50-year trends in US socioeconomic inequalities in health: US-born Black and White Americans, 1959-2008

International Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 1294-1313

  Krieger, Nancy ^a   Kosheleva, Anna ^a   Waterman, Pamela D ^a   Chen, Jarvis T ^a   Beckfield, Jason ^b   Kiang, Mathew V ^a  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) US; National Health Examination Survey (NHES) US; race ethnicity; Secular trend; Social inequalities in health; Socioeconomic

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; CHILD; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE SURVEY; HEALTH DISPARITY; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INCOME; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENARCHE; MIDDLE AGED; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREND STUDY; UNITED STATES; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CAUCASIAN; NUTRITION; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGED; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS INDEX; CHILD; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; INCOME; MALE; MENARCHE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION SURVEYS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 84901850740     PISSN: 03005771     EISSN: 14643685     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu047     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health. Sponsored by the World Health October (19 November 2013, date last accessed)..Organization. World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, Rio de Janiero, Brazil, 19-21. 2011 http://www.who.int/sdhconference/declaration/Rio_political_declaration.pdf
2. Helsinki Statement on Health in All Policies. Co-sponsored by the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland.June (19 November 2013, date last accessed). The 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion, Helsinki, Finland 10-14 2013 http://www.healthpromotion2013.org/images/8GCHP_Helsinki_Statement.pdf
3. United Nations. Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases. 2011. http://www.who.int/nmh/events/un_ncd_summit201/political_declaration_en.pdf (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
4. Bleich SN, JarlenskiMP, Bell CN, LaVeist TA,.Health inequalities: trends, progress, policy. Annu Rev Public Health 2012;33:7-40.
5. Cutler D, Deaton A, Lleras-Muney A. The determinants of mortality. J Econ Perspect 2006;20:97-120.
6. Woolf S, Aaron L (eds). Shorter Lives, Poorer Health: US Health in International Perspective. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2013.
7. Krieger N, Rehkopf DH, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Marcelli E, Kennedy M. The fall and rise of inequities in US premature mortality: 1960-2002. PLoS Med 2008;5:e46.
8. Kunitz SJ. The Health of Populations: General Theories and Particular Realities. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
9. National Center for Health Statistics. NHES I-III Data Files. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/cyclei_iii.htm (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
10. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examinationination Survey (NHANES). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
11. Krieger N. Epidemiology and the People's Health: Theory and Context. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
12. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Kosheleva A, Beckfield J. History, haldanes, and health inequities: exploring phenotypic changes in body size by generation and income level among the US-born White and Black non-Hispanic populations, 1959-1962 to 2005-2008. Int J Epidemiol 2013;42:281-95.
13. Komlos J, Lauderdale BE. Underperformance in affluence: the remarkable relative decline in U.S. heights in the second half of the 20th century. Soc SciQ2007;88:283-305.
14. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC, 2011. http://healthypeople.gov/2020/ (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
15. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-72.
16. Carroll MD, Lacher DA, Sorlie PD et al. Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960-2002. JAMA 2005;294: 1773-81.
17. Burt VL, Cutler JA, Higgins M et al. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population data from the Health Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. Hypertension 1995;26:60-69. Erratum in: Hypertension 1996;27:1192.
18. Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y (eds). A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
19. Krieger N, Davey Smith G. 'Bodies count' and body counts: social epidemiology and embodying inequality. Epidemiol Rev 2004;26:92-103.
20. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health 1997;18:341-78.
21. Shaw M, Galobardes B, Lawlor DA, Lynch J, Wheeler B, Davey Smith G. The Handbook of Inequality and Socioeconomic Position: Concepts and Measures. Bristol, UK: The Policy Press, 2007.
22. Chen JT, Beckfield J, Waterman PD, Krieger N. Can changes in the distributions of and associations between education and income bias temporal comparisons of health inequities? - an exploration with causal graphs and simulations. Am J Epidemiol 2013;177:870-81.
23. Goldin C, Katz LF. The race between education and technology: the evolution of U.S. educational wage differentials, 1890 to 2005. NBER working paper No. 12984, 2007. http://www.nber.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/papers/w12984.pdf (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
24. US Census Bureau. Income Data, Historical Tables, Family Income. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/families/ (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
25. Gottschalk P, Smeeding TM. Cross-national comparisons of earnings and income inequality. J Econ Lit 1997;35:633-87.
26. Fisher GM. Development of the Orshansky poverty thresholds and their subsequent history as the official U.S. poverty measure. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 1977.
27. EUROSTAT. Glossary: At-risk-of-poverty Rate (2013). http:// epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/ Glossary:At-risk-of-poverty_threshold (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
28. King G, Honaker J, Joseph A, Scheve K. Analysing incomplete political science data: an alternative algorithm for multiple imputation. Am Pol Sci Rev 2001;95:49-69.
29. SAS/STAT(R)9.2. User's Guide. 2nd edn. 2010. http://www.sas.com/index.html (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
30. Harris RJ, Bradburn MJ, Deeks JJ, Harbord RM, Altman DG, Sterne CJ. metan: fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis. Stata J 2008;8:3-28.
31. Stommel M, Schoenborn CA. Accuracy and usefulness of BMI measures based on self-reported weight and height: findings from the NHANES & NHIS 2001-2006. BMC Public Health 2009;9:421.
32. Koprowski C, Coates RJ, Bernstein L. Ability of young women to recall past body size and age at menarche. Obes Res 2001;9:478-85.
33. Goff DC Jr, Gillespie C, Howard G, Labarthe DR. Is the obesity epidemic reversing favorable trends in blood pressure? Evidence from cohorts born between 1890 and 1990 in the United States. Ann Epidemiol 2012;22:554-61.
34. o, Zimmerman FJ. Bigger bodies: Long-term trends and disparities in obesity and body-mass index among U.S. adults, 1960-2008. Soc Sci Med 2012;75:109-19.
35. Boillot A, El Halabi B, Batty GD, Rangé H, Czernichow S, Bouchard P. Education as a predictor of chronic periodontitis: A systematic review with meta-analysis population-based studies. PLoS One 2011;6:e21508.
36. Brion M-JA, Lawlor DA, Matijasevich A. What are the causal effects of breastfeeding on IQ, obesity and blood pressure? Evidence from comparing high-income with middle-income cohorts. Int J Epidemiol 2011;40:670-80.
37. Jordan SJ, Nagle CM, Coory MD et al. Has the association between hysterectomy and ovarian cancer changed over time? Asystematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2013;49: 3638-47.
38. Shortell SM. Bridging the divide between health and health care. JAMA 2013;309:1121-22.
39. Tobert JA. Lovastatin and beyond: the history of the HMB-CoA reductase inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003;2:517-28.
40. Smith DB. Racial and ethnic health disparities and the unfinished Civil Rights agenda. Health Affairs 2005;24:317-24.
41. Zimmerman FJ. Using marketing muscle to sell fat: the rise of obesity in the modern economy. Annu Rev Public Health 2011;32:285-306.
42. Brownson R, Boehmer TK, Luke DA. Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors? Annu Rev Public Health 2005;26:421-43.
43. Troiano RP, Flegal KM. Overweight children and adolescents: description, epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics 1998; 101:497-504.
44. Allison CM, Hyde JS. Early menarche: confluence of biological and contextual factors. Sex Roles 2013;68:55-64.
45. Taylor P, Kochar R, Fry R. Twenty-to-one: Wealth Gap Rises to Record Highs Between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. 2011. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2011/07/SDT-Wealth-Report_7-26-11_FINAL.pdf (22 August 2013, date last accessed).
46. Do DP, Frank R, Finch BK. Does SES explain more of the Black/ White health gap than we thought? Revisiting our approach toward understanding racial disparities in health. Soc Sci Med 2012;74:1385-93.
47. Krieger N. Discrimination and health inequities. In: Berkman L, Kawachi I, Glymour M (eds). Social Epidemiology. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press (in press).
48. Williams DR, Mohammed SA, Leavell J, Collins C. Race, socioeconomic status, and health: complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Annals N Y Acad Sci 2010;1186: 69-101.
49. Blank RM, Babady R, Citro CF (eds). Measuring Racial Discrimination. National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004.
50. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR (eds). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003.
51. World Health Organization. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
52. Gibson C, Jun K. Historical census statistics on the foreign-born population of the United States: 1850-2000. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Working Paper No. 81. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2006.