The hardest deal of all: The battle over school integration in Mississippi, 1870-1980

The Hardest Deal of All: The Battle Over School Integration in Mississippi, 1870-1980

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-278

  Bolton, Charles C ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84901872919     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (428)

1. "The South: Intruders in the Dust, " Time, September 23, 1966, 26.
2. "Trials: 'I Never Hit Nobody, ' " Time, June 16, 1967, 48.
3. James Bonney, "School Mix Brings Grenada Violence, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion- Ledger, September 13, 1966.
4. Homer Bigart, "Grenada Official Gets Jail Term, "New York Times, September 17, 1966.
5. Charles E. Sondgrass, "Grenada Detail, " [September 1966].
6. Charles Edmundson, "Hasty Desegregation, Pressure of Marches Struck Violent Spark, Says Ex-City Manager, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, September 14, 1966.
7. "Grenada Whites Condemn Recent Racial Violence, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, September 21, 1966.
8. "Petition Hits Mix Violence in Grenada, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion Ledger, September 21, 1966.
9. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 530-31.
10. Andrew Jaffe, "Grenada, Mississippi: Perspective on the Backlash, "New South 21 (Fall 1966): 15-27.
11. James Bonney, "Negro, White Crowds Dispersed at Grenada, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion- Ledger, July 11, 1966.
12. Bill Crider, "City Officials Refuse Grenada CR Demands, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion Ledger, July 12, 1966.
13. Roger Baker, "Memo on Grenada, " September 30, 1966.
14. Roger Baker, Sovereignty Commission Report, October 31, 1966.
15. "Sunday Was Peaceful in Race-Tense Area, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, September 19, 1966.
16. Peter Schrag, "The Near-Myth of Our Failing Schools, " Atlantic Monthly, October 1997, 72-80.
17. Edward Mayes, History of Education in Mississippi (Washington, D. C. : Government Printing Office, 1899), 278-82.
18. William C. Harris, Presidential Reconstruction in Mississippi (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 84-86.
19. W. F. Smith, ed., "The Yankees in New Albany: Letter of Elizabeth Jane Beach, July 29, 1864, " Journal of Mississippi History 2 (January 1940): 46.
20. William C. Harris, "A Reconsideration of the Mississippi Scalawag, " Journal of Mississippi History 32 (Spring 1970): 12-13.
21. William Preston Vaughn, Schools For All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865-1877 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974), 42.
22. J. P. Bardwell, "Mississippi, " American Missionary 10 (October 1866): 219.
23. Henry Allen Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South (New York: Praeger, 1967), 43.
24. Margaret Hughes Fitzgerald, "Negro Education in Mississippi during Reconstruction" (master's thesis, Mississippi College, 1972), 25-28.
25. William C. Harris, Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 311-52.
26. Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 294-96.
27. Johnny L. Harris, "A Historical Analysis of Educational, Economic, and Political Change in Fayette, Mississippi, from 1954 to 1971" (Ed. D. diss., Florida State University, 1972), 39.
28. Eric Foner, Reconstruction, 1863-1877: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 588-89.
29. C. Van Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), 61-63.
30. Laws of the State of Mississippi, 1878 (Jackson, Miss. : Power and Barksdale, 1878), 103.
31. Stuart Grayson Noble, Forty Years of the Public Schools of Mississippi, with a Special Reference to the Education of the Negro (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1918), 53-54.
32. Proceedings of the State Teachers' Association of Mississippi at Its Annual Meeting, 1887 (Jackson, Miss. : The Association, 1888).
33. Proceedings of the State Teachers' Association of Mississippi at Its Annual Meeting, 1889 (Jackson, Miss. : The Association, 1890).
34. Lewis William Godlove, "History of the MEA" (Ed. D. diss., University of Mississippi, 1961), 52-62.
35. Cleopatra D. Thompson, The History of the Mississippi Teachers Association (Jackson: Mississippi Teachers Association, 1973).
36. Carroll Brinson, Jackson/A Special Kind of Place (Jackson, Miss. : City of Jackson, 1977), 128.
37. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality (New York: Knopf, 1976), 83.
38. E. A. Rowan, The Proposition to Amend Section 206 of the Constitution of Mississippi: Shall Mississippi Continue to Educate the Negroes at the Expense of the White Taxpayers (Wesson, Miss. : Wesson Enterprise Print, 1903).
39. George A. Sewall and Margaret L. Dwight, eds., Mississippi Black History Makers, rev. ed. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1984), 164.
40. "Governor Vardaman's Stirring Appeal to Mississippi: Long Message Read to Both Houses at Jackson, " Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 2, 1906.
41. Albert D. Kirwan, Revolt of the Rednecks: Mississippi Politics, 1876-1925 (New York: Harper and Row, 1951), 144-47.
42. Spencer J. Maxcy, "Progressivism and Rural Education in the Deep South, 1900-1950, " in Education and the Rise of the New South, ed. Ronald K. Goodenow and Arthur O. White, 52-53 (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981).
43. Corey T. Lesseig, Automobility: Social Changes in the American South, 1909-1939 (New York: Routledge, 2001), 76-77.
44. W. F. Bond, I Had a Friend: An Autobiography by Willard F. Bond (Kansas City: E. L. Mendenhall, 1958).
45. Twenty Years' Progress (1910-1930) and a Biennial Survey of Public Education in Mississippi (1929-1930 and 1930-1931) (Jackson, Miss. : n. p., 1931), 13-15.
46. G. J. Cain, Financing the Public Schools of Mississippi, August 1946.
47. Simeon Lafayette Stringer, "A Survey of Two Types of School Systems for Negro Education, a Semi-Consolidated School System without Transportation in Coahoma County, Mississippi, and a Consolidated School System with Transportation in Forrest County, Mississippi" (master's thesis, University of Mississippi, 1929).
48. Simeon Lafayette Stringer, Twenty Years' Progress (1910-1930), 51-53.
49. Joseph W. Addison, "The Adaptability of the Forrest County Mississippi Program of Negro Education to Certain Selected Counties of the State" (master's thesis, Xavier University, 1942).
50. Easom, Mississippi Educational Journal 15 (January 1939): 70-71.
51. R. B. Fulton, "Educational Progress in Mississippi, " in Proceedings of the Conference for Education in the South, the Sixth Session (New York: Committee on Publication, 1903), 109.
52. James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988).
53. Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), ch. 3.
54. William A. Link, A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society and Reform in Rural Virginia, 1870-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), ch. 8.
55. Anderson. Twenty Years' Progress, 45-46.
56. Anderson."County Training Schools, " Extract from Report of Director, April 28, 1915.
57. Anderson. "Some Results of the Work of the State Agent in Mississippi, " January 1938.
58. NASC Interim Writing Committee, The Jeanes Story: A Chapter in the History of American Education, 1908-1968 (Atlanta: Southern Education Foundation, 1979).
59. Bura Hilbun, "Report of Educational Activities in Negro Schools of Mississippi, 1923, " 50, vol. 136.
60. S. L. Smith, Builders of Goodwill: The Story of the State Agents of Negro Education in the South, 1910 to 1950 (Nashville: Tennessee Book, 1950), 126-29.
61. Edwin R. Embree and Julia Waxman, Investment in People: The Story of the Julius Rosenwald Fund (New York: Harper, 1949).
62. "Mound Bayou Mississippi, "Mississippi Educational Journal 3 (January 1927): 53.
63. "The P. T. A., "Mississippi Educational Journal 18 (May 1942): 153.
64. "Parent-Day Program a Success at Eureka, Hattiesburg, Miss, "Mississippi Educational Journal 22 (May 1946): 152.
65. Vanessa Siddle Walker, in Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
66. Rural Organizing and Cultural Center, Minds Stayed on Freedom: The Civil Rights Struggle in the Rural South, an Oral History (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1991), 47-48.
67. Mississippi Educational Journal 21 (November 1944): 29-30.
68. "Meridian Summer School, "Mississippi Educational Journal 13 (November 1936): 35.
69. P. H. Easom, "Some Results of the Work of the State Agent in Mississippi, " January 1938.
70. Mississippi Department of Education, Report of the Committee of Investigation of the Teacher Training Facilities for Negroes in Mississippi (Jackson, Miss. : State Superintendent of Education, 1930), 35.
71. Michael Fultz, "African American Teachers in the South 1890-1940: Powerlessness and the Ironies of Expectations and Protest, "History of Education Quarterly 35 (Winter 1996): 416-21.
72. "The P. T. A. (Jones Chapel Public School Community), " Mississippi Educational Journal 18 (May 1942): 153.
73. Adam Fairclough, Teaching Equality: Black Schools in the Age of Jim Crow (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001), ch. 1.
74. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), ch. 13.
75. T. R. M. Howard, "The Mississippi Negro in Our Changing World, " January 4, 1945.
76. "Negro Teachers Threaten Equal-Pay Suit as Solons Ready to Convene Tuesday, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, January 7, 1946.
77. Kenneth Toler, "Mississippi Negroes Ask School Equality, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, February 18, 1946.
78. "A Timely Warning, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, November 14, 1938.
79. Andrew Anthony Workman, "The Rejection of Accommodation by Mississippi's Black Public Elite, 1946-1954" (master's thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1988), 28.
80. "Easom Addresses Indianola Rotary, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, July 25, 1946.
81. Rena L. Vassar, ed., Social History of American Education, Volume II: 1860 to the Present (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), 5-7.
82. Daniel W. Crofts, "The Black Response to the Blair Education Bill, " Journal of Southern History 37 (February 1971): 41-65.
83. Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1983), ch. 1.
84. Ward M. McAfee, Religion, Race, and Reconstruction: The Public School in the Politics of the 1870s (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998).
85. "Hinds County Passing Through an Era of Good Felling [sic]" Mississippi Educational Journal 10 (January 1934): 86.
86. Gilbert E. Smith, The Limits of Reform: Politics and Federal Aid to Education, 1937-1950 (New York: Garland, 1982).
87. Erick LeRoy Lindman, The Federal Government and Public Schools (Washington, D. C. : American Association of School Administrators, 1965), 50-53.
88. Eleventh Annual Report of the Commission of Education, June 30, 1961 (Washington, D. C. : Government Printing Office, 1961).
89. Harry S. Truman, Memorandum of Disapproval, November 2, 1951.
90. "Federal Aid to Education Checkup May Save a Life, " Charleston (S. C. ) News and Courier, April 3, 1949.
91. Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995).
92. Davison M. Douglas, Reading, Writing and Race: The Desegregation of the Charlotte Schools (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), ch. 1.
93. Southern Regional Council, Wanted: An Educated South (Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1947), 20.
94. John Ray Skates Jr., "World War II and Its Effects 1940-1948, " in A History of Mississippi, ed. Richard Aubrey McLemore, 2: 131-33.
95. P. H. Easom and E. P. Littlejohn, "A Summary of the Main Legislative Enactments Pertaining to Negro Education in Mississippi, Passed by the 1946 Session of the Legislature, " Southern Regional Council Papers, reel 22. Mississippi Educational Journal 17 (December 1940): 50.
96. "Our Disgraceful Negro Schools, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, February 5, 1949.
97. E. S. Bishop, "President's Annual Message to the Fortieth Annual Session of the Mississippi Association of Teachers in Colored Schools, March 28-29, 1946, " Mississippi Educational Journal 22 (April 1946): 124.
98. "Address by Governor Fielding L. Wright, Annual Meeting of Teachers in Negro Schools, "Mississippi Educational Journal 25 (April 1949): 127.
99. "Fair Deal for Negro Schools, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, January 25, 1950.
100. "Local Teacher's Action May Hasten Passage of Salary Equalization Bill Now Before State Legislature, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, March 13, 1948.
101. Easom and Littlejohn. BIENNIAL (1950), 11.
102. "State-Wide Mass Meeting Get No Answer on Request For Bi-Racial COMMISION [sic], " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, March 27, 1948.
103. "Up and Down Farish Street, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, June 4-10, 1981. 25.
104. Catherine M. Jannik, "Gladys Noel Bates: Educator and Activist" (master's thesis, University of Southern Mississippi, 1999).
105. Vicki Crawford, "Race, Class, Gender, and Culture: Black Women's Activism in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, " Journal of Mississippi History 63 (Spring 1996): 8.
106. "Suits for Equal Pay for Negro and White Teachers to Be Filed on Every County in Mississippi, " Clarksdale (Miss.) Daily Press, May 12, 1949.
107. "Mrs. Gladys Noel Bates and Husband Denied Further Teacher Jobs in City School System, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, June 15, 1948.
108. Charles P. Smith, "Governor Fielding L. Wright's Legislative Program: 1946-1952" (master's thesis, University of Southern Mississippi, 1976), 60.
109. Linuel Duane Jayroe, "Kirby Pipken Walker, Superintendent, Jackson Municipal School District, 1937-1969" (Ed. D. diss., University of Mississippi, 1983), 106.
110. "White and Negro Teachers Vote Down Proposed Plan to Equalize Salaries Special Session Out, "October 7, 1949.
111. Scott Baker, "Testing Equality: The National Teacher Examination and the NAACP's Legal Campaign to Equalize Teachers' Salaries in the South, 1936-63, "History of Education Quarterly 35 (Spring 1995): 49-64.
112. Florence O. Alexander, "The Education of Negroes in Mississippi, " Journal of Negro Education 16 (Summer 1947): 377.
113. "Education Group Vote to Base Equal Pay on U. S. Teacher Exams, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, August 25, 1949.
114. "Better Negro Schools Are Now Imperative, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, April 19, 1949.
115. George Harmon, "Thigpen Predicts All Teacher Salary Bills Are Doomed, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, January 25, 1950.
116. C. Smith, BIENNIAL (1954), 163.
117. C. Smith, BIENNIAL (1956), 64.
118. C. Smith, BIENNIAL (1956), 18.
119. General Fund Budget Discussion for the Fiscal Biennium 1950-52 for the State of Mississippi (Jackson: State Budget Commission, 1949), 57-59.
120. "Governor Says Tax Plans For School Support May Be Given at Special Session, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, March 22, 1952.
121. John E. Phay, "Report to the Recess Education Committee, " [1953].
122. C. Smith, BIENNIAL (1956), 15-17.
123. John Phay, "Estimate of Cost to Bring All Schools in County or Separate School Districts to Highest Level Now in Such District, " December 7, 1953.
124. Journal of the House of the State of Mississippi, 1954, Including Extraordinary Session of 1953 (Jackson: Mississippi House of Representatives, 1954), 1269-72.
125. "2 Extra Sessions of Solons Possible, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, July 12, 1949.
126. "Special Session on Teachers Set, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, August 17, 1949.
127. Mark V. Tushnet, The NAACP's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987).
128. John W. Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), ch. 7.
129. "What the Negroes Are Thinking, " Greenville (Miss.) Delta Leader, May 11, 1949, 59.
130. "Negro Teacher President Calls Segregation Closed Issue, Asks Improvements, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, March 26, 1949.
131. "State NAACP Conference Gets Rebuff, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, April 4, 1953.
132. "White Says Negroes Back Dual System, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, November 6, 1953.
133. "Negro Leaders Conference Back [sic] Efforts to Raise and Equalize Education While Keeping Eye on Outcome of Segregation Cases, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, November 7, 1953.
134. "Race Relations Set Back from Widely Published False Report on Negro Meeting Held Here Last Week, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, November 14, 1953.
135. "President of State Negro Teachers Ass'n in Personal Visit Presents Letter to Governor and Members of the State Legislature, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, November 28, 1953. Workman, 70-74.
136. University of Mississippi, Bureau of Educational Research, The Report of a Survey of the Public Schools of Benton County (University, Miss. : Bureau of Educational Research, 1956).
137. University of Mississippi, Bureau of Educational Research, The Report of a Survey of the Public Schools of Tallahatchie County (University, Miss. : Bureau of Educational Research, 1955). 52.
138. John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 38-40.
139. Numan V. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969), 76.
140. Bartley, The New South, 168-69.
141. James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1964), 88.
142. "Construction of Equal Schools May Be Answer, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, July 1, 1954.
143. "Widespread Comment on Meeting with Governor, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, July 10, 1954.
144. M. E. Tilly, Report of Trip to Mississippi, November 14-20, 1954.
145. "Former President States Negro Teacher's Association Sees More Schools Now Paramount Need of State, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, July 24, 1954.
146. N. R. Burger, "The President's Corner, " Mississippi Educational Journal 33 (February 1956): 97.
147. "Negroes Insist Upon Integration: Speak Their Mind to Advisory Group, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, July 31, 1954.
148. Henry, Autobiography, 159.
149. Aaron Henry, Autobiography, 154.
150. "Legislature Called on Schools Sept. 7, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, July 31, 1954.
151. "Mississippi Moves to Close Schools, "New York Times, September 8, 1954.
152. E. J. Stringer, Mississippi Black Paper: Fifty-Seven Negro and White Citizens' Testimony of Police Brutality, the Breakdown of Law and Order and the Corruption of Justice in Mississippi (New York: Random House, 1965), 3.
153. Neil R. McMillen, The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-64 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971).
154. Charles Ray Fulton, "Racial Integration in the Public School System in Kemper County, Mississippi, 1954-1974" (Ph. D. diss., University of Mississippi, 1978), 93-95.
155. "Dr. Stringer Quits Post in Council Negro Leadership, " Jackson (Miss.) Advocate, October 2, 1954.
156. Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 36-43.
157. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance, 77-78.
158. "Committee Asks Lawmakers to Abolish Public Schools as Segregation Safeguard, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, July 13, 1954.
159. "Mississippi's School Problem, " Report of LEAC Subcommittee on Planning, October 12, 1954.
160. George Evans, "Why I Am Against the Proposed Amendment, "November 3, 1954.
161. "Teachers Approve School Abolishment, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, August 13, 1954.
162. "Foes of Amendment Hold Meeting at Hattiesburg, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, October 29, 1954.
163. "School Amendment 'Pros' Ask Air Support by White, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, October 29, 1954.
164. McMillen, The Citizens' Council, 28.
165. Kenneth Toler, "Miss. Anti-Integration Group Is Vested With 'Court Powers, '" Atlanta Journal, January 30, 1955.
166. John Herbers, "Legal Advisory Committee Says 'No Compromise' On Segregation, "Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times, June 8, 1955.
167. "Vicksburg School Board Says Negroes' Petition Not Legal, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, July 20, 1955.
168. "Those Who Signed, " Vicksburg (Miss.) Evening Post, July 19, 1955.
169. "Further Action in Local Segregation Case Threatened, "Vicksburg (Miss.) Evening Post, July 20, 1955.
170. W. C. Shoemaker, "Integration Petition Is Received by Officials Here as Move Spreads South, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, July 27, 1955.
171. Henry, Autobiography, 164-65.
172. Jack E. Davis, Race against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez Since 1930 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 158-60.
173. McMillen, The Citizens' Council, 28-31.
174. Jack Davis, "Deep South Reencountered: The Cultural Bases of Race Relations in Natchez, Mississippi, since 1930" (Ph. D. diss., Brandeis University, 1993), 251-53.
175. David Halberstam, "A County Divided against Itself, " Reporter 13 (December 15, 1955): 31-32.
176. Keith Fuller, "Solons Set Up 'State Sovereignty' Group, " Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times, March 22, 1955.
177. Kenneth Toler, "Miss. Sovereignty Commission Backs Up Interposition Stand, " Atlanta Journal, March 25, 1955.
178. "Mississippi Winds Up Legislative Session, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, April 2, 1955.
179. "Special Session Winds Up Work, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, April 2, 1955.
180. Report of the State Educational Finance Commission, July 1, 1955-June 30, 1957 (Jackson: State Educational Finance Commission, 1957).
181. Kenneth Toler, "Miss. Schools Near 'Equality'. Integration Could Ruin Setup, " Atlanta Journal, July 29, 1956.
182. Erle Johnston, "The Practical Way to Maintain a Separate School System in Mississippi, " 1962.
183. Kenneth Toler, "Millions Spent to Bring Negro Schools Up to Date, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, September 11, 1960.
184. J. W. Grantham, "From Our President, "Mississippi Educational Journal 33 (October 1956): 16.
185. "Tells Negro Teachers Beware 'Uncle Toms, ' " Jackson (Miss.) State Times, March 21, 1957.
186. Victoria E. Bynum, " 'White Negroes' in Segregated Mississippi: Miscegenation, Racial Identity, and the Law, " Journal of Southern History 64 (May 1998): 274-76.
187. "NAACP Head Out on Bond in Fracas, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, May 15, 1959.
188. "Evers Hits 'Quisling' Leaders, " Jackson (Miss.) State Times, June 1, 1959.
189. "Let's Face the Facts, "Natchez (Miss.) Weekly Reporter, September 15, 1955.
190. "What Negroes REALLY Want-Jackson Colored Schools Chief Says They Want to 'Feel Good' in Public as White People Do, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, March 25, 1956.
191. "Scott County Board Plans New School to Serve Negroes, " School Board News and Cues 2 (September-October 1958): 68.
192. "Rogers School Dedication Gains Good Publicity, " Madison County (Miss.) Herald, October 30, 1958.
193. N. R. Burger, "The President's Corner, "Mississippi Educational Journal 33 (February 1956): 97.
194. "Justice Asks Negro Teacher Who Tried to Vote Be Rehired, "Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times, June 17, 1962.
195. "Judge Cox to Hear Negro Teacher Suit, "McComb (Miss.) Enterprise-Journal, June 18, 1962.
196. Christopher Hexter, "What Is a Ruleville Education, " [1964].
197. Valerie Grim, "The Establishment and Implementation of Education in the Brooks Farm Community, 1920-1957, " Oral History Review 23 (Summer 1996): 16-17.
198. Reed Sarratt, The Ordeal of Desegregation: The First Decade (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 63-71.
199. Daily Herald, January 19, 1963. U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, Public Education: 1964 Staff Report (Washington, D. C. : Government Printing Office, 1964), 134-35.
200. "School-Military Crisis Is Moving Closer in Miss., " Baton Rouge State Times, August 28, 1963.
201. "School For Air Base Pupils Closed by Mississippi City, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, August 23, 1963.
202. "Air Base Pupils Lack School Setup, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, August 24, 1963.
203. "Columbus Nearing School Agreement, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, September 10, 1963.
204. "Report on 1960 Education Programs from State Organizations to Mississippi Coordinating Committee on Education, " January 11, 1960.
205. "MEC's School Stand Is Rare, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, April 21, 1963.
206. John Herbers, "Grade Schools in Mississippi Are Integrated, " New York Times, September 1, 1964.
207. John Herbers, "Rural School in Mississippi Enrolls One Negro Girl under Heavy Guard, "New York Times, September 2, 1964.
208. A. L. Hopkins, "Investigation of the enrollment of a Negro first grade student in the Carthage attendance center of Leake County a former all white school, " September 8, 1964.
209. Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York: Knopf, 1985), chs. 9-10.
210. Frank T. Read and Lucy S. McGough, Let Them Be Judged: The Judicial Integration of the Deep South (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1978), 611.
211. Gilbert R. Mason with James Patterson Smith, Beaches, Blood, and Ballots: A Black Doctor's Civil Rights Struggle (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), 157.
212. Payne, in I've Got the Light of Freedom, ch. 7.
213. Winson Hudson and Constance Curry, Mississippi Harmony: Memoirs of a Freedom Fighter (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002), ch. 3.
214. "Leake Negro Educator Asks Name Removal from Petition, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, April 5, 1962.
215. "Leake County Parents File Desegregation Suit, "Mississippi Free Press, March 16, 1963.
216. Jeanne Marie Middleton, "The History of Singleton v. Jackson Municipal Separate School District: Southern School Desegregation from the Perspective of the Black Community" (Ed.D. diss., Harvard University, 1978), 65-69.
217. Louie Burton BarnesIII, "The Embattled Judges: Cox, Mize, and Cameron, 1960-1965" (master's thesis, Mississippi State University, 1974), ch. 3.
218. W. C. Shoemaker, "Mixing Ordered in Schools Here, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, July 8, 1964.
219. Aaron Henry with Constance Curry, Aaron Henry: The Fire Ever Burning (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000).
220. Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 321-22.
221. "Judge Clayton Orders Clarksdale to Integrate 1st Grade in 2Weeks, " Tupelo (Miss.) Daily Journal, August 20, 1964.
222. William Peart, "Conflict on Tuition Grants Unresolved, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, June 30, 1964.
223. School Committee, Jackson Citizens' Council, "Why Should I Join the Council School Corporation, " [1964].
224. James MacNees, "Mississippi Tuition Plan Provokes U.S., " Baltimore Sun, March 15, 1966.
225. Curtis R. Walters, "A Parents Plea, " [1966].
226. State-Wide Education Study: Phase I, State of Mississippi (Chicago: Booz-Allen and Hamilton, 1966).
227. "Durant Mayor Feels School Stand Responsible in Fire, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, September 16, 1965.
228. "State of the Southern States, "New South 22 (Spring 1967): 99.
229. W. F. Minor, "Tuition Grants Not Used on Wide Basis in State, "New Orleans Times-Picayune, February 26, 1967.
230. Mary Aickin Rothschild, "The Volunteers and the Freedom Schools: Education for Social Change in Mississippi, " in The Social History of American Education, ed. B. Edward McClellan and William J. Reese, 352-55 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988).
231. Staughton Lynd, "Mississippi Freedom Schools: Retrospect and Prospect, " Appendix A, SNCC Papers, 1959-72.
232. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 119-21.
233. Liz Fusco, "Freedom Schools in Mississippi, 1964, ".
234. Sandra Adickes, "The Legacy of the Mississippi Freedom Schools, " Radical Teacher, n.d.
235. Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
236. Jacqueline Dowd Hall, Revolt against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979).
237. Marcia Kunstel, "Breaking the Conspiracy of Silence, " Southern Exposure 7 (Summer 1979): 77-83.
238. Pat Watters, "A Door Opens in Mississippi, " Progressive, December 1964, 29-31.
239. Lino A. Graglia, Disaster by Decree: The Supreme Court Decisions on Race and the Schools (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1976), 46-47.
240. W. C. Shoemaker, "Segregation 'Out Window': Cox, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, August 28, 1965.
241. Frederick M. Wirt, Politics of Southern Equality: Law and Social Change in a Mississippi County (Chicago: Aldine, 1970), ch. 9.
242. "The South Far Behind in Education, "New York Times, December 12, 1965.
243. Frederick M. Wirt, BIENNIAL (1969), 66-73.
244. Allan Wolk, The Presidency and Black Civil Rights: Eisenhower to Nixon (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1971), ch. 4.
245. "Instructions to School Districts Regarding Compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Nondiscrimination in Federally Assisted Programs, " [December 1964], 111.
246. "U.S. Demands Full Integration by '67, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, April 30, 1965.
247. Gary Orfield, The Reconstruction of Southern Education: The Schools and the 1964 Civil Rights Act (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1969).
248. Marion S. Barry and Betty Garman, "SNCC: A Special Report of Southern School Desegregation, " [1965].
249. "Amite Calls School Levy Referendum for July 17, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, July 12, 1965.
250. "Amite Voters Pass School Tax Levy, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, July 19, 1965.
251. Gene Roberts, "South Intensifies Resistance to U.S. Guidelines for School Integration, " New York Times, May 23, 1966.
252. S. Douglas Cater. "Patterson Attacks Federal Guidelines, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, April 18, 1966.
253. S. Douglas Cater. "State of the Southern States: Mississippi "New South 21 (Summer 1966): 97.
254. Gary Orfield, Must We Bus?: Segregated Schools and National Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978), 239.
255. Gary Orfield, "Congress, the President, and Anti-Busing Legislation, 1966-1974, " in The Struggle for Equal Education, vol. 7, pt. 1 of Race Law and American History 1700-1990: The African American Experience, ed. Paul Finkleman, 11 vols. (New York: Garland, 1992), 481-539.
256. Raymond Wolters, The Burden of Brown: Thirty Years of School Desegregation (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984).
257. Stephen C. Halpern, On the Limits of the Law: The Ironic Legacy of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
258. "Guidelines on Trial, " American Education 3 (March 1967): 18-20.
259. Patterson, Grand Expectations, 730.
260. Horace Barker, The Federal Retreat in School Desegregation (Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1969), 19-20.
261. William C. Keady, All Rise: Memoirs of a Mississippi Federal Judge (Boston: Recollections Bound, 1988), 114.
262. Phil Hearn, "Expert Testifies Negro Less Able in Abstract, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, October 9, 1968.
263. Phil Hearn, "Psychology Prof Testifies Negro Achievement Lower, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, October 11, 1968.
264. "Educator Says School System Could Be Ruined, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, December 3, 1968.
265. Betty Showell, "The Courts, the Legislature, the Presidency, and School Desegregation Policy, " in School Desegregation: Shadow and Substance, ed. Florence Hamlish Levinsohn and Benjamin Drake Wright, 101-3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979).
266. John Morton Blum, Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974 (New York:W.W. Norton, 1991), 332-35.
267. Mel Leventhal, Conference on Public Education, April 26, 1969.
268. Lawrence J. McAndrews, "The Politics of Principle: Richard Nixon and School Desegregation, " Journal of Negro History 83 (Summer 1998): 187-200.
269. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
270. Harry S. Dent, Memorandum for the President, June 26, 1969.
271. "President Vows to Enforce Edict on Desegregation, "New York Times, October 31, 1969.
272. "Eastland Says GOP Lied on Mix Plans, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion Ledger, July 11, 1969.
273. Gary Orfield, "The Court, the Schools, and the Southern Strategy, " Saturday Review, December 20, 1969, 62.
274. Jack Rosenthal, "Stennis Linked to Desegregation Delay, "New York Times, September 19, 1969.
275. "Stennis Asks Uniform Integration Enforcement, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion Ledger, August 12, 1969.
276. "School Mix Delay Welcomed at Top, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, August 29, 1969.
277. "Where Jim Crow Is Alive and Well, " Time, September 19, 1969, 21.
278. Leventhal, Conference on Public Education, April 26, 1969.
279. Neil Maxwell, "Integration Irony, " Wall Street Journal, December 12, 1969.
280. Read and McGough, Negroes in Desegregated Schools in Mississippi, Autumn, 1966.
281. Isiah Thigpen, "Why People Are Not Sending Their Children to White School, " [1966].
282. Cleopatra D. Thompson, The History of the Mississippi Teachers Association (Jackson, Miss.: Mississippi Teachers Association, 1973), 130.
283. Aviva Futorian, "The Benton County Movement, " 1999.
284. Futorian. Report of the Benton County Citizens Club, April 1965.
285. Mark Lowry II, "Schools in Transition, " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 63 (June 1973): 173.
286. Lou Emma Shipp, "School Desegregation, " September 1965.
287. Kenneth L. Dean, "An Evaluation of School Desegregation in Mississippi, " [1966].
288. "How Debra Lewis Desegregated a School, " Southern Courier, February 11-12, 1967, 4-5.
289. James H. McPhail, ed., A History of Desegregation Developments in Certain Mississippi School Districts (Hattiesburg: University of Southern Mississippi, 1971), 25, 78-80.
290. "White Man Jailed in Mix Death Try, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, August 20, 1965.
291. Wirt, Politics of Southern Equality, 208-9.
292. Gene Roberts, "Mississippi Law Bars Hundreds from Schools, " New York Times, September 11, 1965.
293. "278 Negro Students Are Suspended, " Greenville (Miss.) Delta- Democrat Times, October 23, 1966.
294. "Attorneys Ponder Next Move, "Greenville (Miss.) Delta-Democrat Times, October 28, 1966.
295. "Negroes Yield in Grenada Pupil Boycott, "Washington Post, November 3, 1966.
296. "Boycotts in Grenada Are Prohibited, " Greenville (Miss.) Delta-Democrat Times, November 8, 1966.
297. J. Harold Flanney, Memorandum of Law, June 9, 1967.
298. Leventhal, Conference on Public Education, April 26, 1969.
299. "Shelby and Boycotts, " F.I.S. Mississippi Newsletter, June 7, 1968.
300. "School Segregation: End It 'At Once, ' Says the Supreme Court, "New York Times, November 2, 1969.
301. "School Integration 'At Once' Is Ordered by Supreme Court. Nixon Bid for Delay Rejected, "New York Times, October 30, 1969.
302. "Grim School Blows Showered on State, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, December 10, 1969.
303. Congressional Statement, "Freedom of Choice Is the Only Way to Save Quality Public Education, "October 29, 1969.
304. "No Statewide Solution to School Crisis-JBW, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion Ledger, January 4, 1970.
305. "A Mississippi Citizen, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, March 11, 1970.
306. Derrick Bell, And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 103.
307. Jerry De Laughter, "In Crowded Coliseum, Quiet Hotel School Protest Calls Resound, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, February 9, 1970.
308. "Clarksdale Reaction to School Decision Varies, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 24, 1970.
309. "JBW Plans 'Counter-Offensive, ' " Greenville (Miss.) Delta-Democrat Times, December 11, 1969.
310. "House Gives OK to 'Free Choice' in Mississippi, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 12, 1971.
311. Charles M. Hills Jr., "Williams Calls for Support of Schools, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, January 14, 1970.
312. James M. Palmer Sr., "Mississippi School Districts: Factors in the Disestablishment of Dual Systems" (Ph.D. diss., Mississippi State University, 1971), 100.
313. James M. Palmer Sr., "Resegregation and the Private School Movement, " Integrated Education 9 (May-June 1971): 8.
314. Michael W. Fuquay, "Civil Rights and the Private School Movement in Mississippi, 1964-1971, "History of Education Quarterly 42 (Summer 2002): 176.
315. Neil Maxwell, "Integration Irony: Supreme Court Ruling May Spur Segregation of Some Dixie Schools, "Wall Street Journal, November 12, 1969.
316. Laura Lynn McKnight, "Lessons in Freedom: Race, Education, and Progress in a Mississippi Delta Community since 1965" (master's thesis, University of Mississippi, 1996), 61-76.
317. "Instant Schools, "Newsweek, January 26, 1970, 59.
318. Richard Schweid, Catfish and the Delta: Confederate Fish Farming in the Mississippi Delta (Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1992), 96-97.
319. Wilson F. Minor, "Mississippi Schools in Crisis, "New South 25 (Winter 1970): 33.
320. Alabama Council on Human Relations et al., It's Not Over in the South: School Desegregation in Forty-Three Southern Cities Eighteen Years After Brown (Atlanta: n.p., 1973), 125.
321. "JBW School Plan Cost Is Revealed, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, August 20, 1969.
322. James H. Downey, "Student Loan, Tax Credit Bills Pass, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, September 11, 1969.
323. "Private School System Urged, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, December 21, 1969.
324. Bruce Galphin, "State Strategy toward Integration Now Appears to Be 'Hunker Down, ' " Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times, January 19, 1970.
325. Paul Pittman, "School Problem Hurting Economy, " Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times, August 5, 1970.
326. John Sparks, "14 Additional Schools Lose Tax Exemption, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion- Ledger, October 6, 1970.
327. "High Court Rejects Schools' Tax Plea, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, January 12, 1971.
328. "End of Tax Exemption Ordered for 23 Mississippi Academies, "New York Times, March 27, 1971.
329. Southern Regional Council, The South and Her Children: School Desegregation 1970-1971 (Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1971).
330. Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963-1994 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996).
331. Luther Munford, "Black Gravity: Desegregation in Thirty Mississippi School Districts" (bachelor's thesis, Princeton University, 1971), 165-67.
332. James F. Sheffield Jr. and Joseph Stewart Jr., "Fiscal Neglect as a Response to School Desegregation: Defunding Desegregated Schools, "National Political Science Review 6 (1997): 192-204.
333. Willie Morris, Yazoo: Integration in a Deep-Southern Town (New York: Harper's Magazine Press, 1971), 122.
334. William C. Keady, All Rise: Memoirs of a Mississippi Federal Judge (Boston: Recollections Bound, 1988), 106.
335. Dave Bates, "Desegregation to Begin Oct. 31, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, October 19, 1977.
336. Jan Hillegas, "September School Situation-Jackson, Mississippi, " Southern Patriot, September 18, 1970.
337. Orfield, Must We Bus?, 22.
338. Charles Reddin, "Dixie-Central Parents Vote for Sit-in Plan, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, August 25, 1970.
339. "Sit-ins at Central and Dixie as Classes Open, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, September 8, 1970.
340. Orfield, Must We Bus?, 22.
341. Minor, "Schools in Crisis, " 35.
342. "The End of an Era, " Time, January 19, 1970, 14.
343. Orfield, Must We Bus?, 328.
344. James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 155-82.
345. "Integration: Polishing Up That Old Southern Strategy, " New York Times, August 15, 1971.
346. Orfield, Must We Bus?, 244-71.
347. Orfield, Must We Bus?, 291-97.
348. Orfield, Must We Bus?, 328.
349. "A Mississippi Citizen". Morris, 123.
350. "Busing for Segregation Is Old Practice, HEW Says, "Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times, March 9, 1970.
351. "Tallahatchie High Pupils All Busing, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, September 1, 1970.
352. Jackson."Mississippi Chief Cuts School Aid, "New York Times, September 12, 1971.
353. Hugh Morgan, "Busing to Continue in Jackson Monday, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, September 13, 1971.
354. Dan Russell. "Court Busing Ruling 'Unbridled' Act-JBW, " Jackson (Miss.) Daily News, October 20, 1971.
355. "Federals Reject City's School Plan Full, Immediate Compliance Now or Federal Court Will Take Charge, " Picayune (Miss.) Item, June 18, 1970.
356. "Picayune School Board Announces Plan Integrating All Schools Here September 1, " Picayune (Miss.) Item, July 2, 1970.
357. Leonard Lowrey, "City Schools' Plan Okayed by Federal Judge, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, July 16, 1970.
358. Aaron Henry "Laurel Schools Forced to Start Mixing Classes, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, December 17, 1977.
359. "Biracial Group Fights Columbus Busing, "Memphis Press-Scimitar, August 19, 1977.
360. "Pairing Possible in City Schools as Order Result, " Laurel (Miss.) Leader-Call, December 17, 1977.
361. "Schools Open, " Laurel (Miss.) Leader-Call, September 1, 1978.
362. www.mde.k12.ms.us/account/report/MRC.htm (accessed May 31, 2003).
363. Peggy Rector, "School Case Background, " Columbus (Miss.) Commercial Dispatch, August 11, 1977.
364. Jess Hillman, "Parents to Take Action through the Courts, " Columbus (Miss.) Commercial Dispatch, August 19, 1977.
365. "Blacks Seek Changes in City School Plan, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, July 26, 1971.
366. J. Syd Conner, "Lawrence: Court Order Hurt Blacks, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, February 25, 1987.
367. Shirley Schofield, " Hattiesburg Solved Its First-Year Problems, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, November 13, 1988.
368. http://www.greatschools.net/modperl/browse-district/15/ms (accessed June 18, 2003).
369. "Mississippi Called 'Most Integrated, ' "Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 26, 1970.
370. Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), 443-45.
371. Orfield, Must We Bus?, 327-28.
372. A. James Reichley, Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1981).
373. Patterson, Grand Expectations, 730-31.
374. Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
375. Race Relations Information Center, Majority-Black School Districts in the 11 Southern States (Nashville: Race Relations Information Center, 1970), 11-18.
376. "Plaintiffs Protest Court Order, "Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times, April 8, 1970.
377. George Fleming, "Negro Educators Threaten Protests Over Mixing Role, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, December 21, 1969.
378. Billy Skelton, "Blacks Again Demand School Board Member, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, February 18, 1970.
379. "The City School Board Appointments, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, February 4, 1971.
380. Julia M. Davis, Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, February 10, 1971.
381. "Boycotting Yazoo Blacks Demand Firing of Principal, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, September 10, 1977.
382. Andy Kanengiser, "Ditto Asked to Put Black on Jackson School Board, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, March 3, 1994.
383. "Jackson Schools: New Board Brings an Historic Moment, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, October 19, 1994.
384. Frank R. Parker, Black Votes Count: Political Empowerment in Mississippi after 1965 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990).
385. "Getting Together in Yazoo, " Time, January 19, 1970, 15.
386. "Federal Scatterload of Lawsuits Arouse Both Sides in School Mixing, "Memphis Commercial Appeal, July 19, 1970.
387. C. J. Duckworth, "Ferment in the Schools, " Mississippi Educational Journal 46 (April 1970): 17.
388. James M. Palmer Sr., "Mississippi School Districts: Factors in the Disestablishment of Dual Systems" (Ph.D. diss., Mississippi State University, 1971), 123.
389. David S. Cecelski, Along Freedom Road: Hyde County, North Carolina, and the Fate of Black Schools in the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).
390. Wilson F. Minor, "Mississippi Schools in Crisis, "New South 25 (Winter 1970): 33.
391. "300 Negro Students March in Support of 'Grievances, ' "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, March 2, 1971. 25.
392. Penny Jenkins, "Court Order Reinforces School Procedure, "Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times, October 25, 1970.
393. Florence H. Levinsohn and Benjamin D. Wright, School Desegregation: Shadow and Substance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 188-90.
394. Charles Hardy, "Making the Extra Effort Again, " Southern Exposure 7 (May 1979): 96-97.
395. "School Probe Finds Discrimination Evidence, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion- Ledger, July 17, 1980.
396. Aaron Henry, "A Report on the Black History Week Episode, Clarksdale High School Officials and Black Student Confrontation, February and March 1973, "March 27, 1973.
397. Roger Mills and Miriam M. Bryan, Testing Grouping: The New Segregation in Southern Schools? (Atlanta: Southern Regional Council, 1976), 45-46.
398. Frederick M. Wirt, We Ain't What We Was: Civil Rights in the New South (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997), 128-29.
399. Janet Ward Schofield, "Review of Research on School Desegregation's Impact on Elementary and Secondary School Students, " in Readings on Equal Education, ed. Kofi Lomotey and Charles Teddlie, 13:84 (New York: AMS Press, 1996).
400. Walter G. Stephan, "School Desegregation: Short-Term and Long-Term Effects, " in Opening Doors: Perspectives on Race Relations in Contemporary America, ed. Harry J. Knopke et al., 106-10 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991).
401. Rosemary C. Salomone, Equal Education Under the Law: Legal Rights and Federal Policy in the Post-Brown Era (New York: St.Martin's, 1986), 198.
402. William S. Purvis, "Racial Bias Does Not Explain Away Poor School Performance By Blacks, " (February/March 1989): 20-21.
403. Richard J. Hernstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994).
404. Orlando Patterson, "For Whom the Bell Curves, " in The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence and the Future of America, ed. by Steven Fraser, 187-209 (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
405. Herb Frazier, "Wrong Side of the Track, " Southern Exposure 23 (Fall/Winter 1995): 28-30.
406. Bobby Gene Cooper, "The Effects of Desegregation on Black Elementary and Secondary Teachers in Mississippi, 1970-1973" (Ed.D. diss., University of Colorado, 1977).
407. Don Hamil Harrison, "A Study of the Impact of the Desegregation-Integration Processes on the Public AA Size High Schools of Mississippi as Perceived by Selected Principals" (Ed.D. diss., University of Mississippi, 1978), 104-6.
408. Rims Barber, "Swann Song from the Delta, " Inequality in Education 9 (August 1971): 4-5.
409. Derrick Bell, "The Remedy in Brown Is Effective Schooling for Black Children, " Social Policy 15 (Fall 1984): 8.
410. Andrew P. Mullins Jr., Building Consensus: A History of the Passage of the Mississippi Education Reform Act of 1982 (self-published, 1992).
411. "How a Governor's Efforts Brought New Hope to Education in His State, " Lexington (Ky.) Herald-Leader, February 27, 1983.
412. "Public School Enrollment as a Percentage of Total Enrollment, " Southern Regional Education Board's Elementary and Secondary Enrollment statistics, available at www.sreb.org/main/EdData/DataLibrary/03/secondaryed/ enrollment/enrollment.asp (accessed July 29, 2004).
413. John A. Salmond, My Mind Set on Freedom: A History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1997), 157.
414. "Meridian School Board Moves toward Handling Racial Balance, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, May 6, 1991.
415. "Protesters Demand Baldwyn Schools Hire Black Principal, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, August 12, 1991.
416. Donald V. Adderton, "Covington County Public Schools Will Answer Bias Charge, " Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, February 23, 1993.
417. Nikki Davis Maute, "Lawsuit Accuses Forrest Schools of Discrimination, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, March 23, 1993.
418. "Yazoo Boycott Continues: Decision Not to Rehire School Superintendent Sparks Protest, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, April 14, 1993.
419. Lora Hines, "3 Decades Later, Desegregation Issue in McComb Schools Again, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, February 3, 2004.
420. Raymond Walters, "From Brown to Green and Back: The Changing Meaning of Desegregation, " Journal of Southern History 70 (May 2004): 322.
421. Diana Jean Schemo, "U.S. Schools Turn More Segregated, a Study Finds, "New York Times, July 20, 2001.
422. Greg Winter, "Schools Resegregate, Study Finds, "New York Times, January 21, 2003.
423. State Educational Finance Committee, "School District Reorganization and School Consolidation Report, "May 20, 1985.
424. Nicholas Lehman, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 321-23.
425. Tony Tharp, "Neighborhood Schools Get Another Try, " Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, September 4, 1984.
426. Monica P. Carter, "School Plan Ends Long Bus Rides, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, March 28, 1998.
427. Monica P. Carter, "Hattiesburg Forms Biracial Committee to Monitor Progress of School Plan, "Hattiesburg (Miss.) American, March 28, 1998.
428. Derrick Bell, Silent Covenants: Brown v. Board of Education and the Unfulfilled Hopes for Racial Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).