Racial and ethnic health disparities and the unfinished civil rights agenda

Health Affairs

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 317-324

  Smith, David Barton ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL PRACTICE; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN RIGHTS; MEDICAL LIABILITY; MEDICARE; PATIENT REFERRAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RACE DIFFERENCE; RESIDENTIAL CARE; REVIEW;

CIVIL RIGHTS; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; ETHNIC GROUPS; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; SOCIAL JUSTICE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 17244374968     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.317     Document Type: Review

References (38)

1. A. Dent, "Hospital Services and Facilities Available to Negroes in the United States," Journal of Negro Education 18, no. 3 (1949): 326-327.
2. Quentin Young, member of the Committee to End Discrimination in Chicago Medical Institutions in 1954, taped interview by author, 14 June 1997.
3. City of Chicago Commission on Human Relations, "Distribution of Negro Births and Deaths in Chicago Hospitals 1954" (Copy in author's possession).
4. Executive Orders 9980 and 9981, 26 July 1948; for a more detailed account, see M. Gardner, Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2002), 105-121.
5. Mississippi Sovereignty Commission, VA Hospital folder [2-77-0], Mississippi State Archives and History Library, Jackson, Mississippi, mdah.state.ms.us/arlib/contents/er/folderbrowse.php?letter=V% (21 January 2005).
6. Charles Watts, president of the Old North State Medical Society in 1961, taped interview by author, 26 August 1996.
7. Mississippi Sovereignty Commission, University Medical Hospital, Jackson, Mississippi, folder [3-72-0], Mississippi State Archives and History Library, Jackson, Mississippi, mdah.state.ms.us/arlib/contents/er/ folderbrowse.php? letter=U% (21 January 2005).
8. E. Berkowitz, Robert Ball and the Politics of Social Security (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 146-149.
9. Hospital Survey and Reconstruction Act, 622(f), 60 Stat. at 1043 [codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. 291e (f) (1946)].
10. Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp., 322 F.2d 959 (4th Cir. 1963) cert. denied, 376 U.S. 938 (1964).
11. See G. Orfield, The Reconstruction of Southern Education: The Schools and the 1964 Civil Rights Act (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1969), 208-263.
12. Marilyn Rose, former counsel to the Office for Equal Health Opportunity (OEHO), personal memorandum to author, 7 November 1997, 3.
13. Frank Weil, OEHO staff member in 1966, taped interview by author, 15 July 1995.
14. I b i d.
15. Congressional Record, Senate (27 September 1966): 22975-22985.
16. P.P. Reynolds, "Professional and Hospital Discrimination and the U.S. Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit, 1956-1967," American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 5 (2004): 710-720.
17. Cypress v. Newport News, 375 F.2d 648 (4th Cir. 1967).
18. S.E. Sobeloff, "Letter to Judge John Minor Wisdom, March 14, 1967," in Simon E. Sobeloff Papers, Box 84, Cypress v. Newport News Gen Hospital Association Folder 1, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1967.
19. D.B. Smith, "The Racial Segregation of Hospital Care Revisited: Medicare Discharge Patterns and Their Implications," American Journal of Public Health 88, no. 3 (1998): 461-463.
20. P.B. Bach et al., "Primary Care Physicians Who Treat Blacks and Whites," New England Journal of Medicine 351, no. 6 (2004): 575-584.
21. D.B. Smith, Health Care Divided: Race and Healing a Nation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 175-183.
22. T. Rice, "The Impact of Cost Containment Efforts on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare: A Conceptualization," in Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, ed. B.D. Smedley, A.Y. Stith, and A.R. Nelson (Washington: National Academies Press, 2002), 699-721.
23. See also D.B. Smith, Eliminating Disparities in Treatment and the Struggle to End Segregation (New York: Commonwealth Fund, forthcoming), 10-17.
24. Civil Rights Act, P.L. 88-352, Title VI, Sec. 601, 2 July 1964, 78 Stat. 252 Sec. 200d.
25. Smith, Health Care Divided, 205-206.
26. Ibid., 202-203; and National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2003 (Hyattsville, Md.: 2003), 236, 270.
27. Ibid., 202-203; and National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2003 (Hyattsville, Md.: 2003), 236, 270.
28. See Smith, Health Care Divided, 154-159, for a description of the Mobile Infirmary case; and Institute of Medicine, "Case Study Cook v. Ochsner," in Health Care in a Context of Civil Rights (Washington: National Academies Press, 1981), 174-184.
29. See Smith, Health Care Divided, 154-159, for a description of the Mobile Infirmary case; and Institute of Medicine, "Case Study Cook v. Ochsner," in Health Care in a Context of Civil Rights (Washington: National Academies Press, 1981), 174-184.
30. See J. Yinger, "Testing for Discrimination in Housing and Related Markets," and M. Benedict, "Adding Testing to the Nation's Portfolio of Information on Employment Discrimination," in M. Fix and M. Turner, eds., A National Report Card on Discrimination; The Role of Testing, 1998, www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=30 (9 December 2004).
31. See J. Yinger, "Testing for Discrimination in Housing and Related Markets," and M. Benedict, "Adding Testing to the Nation's Portfolio of Information on Employment Discrimination," in M. Fix and M. Turner, eds., A National Report Card on Discrimination; The Role of Testing, 1998, www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=30 (9 December 2004).
32. T.E. Perez, "The Civil Rights Dimension of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Status," in IOM, Unequal Treatment, 626-663.
33. See Physicians for Human Rights, The Right to Equal Treatment (Boston: Physicians for Human Rights, September 2003); Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Healthcare Disparities Report (Rockville, Md.: AHRQ, July 2003), 220-223; Smedley et al., eds., Unequal Treatment, 169-184; IOM, Health Care in a Context of Civil Rights; and U.S. Civil Rights Commission, To Know or Not to Know: Collection and Use of Racial and Ethnic Data in Federal Assistance Programs (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973).
34. See Physicians for Human Rights, The Right to Equal Treatment (Boston: Physicians for Human Rights, September 2003); Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Healthcare Disparities Report (Rockville, Md.: AHRQ, July 2003), 220-223; Smedley et al., eds., Unequal Treatment, 169-184; IOM, Health Care in a Context of Civil Rights; and U.S. Civil Rights Commission, To Know or Not to Know: Collection and Use of Racial and Ethnic Data in Federal Assistance Programs (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973).
35. See Physicians for Human Rights, The Right to Equal Treatment (Boston: Physicians for Human Rights, September 2003); Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Healthcare Disparities Report (Rockville, Md.: AHRQ, July 2003), 220-223; Smedley et al., eds., Unequal Treatment, 169-184; IOM, Health Care in a Context of Civil Rights; and U.S. Civil Rights Commission, To Know or Not to Know: Collection and Use of Racial and Ethnic Data in Federal Assistance Programs (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973).
36. See Physicians for Human Rights, The Right to Equal Treatment (Boston: Physicians for Human Rights, September 2003); Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Healthcare Disparities Report (Rockville, Md.: AHRQ, July 2003), 220-223; Smedley et al., eds., Unequal Treatment, 169-184; IOM, Health Care in a Context of Civil Rights; and U.S. Civil Rights Commission, To Know or Not to Know: Collection and Use of Racial and Ethnic Data in Federal Assistance Programs (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973).
37. See Physicians for Human Rights, The Right to Equal Treatment (Boston: Physicians for Human Rights, September 2003); Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Healthcare Disparities Report (Rockville, Md.: AHRQ, July 2003), 220-223; Smedley et al., eds., Unequal Treatment, 169-184; IOM, Health Care in a Context of Civil Rights; and U.S. Civil Rights Commission, To Know or Not to Know: Collection and Use of Racial and Ethnic Data in Federal Assistance Programs (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973).
38. Perez, "The Civil Rights Dimension," 654-655.