When One Is Ostracized, Others Loom: Social Rejection Makes Other People Appear Closer

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 550-557

  Pitts, Shane ^a   Wilson, John Paul ^b   Hugenberg, Kurt ^c  

^a BIRMINGHAM SOUTHERN COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

affiliation; distance perception; motivated perception; rejection; social exclusion

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901748683     PISSN: 19485506     EISSN: 19485514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1948550613511502     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Alter A.,Balcetis E.Fondness makes the distance grow shorter: Desired locations seem closer because they seem more vivid.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2011;47:16-21.
2. Balcetis E.,Dunning D.Cognitive dissonance reduction and perception of the physical world.Psychological Science. 2007;18:917-921.
3. Balcetis E.,Dunning D.Wishful seeing: More desired objects are seen as closer.Psychological Science. 2010;21:147-152.
4. Baumeister R. F.,Leary M. R.The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Bulletin. 1995;117:497-529.
5. Bernstein M. J.,Young S. G.,Brown C. M.,Sacco D. F.,Claypool H. M.Adaptive responses to social exclusion: Social rejection improves detection of real and fake smiles.Psychological Science. 2008;19:981-983.
6. Bhalla M.,Proffitt D. R.Visual-motor recalibration in geographical slant perception.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance. 1999;25:1076-1096.
7. Brown C. M.,Young S. G.,Sacco D. F.,Bernstein M. J.,Claypool H. M.Social inclusion facilitates interest in mating.Evolutionary Psychology. 2009;7:11-27.
8. Bruner J. S.,Goodman C. C.Value and need as organizing factors in perception.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1947;42:33-44.
9. Buss D. M.The evolution of anxiety and social exclusion.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 1990;9:196-201.
10. Cole S.,Balcetis E.,Dunning D.Affective signals of threat increase perceived proximity.Psychological Science. 2013;24:34-40.
11. Crespi L. P.Quantitative variation of incentive and performance in the white rat.The American Journal of Psychology. 1942;55:467-517.
12. DeWall C. N.,Maner J. K.,Rouby D. A.Social exclusion and early-stage interpersonal perception: Selective attention to signs of acceptance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009;96:729-741.
13. DeWall C. N.,Richman S. B.Social exclusion and the desire to reconnect.Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2011;5:919-932.
14. Dollard J.,Miller N. E.Personality and psychotherapy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1950:.
15. Dunning D.,Balcetis E.Wishful seeing: How preferences shape visual perception.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2013;22:33-37.
16. Eisenberger N. I.,Lieberman M. D.,Williams K. D.Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion.Science. 2003;302:290-292.
17. Fay A. J.,Maner J. K.Warmth, proximity, and social attachment: The embodied perception of a social metaphor.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2012;48:1369-1372.
18. Festinger L.,Schachter S.,Back K.Social pressure in informal groups. 1950). The spatial ecology of group formation. In FestingerL.SchachterS.BackK. (Eds.), Social pressure in informal groups (pp. 141-161).Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Festinger L.Schachter S.Back K., ed. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press; 1950:141-161.
19. Gardner W. L.,Pickett C. L.,Brewer M. B.Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2000;26:486-496.
20. Henchy T.,Glass D. C.Evaluation apprehension and the social facilitation of dominant and subordinate responses.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1968;10:446-454.
21. Ijzerman H.,Semin G. R.Temperature perceptions as a ground for social proximity.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010;46:867-873.
22. Knowles M. L.,Gardner W. L.Benefits of membership: The activation and amplification of group identities in response to social rejection.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2008;34:1200-1213.
23. Lessard D. A.,Linkenauger S. A.,Proffitt D. R.Look before you leap: Jumping ability affects distance perception.Perception. 2009;38:1863-1866.
24. Linkenauger S. A.,Witt J. K.,Stefanucci J. K.,Bakdash J. Z.,Proffitt D. R.The effects of handedness and reachability on perceived distance.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2009;35:1649-1660.
25. Low A.,Lang P. J.,Smith J. C.,Bradley M. W.Both predator and prey: Emotional arousal in threat and reward.Psychological Science. 2008;19:865-873.
26. Magic eye 3D hidden treasures: A collection of 3D illusions. Kansas City, MI: Andrews McMeel Publishing; 2004:.
27. Maner J. K.,DeWall C. N.,Baumeister R. F.,Schaller M.Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the "porcupine problem".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;92:42-55.
28. Mayer J. D.,Gaschke Y. N.The experience and meta-experience of mood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988;55:102-111.
29. McGinty V. B.,Lardeux S.,Taha S. A.,Kim J. J.,Nicola S. M.Invigoration of reward seeking by cue and proximity encoding in the nucleus accumbens.Neuron. 2013;78:910-922.
30. Neumann R.,Förster J.,Strack F.The psychology of evaluation. 2003). Motor compatability: The bidirectional link between behavior and evaluation. In MuschJ.KlauerK. C. (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation (pp. 371-391). London, England: Earlbaum.Musch J.Klauer K. C., ed. London, England: Earlbaum; 2003:371-391.
31. Pickett C. L.,Gardner W. L.,Knowles M.Getting a cue: The need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2004;30:1095-1107.
32. Proffitt D. R.Embodied perception and the economy of action.Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2006;1:110-122.
33. Proffitt D. R.,Stefanucci J.,Banton T.,Epstein W.The role of effort in perceiving distance.Psychological Science. 2003;14:106-112.
34. Rieser J. J.,Pick H. L.,Ashmead D. H.,Garing A. E.Calibration of human locomotion and models of perceptual-motor organization.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1995;21:480-497.
35. Sacco D. F.,Wirth J. H.,Hugenberg K.,Chen Z.,Williams K. D.The world in black and white: Ostracism enhances the categorical perception of social information.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2011;47:836-842.
36. Sacco D. F.,Young S. G.,Brown C. M.,Bernstein M. J.,Hugenberg K.Social exclusion and female mating behavior: Rejected women show strategic enhancement of short-term mating interest.Evolutionary Psychology. 2012;10:573-587.
37. Schnall S.,Harber K. D.,Stefanucci J.,Proffitt D. R.Social support and the perception of geographical slant.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2008;44:1246-1255.
38. Schnall S.,Zadra J. R.,Proffitt D. R.Direct evidence for the economy of action: Glucose and the perception of geographical slant.Perception. 2010;39:464-482.
39. Slepian M. L.,Masicampo E. J.,Toosi N. R.,Ambady N.The physical burdens of secrecy.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2012;141:619-624.
40. Teachman B. A.,Stefanucci J. K.,Clerkin E. M.,Cody M. W.,Proffitt D. R.A new mode of fear expression: Perceptual bias in height fear.Emotion. 2008;8:296-301.
41. Twenge J. M.,Baumeister R. F.,DeWall C. N.,Ciarocco N. J.,Bartels J. M.Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;92:56-66.
42. Twenge J. M.,Baumeister R. F.,Tice D. M.,Stucke T. S.If you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:1058-1069.
43. Twenge J. M.,Catanese K. R.,Baumeister R. F.Social exclusion and the deconstructed state: Time perception, meaninglessness, lethargy, lack of emotion, and self-awareness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;85:409-423.
44. Vagnoni E.,Lourenco S. F.,Longo M. R.Threat modulates perception of looming visual stimuli.Current Biology. 2012;22:R826-R827.
45. Williams K. D.Ostracism.Annual Review of Psychology. 2007;58:425-452.
46. Williams K. D.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Zanna M., ed. New York, NY: Academic Press; 2009:279-314.
47. Williams K. D.,Nida S. A.Ostracism: Consequences and coping.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2011;20:71-75.
48. Woods A. J.,Philbeck J. W.,Danoff J. V.The various perceptions of distance: An alternative view of how effort affects distance judgments.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2009;35:1104-1117.