From brown to green and back: The changing meaning of desegregation

Journal of Southern History

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 317-326

  Wolters, Raymond ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845783880     PISSN: 00224642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/27648404     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. See Mary L. Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review, 41 (November 1988), 61-120 (esp. p. 113)
2. For discussion of polls conducted in 1942, 1956, and 1963 by the National Opinion Research Center see Herbert H. Hyman and Paul B. Sheatsley, "Attitudes toward Desegregation," Scientific American, 211 (July 1964), 16-23
3. and Andrew M. Greeley and Paul B. Sheatsley, "Attitudes toward Racial Integration," Scientific American, 225 (December 1971), 13-19
4. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York, 1944)
5. W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Conservation of Races" (1897), reprinted in Herbert Aptheker, ed., Pamphlets and Leaflets by W. E. B. Du Bois (White Plains, N.Y., 1986), 7
6. 5Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), at 493, 494 (quotation)
7. Raymond Wolters, The Burden of Brown: Thirty Years of School Desegregation (Knoxville, 1984), 6
8. Briggs v. Elliott, 132 F. Supp. 776 (1955), at 777
9. Public Law 88-352 (1964), 246, as quoted in Wolters, Burden of Brown, 7
10. Alfred H. Kelly, "An Inside View of "Brown v. Board,"" paper delivered to the American Historical Association, December 28, 1961, reprinted at the request of J. Strom Thurmond in Congressional Record, 87 Cong., 2 Sess., 19025 (September 11, 1962)
11. See also Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality (2 vols.; New York, 1975), II, 805
12. Kelly perhaps overcame his initial misgivings and published a defense of the decision's historical backing in "The Fourteenth Amendment Reconsidered: The Segregation Question," Michigan Law Review, 54 (June 1956), 1049-86
13. Brown v. Board of Education, at 489
14. Quoted in Richard E. Morgan, "Coming Clean About Brown," City Journal, 6 (Summer 1996), http://www.city-journal.org/html/6_3_coming_clean.html (accessed January 29, 2004)
15. Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968)
16. Wolters, Burden of Brown, 7
17. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971); Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974)
18. Dayton Board of Education v. Brinkman, 433 U.S. 406 (1977)
19. The pathbreaking work on this point is James S. Coleman, Sara D. Kelly, and John A. Moore, Trends in School Segregation, 1968-73 (Washington, D.C., 1975)
20. Also see Diane Ravitch, "The "White Flight" Controversy," Public Interest, no. 51 (Spring 1978), 135-49
21. Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell, 111 S.Ct. 630 (1991)
22. Freeman v. Pitts, 60 U.S.L.W. 4286 (1992)
23. Missouri v. Jenkins, 63 U.S.L.W. 4486 (1995)
24. Glenn C. Loury, "Integration Has Had Its Day," New York Times, April 23, 1997, p. A23
25. See Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? (Chicago, 1991)
26. Interview with Robert T. Taylor of Prince Edward County, Virginia, July 23, 1979, quoted in Wolters, Burden of Brown, 83
27. Much has been written about this "gap." For two recent accounts see Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, eds., The Black-White Test Score Gap (Washington, D.C., 1998)
28. and Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Themstrom, No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning (New York, 2003), esp. pp. 12-13 for National Assessment of Educational Progress scores
29. Wolters, Right Turn: William Bradford Reynolds, the Reagan Administration, and Black Civil Rights (New Brunswick, N.J., 1996), 463
30. Carl F. Hansen, "No Retreat in the Drive for Excellence," April 22, 1965, typescript in the files of the Board of Education, Washington, D.C., as quoted in Wolters, Burden of Brown, 27
31. "School Desegregation: A Social Science Statement," in brief of the NAACP et al., Freeman v. Pitts, U.S. Supreme Court on writ of certiorari, June 21, 1991, cited in David J. Armor, Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law (New York and Oxford, 1995), 72-73 (first quotation quoted on p. 73, second quotation on p. 72)
32. Charles M. Achilles, "Racial Disparities in School Discipline," in Christine H. Rossell, David J. Armor, and Herbert J. Walberg, eds., School Desegregation in the 21st Century (Westport, Conn., 2002), 235-65
33. and Wolters, Right Turn, 462-63