Daisy bates: Civil rights crusader from Arkansas

Daisy Bates: Civil Rights Crusader from Arkansas

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-340

  Stockley, Grif ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901865063     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (325)

1. Ted Ownby, ed., The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights Movement (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002).
2. David L. Chappell, A Stone of Hope: Prophecy, Religion and the Death of Jim Crow (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).
3. Thomas Gentile, March on Washington, August 28, 1963 (Washington, D.C.: New Day Publications, 1983), 229.
4. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (New York: Touchstone, 1989) 882-86.
5. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (1989) Ibid., 880.
6. Gentile, March on Washington, 140.
7. Douglas Brinkley, Rosa Parks (New York: Viking Penguin, 2000), 185.
8. Douglas Brinkley, Rosa Parks (2000), Ibid., 186.
9. Anne Standley, "The Role of Black Women in the Civil Rights Movement, " in Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers 1941-1965, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1993), 183-201.
10. Bettye Collier-Thomas and V. P. Franklin, eds, Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement (New York: New York University Press, 2001).
11. Belinda Robnett, How Long? How Long? African American Women in the Struggle for Civil Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
12. Michael Eric Dyson, I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Free Press, 2000), 199.
13. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening 1960s.
14. Dyson, I May Not Get There, 207.
15. Modeska Simpkins, Stone of Hope, 63-66.
16. Modeska Simpkins, Stone of Hope, Ibid., 206.
17. John Andrew Kirk, "Black Activism in Arkansas, 1940-1970" (Ph.D. diss., Newcastle University, 1997), 21.
18. Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas 1940-1970 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002).
19. Gentile, March on Washington, 141.
20. Gentile, March on Washington, 225.
21. Jeannie M. Whayne, "Southern Women in the Age of Emancipation, " in The Blackwell Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction, ed. Lacy Ford (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2005).
22. Tony Freyer, The Little Rock Crisis: A Constitutional Interpretation (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984), 54.
23. David R. Goldfield, "Segregation and Racism: Taking up the Dream Again, " in Understanding the Little Rock Crisis, an Exercise in Remembrance and Reconciliation, ed. Elizabeth Jacoway and C. Fred Williams, 37 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999).
24. Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1867 (New York: Knopf 1965), 55.
25. John Gould Fletcher, "Letter to the Editor, " Nation, December 17, 1933, 734.
26. Daisy Bates, The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir (New York: David McKay, 1962. reprint, Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1986), 8.
27. Bates, Long Shadow, 8.
28. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 9.
29. Grif Stockley, Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Massacres of 1919 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2001), 20.
30. Grif Stockley, Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Massacres of 1919 (2001) ibid., xxv, chap. 4.
31. L. C. Bates, The Long Shadow of Little Rock, 3, 523.
32. Bates, Long Shadow, 12.
33. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 15.
34. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 22.
35. Bates, Long Shadow, 12.
36. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 29.
37. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 15.
38. Bates, Long Shadow, 25.
39. Leroy Matthew Christophe, The Arkansas African-American Hall of Fame (Little Rock: National Dunbar Alumni Association of Little Rock, 1993), 71.
40. Bates, Long Shadow, 7.
41. C. Calvin Smith, "From Separate but Equal to Desegregation: The Changing Philosophy of L. C. Bates, " Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Autumn 1983): 254-70.
42. Lerone Bennett Jr., "First Lady of Little Rock, " Ebony, September 1958, 17, 21.
43. Smith, "From Separate but Equal, " 254-70.
44. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 6.
45. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., 9-10.
46. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 10.
47. Bates, Long Shadow, 33.
48. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 12.
49. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 12, n. 3.
50. Bates, Long Shadow, 33.
51. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 12.
52. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., 11.
53. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., 7.
54. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., 76.
55. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 7.
56. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 16.
57. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 14.
58. Kirk, Redefining the Color Line, 13, 14.
59. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 15.
60. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., May 9, 1941.
61. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., Mar. 17, 1944.
62. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., Aug. 27, 1943.
63. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 44.
64. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., 40.
65. George P. Rawick, The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, vol. 10B, Arkansas Slave Narratives, Charlotte Stephens (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972), 226-33.
66. Adolphine Fletcher Terry, Charlotte Stephens: Little Rock's First Black Teacher (Little Rock: Academic Press of Arkansas, 1973), 126.
67. Fon Louise Gordon, Caste and Class: The Black Experience in Arkansas (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995) 111, 112.
68. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 19.
69. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 16.
70. John William Graves, Town and Country Race Relations in an Urban-Rural Context, Arkansas, 1865-1905 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1990, ) 151-63.
71. John William Graves, Town and Country Race Relations in an Urban-Rural Context, Arkansas, 1865-1905 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1990, ) 219-22.
72. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 25-29.
73. Ben Johnson III, Arkansas in Modern America 1930-1999 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 50.
74. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 40.
75. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid., 117.
76. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid., 71-73.
77. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid., Apr. 3, 1942.
78. Bates, Long Shadow, 37.
79. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 78.
80. Bates, Long Shadow, 38.
81. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 65.
82. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid., 68.
83. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid. 31.
84. Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (New York: Times Books, 1998).
85. Bates, Long Shadow, 39.
86. Bates, Long Shadow, 40.
87. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 41.
88. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 43.
89. John Kirk, "Daisy Bates, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the 1957 Little Rock School Crisis: A Gendered Perspective, " in Gender in the Civil Rights Movement, ed. Peter J. Ling and Sharon Monteith, 28 (New York: Garland, 1999).
90. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 111.
91. Kirk, "Black Activism, " ibid., 109.
92. Kirk, "Daisy Bates, " 31.
93. Stockley, Blood in Their Eyes, 143.
94. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 27.
95. Mark Tushnet, The NAACP's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education, 1925-1950 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1957).
96. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 116.
97. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid., 117.
98. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid., 118.
99. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 120.
100. Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 168.
101. Jeff Woods, "Designed to Harass: The Act 10 Controversy in Arkansas, " Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Winter 1997): 443-60.
102. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 114.
103. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid., 114-115.
104. Kirk, "Black Activism, " Ibid., 36.
105. Bates, Long Shadow, 47.
106. Bates, "An Autobiographical Approach to the German-Jewish Legacy, " 122-123, November 1988.
107. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 27, 28.
108. Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 188.
109. Kirk, Redefining the Color Line, 91.
110. Branch, Parting the Waters, 144.
111. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 98.
112. Griffin Smith Jr. "Localism and Segregation: Racial Patterns in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1945-1954" (master's thesis, Columbia University, 1965), 52-53, 80, 94-95.
113. Virgil T. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959), 11.
114. Kirk, Redefining the Color Line. 1957.
115. Jacoway and Williams, Understanding the Little Rock Crisis, 152-61.
116. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 13.
117. Roy Reed, Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997), 184.
118. Elizabeth Jacoway, "Taken by Surprise: Little Rock Business Leaders and Desegregation, " in Southern Businessmen and Desegregation, ed. Elizabeth Jacoway and David Colburn, 21 n. 9 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982).
119. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 23.
120. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 46, 47.
121. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 127.
122. Irving J. Spitzberg Jr., Racial Politics in Little Rock, 1954-1964 (New York: Garland, 1987).
123. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 126.
124. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 6.
125. Reed, Faubus, 168.
126. Jacqueline Froelich and David Zimmerman, "Total Eclipse: The Destruction of the African American Community of Harrison, Arkansas, in 1905 and 1909, " Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Autumn 1999): 158.
127. Branch, Parting the Waters, 213.
128. Wilson Record, ed., Little Rock, U.S.A. (San Francisco: Chandler, 1960), 11.
129. Chappell, Stone of Hope, 150.
130. Ownby, The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights Movement, 137-55.
131. Orville Taylor, Negro Slavery in Arkansas (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 198-99.
132. Reed, Faubus, 173.
133. Bates, Long Shadow, 172.
134. Stockley, Blood in Their Eyes, 186-87.
135. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 138.
136. Benjamin Muse, Ten Years of Prelude: The Story of Integration since the Supreme Court's 1954 Decision (New York: Viking, 1964), 84-85.
137. Kirk, "Black Activism" 150.
138. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 49.
139. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, Ibid., July 20, 1956.
140. Reed, Faubus, 166.
141. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 169.
142. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 168-169.
143. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 188.
144. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., June 22, 1956.
145. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 56-57.
146. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 150 n. 58.
147. Muse, Ten Years of Prelude, 84-85.
148. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 55.
149. Reed, Faubus, xii.
150. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 3.
151. Bates, Long Shadow, 54.
152. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 54-55.
153. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 2.
154. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid., Apr. 19, 1957.
155. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid., Mar. 15, 1957.
156. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid., June 7, 1957.
157. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 181.
158. Melba Pattillo Beals, Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High (New York: Washington Square Books, 1994), 55.
159. Reed, Faubus, 182.
160. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 186.
161. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 187.
162. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 41.
163. Phoebe Godfrey, "Bayonets, Brainwashing, and Bathrooms: The Discourse of Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Desegregation of Little Rock's Central High, " Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Spring 2001): 42.
164. Phoebe Godfrey, "Bayonets, Brainwashing, and Bathrooms: The Discourse of Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Desegregation of Little Rock's Central High, " Arkansas Historical Quarterly (2001) Ibid., 53.
165. Reed, Faubus, 188.
166. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 189.
167. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., Aug. 2, 1957.
168. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 48.
169. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid., 55-56.
170. Reed, Faubus, 197.
171. Reed, Faubus, 190.
172. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 192.
173. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 52.
174. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 99.
175. Reed, Faubus, 198.
176. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 199.
177. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 212-213.
178. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 199.
179. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 59.
180. Bates, Long Shadow, 57.
181. Reed, Faubus, 203-4.
182. C. Fred Williams, "Class: The Central Issue in the 1957 Little Rock School Crisis, " Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Autumn 1997): 341.
183. Reed, Faubus, 205.
184. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 204.
185. Stockley, Blood in Their Eyes, 86.
186. Reed, Faubus, 205.
187. Harry S. Ashmore, Epitaph for Dixie (New York: W. W. Norton, 1957) 56, 181.
188. Harry S. Ashmore, Epitaph for Dixie (1957) 56, Ibid. 12.
189. Reed, Faubus, 122.
190. Elizabeth Huckaby, Crisis at Central High Little Rock 1957-58 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), 144.
191. David L. Chappell, Inside Agitators: White Southerners in the Civil Rights Movement (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), xxii.
192. Bates, Long Shadow, 60.
193. Bates, Long Shadow, 61.
194. Reed, Faubus, xii.
195. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 207.
196. Bates, Long Shadow, 65.
197. Bates, Long Shadow, 62.
198. Bates, Long Shadow, 63.
199. Reed, Faubus, 200.
200. Bates, Long Shadow, 63-64.
201. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 64.
202. Bates, Long Shadow, 65.
203. Bates, Long Shadow, 66.
204. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 67.
205. Bates, Long Shadow, 75.
206. Bates, Long Shadow, 67.
207. Brown, FBI Investigation, Sept. 3, 1957.
208. Harry Bass, FBI Investigation, Sept. 3, 1957.
209. Bates, Long Shadow, 67.
210. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 293, 294.
211. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 27.
212. Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 264, 265.
213. Williams, Thurgood Marshall, Ibid., Sept. 8, 1957.
214. Daisy Bates, FBI Investigation, Sept. 8, 1957.
215. Reed, Faubus, 217.
216. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 130.
217. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 122.
218. Reed, Faubus, 217.
219. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 209.
220. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 220-221.
221. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 221.
222. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 86.
223. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, Ibid., Sept. 20, 1957.
224. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 93.
225. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 94.
226. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 95.
227. Bates, Long Shadow, 83.
228. Spitzberg, Racial Politics in Little Rock, 68.
229. Bates, Long Shadow, 87.
230. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 88.
231. Bates, Long Shadow, 88-89.
232. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 309.
233. Bates, Long Shadow, 89-90.
234. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 93.
235. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 90.
236. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 91.
237. Kirk, Redefining the Color Line, 91.
238. Kirk, Redefining the Color Line, Ibid., 9.
239. Huckaby, Crisis at Central High, 35-39.
240. Pete Daniel, Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for Smithsonian National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C., 2000), 265.
241. Bates, Long Shadow, 95.
242. Bates, Long Shadow, 96.
243. Record, Little Rock, 64.
244. Bates, Long Shadow, 101.
245. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 118.
246. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid., 101.
247. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, 102.
248. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid., 104.
249. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid., 23.
250. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid. 21.
251. Blossom, It HAS Happened Here, Ibid., Oct. 15, 1957.
252. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 122.
253. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 123.
254. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 131.
255. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, Ibid., Nov. 15, 1957.
256. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 201.
257. Huckaby, Crisis at Central High, 94.
258. Huckaby, Crisis at Central High, Ibid., Apr. 8, 1958.
259. Huckaby, Crisis at Central High, Ibid., Apr. 22, 1958.
260. Huckaby, Crisis at Central High, Ibid., Apr. 13, 1958.
261. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 180.
262. Record, Little Rock, 98.
263. Press release "Little Rock Students Honored in New York, " June 19, 1958.
264. Record, Little Rock, 98.
265. Record, Little Rock, Ibid., 103.
266. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 145.
267. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 146.
268. Daisy Bates, Washington Star, May 13, 1958.
269. Record, Little Rock, 105.
270. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 147.
271. Reed, Faubus, 240.
272. Bates, Long Shadow, 159.
273. Bates, Long Shadow, 156.
274. Bates, Long Shadow, 157.
275. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 157.
276. Laura A. Miller, Fearless: Irene Gaston Samuel and the Life of a Southern Liberal (Little Rock: University of Arkansas Press, 2002), 36.
277. Bates, Long Shadow, 155.
278. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 20.
279. Record, Little Rock, 127.
280. Spitzberg, Racial Politics in Little Rock, 129.
281. Timothy B. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press), 149.
282. Timothy B. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power Ibid., 154.
283. Timothy B. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power Ibid., 164.
284. Timothy B. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power Ibid., 243.
285. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 162.
286. Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, Ibid., July 6, 1959.
287. Bates, Long Shadow, 164.
288. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 165.
289. Reed, Faubus, 274.
290. Reed, Faubus, Ibid., 277.
291. Reed, Faubus, 257.
292. Reed "L. C. Bates, " 68.
293. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 69.
294. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " Ibid., Feb. 19, 1960.
295. Grif Stockley, "Thank God for Mississippi: Race Relations in Arkansas, " 114.
296. Kirk, "Black Activism, " 210.
297. Kirk, "Black Activism, "Ibid., 221.
298. Spitzberg, "Racial Politics, " 158.
299. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, 84.
300. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, Ibid., xiii.
301. Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, Ibid., 191.
302. Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 273.
303. Bates, Long Shadow, xv.
304. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 212.
305. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., 225.
306. Daisy Bates, Pine Bluff Commercial, Apr. 18, 1962.
307. Daisy Bates, Pine Bluff Commercial, Ibid., 2.
308. Gretchen Eick, Dissent in Wichita: The Civil Rights Movement in the Midwest (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 91.
309. Bates, Long Shadow, 225.
310. Alan Draper, A Rope of Sand: The AFL-CIO Committee on Political Action 1955-1967 (New York: Praeger, 1989), 71.
311. Stockley, "Thank God for Mississippi, " 121.
312. Stockley, Thank God for Mississippi, Ibid., 40.
313. Stockley, Thank God for Mississippi, 41.
314. Stockley, Thank God for Mississippi, Ibid., 39.
315. Stockley, Thank God for Mississippi, Ibid., 20.
316. "The Responsibility of Citizenship in a Changing Society, " Box 3, Folder 6, Madison.
317. "Mrs. Bates Takes Plea to Capital, U.S. Comes to Aid of Mitchellville, " Arkansas Gazette, n.d.
318. Wassell, "L. C. Bates, " 66 n.2.
319. Jacqueline Trescott, "Update", Arkansas Gazette.
320. Stockley, "Thank God for Mississippi, " 171.
321. Stockley, "Thank God for Mississippi, " Ibid., 172.
322. Stockley, "Thank God for Mississippi, " Ibid., 173.
323. Janis F. Kearney, Cotton Field of Dreams: A Memoir (Chicago: Writing Our World Press, 2004), 284-88.
324. Bates, Long Shadow, xvi.
325. Bates, Long Shadow, Ibid., Nov. 10, 1999.