-3540.
16. Coachman L.K., Aagaard K. On the water exchange through Bering Strait. Limnology Oceanography 1966, 11(1):44-59.
17. CNES, 2013. Ssalto/Duacs User Handbook: (M)SLA and (M)ADT Near-Real Time and Delayed Time Products. Aviso, CLS-DOS-NT-06-034, Issue 3.4.
18. Coachman L.K., Aagaard K. Re-evaluation of water transports in the vicinity of Bering Strait. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources 1981, vol. 1:95-110. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. D.W. Hood, J.A. Calder (Eds.).
19. Coachman L.K., Aagaard K. Transports through Bering Strait: annual and interannual variability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1988, 93(C12):15535-15539.
20. Coachman, L.K., Aagaard, K., Tripp, R.B., 1975. Bering Strait: The Regional Physical Oceanography. Univ. of Wash. Press, Seattle, WA.
21. Coachman L.K. On the flow field in the Chirikov Basin. Continental Shelf Research 1993, 13:481-508.
22. Cota G.F., Pomeroy L.R., Harrison W.G., Jones E.P., Peters F., Sheldon W.M., Weingartner T.R. Nutrients, primary production and microbial heterotrophy in the southeastern Chukchi Sea: Arctic summer nutrient depletion and heterotrophy. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1996, 135:247-258.
23. Curchitser E.N., Haidvogel D.B., Hermann A.J., Dobbins E.L., Powell T.M., Kaplan A. Multi-scale modeling of the North Pacific Ocean: assessment and analysis of simulated basin-scale variability (1996-2003). Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2005, 110:C11021. 10.1029/2005JC002902.
24. Cushman-Roisin B. Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 1994, 320. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N. J.
25. Dai A., Qian T., Trenberth K.E., Milliman J.D. Changes in continental freshwater discharge from 1948-2004. Journal of Climate 2009, 22:2773-2791.
26. Danielson S., Aagaard K., Weingartner T., Martin S., Winsor P., Gawarkiewicz G., Quadfasel D. The St. Lawrence polynya and the Bering shelf circulation: new observations that test the models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2006, J111:C09023. 10.1029/2005JC003268.
27. Danielson, S., Eisner, L., Weingartner, T., Aagaard, K., 2011a. Thermal and haline variability over the central Bering Sea shelf: seasonal and inter-annual perspectives. Continental Shelf Research. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.12.010.
28. Danielson S., Curchitser E., Hedstrom K., Weingartner T., Stabeno P. On ocean and sea ice modes of variability in the Bering Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2011, 116:C12034. 10.1029/2011JC007389.
29. Danielson S., Hedstrom K., Aagaard K., Weingartner T., Curchitser E. Wind-induced reorganization of the Bering shelf circulation. Geophysical Research Letters 2012, 39:L08601. 10.1029/2012GL051231.
30. Danielson S., Weingartner T., Aagaard K., Zhang J., Woodgate R. Circulation on the central Bering Sea shelf, July 2008 to July 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2012, 117:C10003. 10.1029/2012JC008303.
31. De Boer A.M., Nof D. The exhaust valve of the North Atlantic. Letter in Journal of Climate 2004, 17:417-422.
32. De Boer A.M., Nof D. The Bering Strait's grip on the Northern Hemisphere Climate. Deep Sea Research Part I 2004, 51:1347-1366.
33. Emery, W.J., Thomson, R.E., 2001. Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography. Elsevier, xvi+638pp.
34. Fedorova Z.P., Yankina Z.S. Supply of Pacific Ocean water through Bering Strait into Chukchi Sea. Okeanologiya 1963, 3:777-784. (in Russian).
35. Flather R.A. A tidal model of the northwest European continental shelf. Memoires de la Societe Royale de Sciences de Liege 1976, 6:141-164.
36. Garvine R.W. A dynamical system of classifying buoyant coastal discharges. Continental Shelf Research 1995, 15:1585-1596.
37. Gawarkiewicz G., Haney J.C., Caruso M.J. Summertime synoptic variability of frontal systems in the northern Bering Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1994, 99:7617-7625. 10.1029/94JC00259.
38. Giles, K.A., Laxon, S.W. Ridout, A.L., Wingham, D.J., Bacon, S., 2012. Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind- driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre. Nature Geoscience. doi:10.1038/ngeo1379.
39. Gill, A.E., 1982. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic, San Diego, Calif., 662pp.
40. Goosse H., Campin J.M., Fichefet T., Deleersnijder E. Sensitivity of a global ice-ocean model to the Bering Strait throughflow. Climate Dynamics 1997, 13(5):349-358.
41. Grebmeier J.M., Mcroy C.P., Feder H.M. Pelagic-benthic coupling on the shelf of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas I. Food supply source and benthic biomass. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1988, 48:57-67.
42. Hu A., Meehl G.A., Otto-Bliesner B.L., Waelbroeck C., Han W., Loutre M.-F., Lambeck K., Mitrovica J.X., Rosenbloom N. Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea level changes. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3:118-121. 10.1038/ngeo729.
43. Hunke E.C., Dukowicz J.K. An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1997, 27:1849-1867. 10.1175/ 1520-0485(1997) 027<1849:AEVPMF>2.0.CO;2.
44. Hunke E.C. Viscous-plastic sea ice dynamics with the EVP model: linearization issues. Journal of Computational Physics 2001, 170:18-38. 10.1006/jcph.2001.6710.
45. Isoguchi O., Kawamura H., Kono T. A study on wind-driven circulation in the subarctic North Pacific using TOPEX/POSEIDON alti-meter data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1997, 102(C6):12457-12468.
46. Jakobsson M., et al. The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) Version 3.0. Geophysical Research Letters 2012, 39:L12609. 10.1029/2012GL052219.
47. Johnson W., Kowalik Z. Modeling of storm surges in the Bering Sea and Norton Sound. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1986, 91(C4):5119-5128.
48. Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R., Collins W., Deaven D., Gandin L., Iredell M., Saha S., White G., Woollen J., Zhu Y., Leetmaa A., Reynolds R., Chelliah M., Ebisuzaki W., Higgins W., Janowiak J., Mo K.C., Ropelewski C., Wang J., Jenne R., Joseph D. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1996, 77:437-470.
49. Kasper J.L., Weingartner T.J. Modeling winter circulation under landfast ice. The interaction of winds with landfast ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2012, 117(C04006):14. 10.1029/2011JC007649.
50. Kinder T.H., Schumacher J.D. Circulation over the continental shelf of the Southeastern Bering Sea. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf, Oceanography and Resources 1981, vol. 1:53-75. Univ. of Wash, Press, Seattle, WA.
51. Kinder T.J., Chapman D.C., Whitehead J.A. Westward intensification of the mean circulation on the Bering Sea shelf. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1986, 16:1217-1229.
52. Kwok R., Morison J. Dynamic topography of the ice-covered Arctic Ocean from ICESAT. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38:L02501.
53. Lagerloef G.S.E. Interdecadal variations in the Alaska gyre. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1995, 25:2242-2258.
54. Large W.G., Pond S. Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1981, 11:324-336. 10.1175/1520-0485(1981) 011<0324:OOMFMi>2.0.CO;2.
55. Large W.G., Yeager S.G. The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set. Climate Dynamics 2009, 33:341-364. 10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3.
56. Le Traon P.Y., Dibarboure G. Mesoscale mapping capabilities of multi-satellite altimeter missions. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 1999, 16:1208-1223.
57. Mathis, J.T., Bates, N.R., Hansell, D.A., Babila, T., 2008. Interannual variability of net community production over the Northeast Chukchi Sea Shelf. Deep Sea Research II. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.10.017.
58. McPhee M.G., Proshutinsky A., Morison J.H., Steele M., Alkire M.B. Rapid change in freshwater content of the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36:L10602.
59. Mellor G.L., Kantha L. An ice-ocean coupled model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1989, 94:10937-10954. 10.1029/JC094iC08p10937.
60. Mesinger F., DiMego G., Kalnay E., Mitchell K., Shafran P.C., Ebisuzaki W., Jović D., Woollen J., Rogers E., Berbery E.H., Ek M.B., Fan Y., Grumbine R., Higgins W., Li H., Lin Y., Manikin G., Parrish D., Shi W. North American regional re-analysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2006, 87:343-360. 10.1175/BAMS-87-3-343.
61. Moore G.W.K. Decadal variability and a recent amplification of the summer Beaufort Sea High. Geophysical Research Letters 2012, 39:L10807. 10.1029/2012GL051570.
62. Mountain D.G., Coachman L.K., Aagaard K. On the flow through Barrow Canyon. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1976, 6:461-470.
63. Muench R.D., Schumacher J.D., Salo S.A. Winter currents and hydrographic conditions on the northern central Bering Sea shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1988, 93(C1):516-526. 10.1029/JC093iC01p00516.
64. Overland J.E., Roach A.T. Northward flow in the Bering and Chukchi seas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1987, 92:7097-7105.
65. Overland J.E., Adams J.M., Bond N.A. Decadal variability of the Aleutian Low and its relation to high-latitude circulation. Journal of Climate 1999, 12:1542-1548. 10.1175/1520-0442(1999) 012<1542:DVOTAL>2.0.CO;2.
66. Overland, J.E., Wang, M., Wood, K.R., Percival, D.B., Bond, N.A., 2012. Recent Bering Sea warm and cold events in a 95-year context. Deep Sea Research II 65-70, 6-13. ISSN:0967-0645. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.02.013.
67. Pickart R.S., Moore G.W.K., Macdonald A.M., Renfrew I.A., Walsh J.E., Kessler W.S. Seasonal evolution of Aleutian low-pressure systems: Implications for North Pacific sub-polar circulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography 2009, 39:1317-1339.
68. Proshutinsky A.Y., Johnson M.A. Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1997, 102:12493-12514. 10.1029/97JC00738.
69. Proshutinsky A., Bourke R.H., McLaughlin F.A. The role of the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: seasonal to decadal climate scales. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29:2100. 10.1029/2002GL015847.
70. Proshutinsky A., Krishfield R., Timmermans M.-L., Toole J., Carmack E., McLaughlin F., Williams W.J., Zimmermann S., Itoh M., Shimada K. The Beaufort Gyre Fresh Water Reservoir: state and variability from observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2009, 114. 10.1029/2008 JC0055104.
71. Ratmanov G.E. On the question of water exchange through Bering Strait. Issledovaniya Morei SSSR 1937, 25:119-135. (in Russian).
72. Reed R.J., Kunkel B.A. The arctic circulation in summer. Journal of Meteorology 1960, 17:489-506.
73. Rienecker M., Suarez M., Gelaro R., Todling R., Bacmeister J., Liu E., Bosilovich M., Schubert S., Takacs L., Kim G., Bloom S., Chen J., Collins D., Conaty A., Da Silva A., Gu W., Joiner J., Koster R., Lucchesi R., Molod A., Owens T., Pawson A., Pegion P., Redder C., Reichle R., Robertson F., Ruddick A., Sienkiewicz M., Woollen J. MERRA: NASA's modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. Journal of Climate 2011, 24:3624-3648. 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1.
74. Roach A.T., Aagaard K., Pease C.H., Salo S.A., Weingartner T., Pavlov V., Kulakov M. Direct measurements of transport and water properties through Bering Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1995, 100:18443-18457.
75. Røed, L.P., Debernard, J., 2004. Description of an Integrated Flux and Sea-Ice Model Suitable for Coupling to an Ocean an Atmosphere Model, Rep. 4, Norw. Meteorol. Inst., Oslo, 51pp.
76. Salathé E.P. Influences of a shift in North Pacific storm tracks on western North American precipitation under global warming. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:L19820. 10.1029/2006GL026882.
77. Sambrotto R.N., Goering J.J., McRoy C.P. Large yearly production of phytoplankton in the western Bering Strait. Science 1984, 225:1147-1150.
78. Schlitzer, R., 2002. Interactive analysis and visualization of geoscience data with Ocean Data View. Computers & Geosciences 28, 10, 1211-1218. ISSN:0098-3004. doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00040-7.
79. Schumacher J.D., Kinder T.H. Low-frequency current regimes over the Bering Sea Shelf. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1983, 13:607-623.
80. Schumacher J., Aagaard K., Pease C., Tripp R. Effects of a shelf polynya on flow and water properties in the Northern Bering Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1983, 88(C5):2723-2732.
81. Serreze M.C., Barrett A.P. Characteristics of the Beaufort Sea High. Journal of Climate 2011, 24:159-182. 10.1175/2010JCLI3636.1.
82. Serreze M.C., Box J.E., Barry R.G., Walsh J.E. Characteristics of Arctic synoptic activity, 1952-1989. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 1993, 51:147-164.
83. Serreze M.C., Barrett A.P., Slater A.G., Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Lammers R.B., Steele M., Moritz R., Meredith M., Lee C.M. The large-scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2006, 111:C11010. 10.1029/2005JC003424.
84. Shaffer G., Bendtsen J. Role of the Being Strait in controlling North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate. Nature 1994, 367:354-357. 10.1038/367354a0.
85. Shimada K., Kamoshida T., Itoh M., Nishino S., Carmack E., McLaughlin F., Zimmermann S., Proshutinsky A. Pacific Ocean inflow: influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:L08605. 10.1029/2005GL025624.
86. Shtokman, V.B., 1957. Vliyanie vetra na techeniya v Beringovo Prolive, prichiny ikh bol'shikh skorostei i preobladayueshego severnogo napravleniya, Trans. Inst. Okeanolog., Akad. Nauk SSSR 25, 171-197 (Translated by L.K. Coachman).
87. Sorteberg A., Walsh J.E. Seasonal cyclone variability at 70°N and its impact on moisture transport into the Arctic. Tellus Series A 2008, 60:570-586. 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00314.x.
88. Spall M.A. Circulation and water mass transformation in a model of the Chukchi Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2007, 112:C05025. 10.1029/2005JC003364.
89. Springer A.M., McRoy C.P. The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea-III. Patterns of primary productivity. Continental Shelf Research 1993, 13:575-599.
90. Stabeno P.J., Napp J.M., Mordy C.W., Whitledge T.E. Factors influencing physical structure and lower trophic levels of the eastern Bering Sea shelf in 2005: sea ice, tides and winds. Progress in Oceanography 2010, 85:180-196. 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.02.010.
91. Stabeno, P., Kachel, N., Moore, S., Napp, J., Sigler, M., Yamaguchi, A., Zerbini, A., 2012. Comparison of warm and cold years on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf. Deep Sea Research Part II. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.02.020.
92. Stigebrandt A. The North Pacific: a global-scale estuary. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1984, 14:464-470.
93. Thompson R.O.R.Y. Coherence significance levels. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 1979, 36:2020-2021. 10.1175/1520-0469(1979) 036<2020:CSL>2.0.CO;2.
94. Wadley M.R., Bigg G.R. Impact of flow through the Canadian Archipelago and Bering Strait on the North Atlantic and Arctic circulation: an ocean modelling study. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society 2002, 128:2187-2203.
95. Walsh J.J., McRoy C.P., Coachman L.K., Goering J.J., Nihoul J.J., Whitledge T.E., Blackburn T.H., Parker P.L., Wirick C.D., Shuert P.G., Grebmeier J.M., Springer A.M., Tripp R.D., Hansell D.A., Djenidi S., Deleersnijder E., Henriksen K., Lund B.A., Andersen P., Muller-Karger F.E., Dean K. Carbon and nitrogen cycling within the Bering Chukchi seas: source regions for organic matter effecting AOU demands of the Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 1989, 22(4):277-358.
96. Weingartner T.J., Cavalieri D.J., Aagaard K., Sasaki Y. Circulation, dense water formation and outflow on the northeast Chukchi Sea shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1998, 103:7647-7662.
97. Weingartner T.J., Danielson S., Sasaki Y., Pavlov V., Kulakov M. The Siberian Coastal Current: a wind and buoyancy-forced arctic coastal current. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 1999, 104:29697-29713.
98. Weingartner, T.J., Aagaard, K., Woodgate, R.A., Danielson, S., Sasaki, Y., Cavalieri, D., 2005. Circulation on the north central Chukchi Sea shelf. Deep Sea Research Part II. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.015.
99. Weingartner, T., E. Dobbins, S. Danielson, P. Winsor, R. Potter, and H. Statscewich, 2013. Hydrographic variability over the northeastern Chukchi Sea shelf in summer-fall 2008-2010. Continental Shelf Research,. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.03.012i.
100. Wijffels S.E., Schmitt R.W., Bryden H.L., Stigebrandt A. Transport of freshwater by the oceans. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1992, 22:155-162.
101. Wilkin J.L., Chapman D.C. Scattering of Continental Shelf waves at a discontinuity in shelf width. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1987, 17(6):713-724.
102. Wilkin, J.L., 1988. Scattering of Coastal-Trapped Waves by Irregularities in the Coastline and Topography. PhD. Thesis. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 121p.
103. Wilson, J.G., Overland, J.E., 1986. Meteorology. In: Hood, D.W., Zimmerman, S.T. (Eds.), The Gulf of Alaska, Physical Environment and Biological Resources, Alaska Office, Ocean Assessments Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 655pp.
104. Winsor P., Chapman D.C. Pathways of Pacific water across the Chukchi Sea: a numerical model study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2004, 109(C3). 10.1029/2003JC001962.
105. Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Weingartner T.J. A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: moored measurements from autumn 1990-1991. Deep Sea Research II 2005, 52(24-26):3116-3149. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016.
106. Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Weingartner T.J. Monthly temperature salinity, and transport variability of the Bering Strait throughflow. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L04601. 10.1029/2004GL021880.
107. Woodgate R.A., Aagaard K., Weingartner T.J. Interannual changes in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991 and 2004. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:L15609. 10.1029/2006GL026931.
108. Woodgate R.A., Weingartner T.J., Lindsay R.W. The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37:L01602. 10.1029/2009GL041621.
109. Woodgate R.A., Weingartner T.J., Lindsay R. Observed increases in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column. Geophysical Research Letters 2012, 39:L24603. 10.1029/2012GL054092.
110. Zhang X., Walsh J.E., Zhang J., Bhatt U.S., Ikeda M. Climatology and interannual variability of Arctic cyclone activity: 1948-2002. Journal of Climate 2004, 17:2300-2317.
111. Zhang Y.-C., Zhang L.-F., Wang W.-G. Interannual sea level variability in the North Pacific Ocean and its mechanisms. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 2010, 53(1):54-63.