Reactivity of dolomitizing fluids and Mg source evaluation of fault-controlled dolomitization at the Benicàssim outcrop analogue (Maestrat basin, E Spain)

Marine and Petroleum Geology

Volumn 55, Issue , 2014, Pages 26-42

  Gomez Rivas, E ^a,b,f   Corbella, M ^b,f   Martin Martin J D ^c,d,f   Stafford, S L ^e,f   Teixell, A ^b,f   Bons, P D ^a   Griera, A ^b   Cardellach, E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^d INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCES JAUME ALMERA   (Spain)

^e EXXONMOBIL UPSTREAM RESEARCH COMPANY   (United States)

^f ExxonMobil ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Carbonate reservoir quality; Fluid reactivity; Hydrothermal dolomitization; Maestrat basin; Mg source; Stratabound dolostone

Indexed keywords

BRINES; BUDGET CONTROL; ISOTOPES; SEAWATER; STRONTIUM;

CARBONATE RESERVOIR; DOLOSTONES; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS; HYDROTHERMAL DOLOMITIZATION; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MAESTRAT BASIN; MASS-BALANCE CALCULATIONS; VARIABLE TEMPERATURE;

GEOCHRONOLOGY;

CARBONATE ROCK; CRETACEOUS; DOLOMITIZATION; DOLOSTONE; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT; HIGH TEMPERATURE; HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; MAGNESIUM; RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION; SOURCE ROCK;

MAESTRAT BASIN; SPAIN;

EID: 84901649279     PISSN: 02648172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.12.015     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Al-Helal A., Whitaker F.F., Xiao Y. Reactive transport modeling of brine reflux: dolomitization, anhydrite precipitation, and porosity evolution. J.Sediment. Res. 2012, 82:196-215.
2. Allan J.R., Wiggins W.D. Dolomite Reservoirs: Geochemical Techniques for Evaluating Origin and Distribution. Continuing Education Course Notes, 36 1993, American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
3. Anderson G.M., Garven G. Sulfate-sulfide-carbonate associations in Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits. Econ. Geol. 1987, 82:482-488.
4. Ayora C., Taberner C., Saaltink M.W., Carrera J. The genesis of dedolomites: a discussion based on reactive transport modeling. J.Hydrol. 1998, 209:346-365.
5. Bons P.D., van Milligen B.P. Anew experiment to model self-organized critical transport and accumulation of melt and hydrocarbons from their source rocks. Geology 2001, 29:919-922.
6. Bover-Arnal T., Martín-Martín J.D., Gomez-Rivas E., Travé A., Salas R., Moreno-Bedmar J.A., Tomás S. Transgressive-regressive sequence analysis of the Upper Aptian carbonate succession of the south-eastern part of the Maestrat Basin (Iberian Chain, Spain). 27th IAS Meeting of Sedimentologists - Alghero (Italy), September 20-23, 2009 2009, 123-127. Medimond International Proceedings. A. Amorosi (Ed.).
7. Bover-Arnal T., Salas R., Moreno-Bedmar J.A., Bitzer K. Sequence stratigraphy and architecture of a late Early-Middle Aptian carbonate platform succession from the western Maestrat Basin (Iberian Chain, Spain). Sediment. Geol. 2009, 219:231-280.
8. Braithwaite C.J.R., Rizzi G., Darke G. The Geometry and Petrogenesis of Dolomite Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Introduction. Geological Society of London Special Publication 235 2004, 1-6.
9. Caja M.A., Salas R., Marfil R., Permanyer A. Paleothermal constraints from diagenetic minerals recording high temperature conditions in a rift basin (Maestrat Basin, Iberian Range). J.Geochem. Explor. 2009, 101:18.
10. Carmichael S.K., Ferry J.M., McDonough W.F. Formation of replacement dolomite in the Latemar carbonate buildup, dolomites, Northern Italy: part 1. Field relations, mineralogy, and geochemistry. Am. J. Sci. 2008, 308:851-884.
11. Cathles L.M., Smith A.T. Thermal constraints on the formation of Mississippi valley-type lead-zinc deposits and their implications for episodic basin dewatering and deposit genesis. Econ. Geol. 1983, 78:983-1002.
12. 2 and calcite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1991, 55:2867-2882.
13. Coniglio M., Sherlock R., Williams-Jones A.E., Middleton K., Frape S.K. Burial and hydrothermal diagenesis of Ordovician carbonates from the Michigan Basin, Ontario, Canada. Dolomites - a Volume in Honour of Dolomieu 1994, 231-254. International Association of Sedimentology, Special Publication 21. B.H. Purser, M.E. Tucker, D.H. Zenger (Eds.).
14. Corbella M., Ayora C., Cardellach E. Hydrotehrmal mixing, carbonate dissolution and sulfide precipitation in Mississippi Valley-type deposits. Miner. Deposita 2004, 39:344-357.
15. Corbella M., Ayora C., Cardellach E., Soler A. Reactive transport modeling and hidrotermal karst genesis: the example of Rocabruna barite deposit (Eastern Pyrenees). Chem. Geol. 2006, 233:113-125.
16. Corbella M., Gomez-Rivas E., Martín-Martín J.D., Stafford S.L., Teixell A., Griera A., Travé A., Cardellach E., Salas R. Insights to controls on dolomitization by means of reactive transport models applied to the Benicàssim case study (Maestrat Basin, eastern Spain). Pet. Geosci. (in press) 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2012-095.
17. Davies G.R., Smith L.B.J. Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies: an overview. AAPG Bull. 2006, 90:1641-1690.
18. Dawans J.M., Swart P.K. Textural and geochemical alterations in Late Cenozoic Bahamian dolomites. Sedimentology 1988, 35:385-403.
19. Ebner M., Toussaint R., Schmittbuhl J., Koehn D., Bons P.D. Anisotropic scaling of tectonic stylolites: a fossilized signature of the stress field?. J.Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:B06403.
20. Escorcia L., Gomez-Rivas E., Daniele L., Corbella M. Dedolomitization and reservoir quality, insights from reactive transport modeling. Geofluids 2013, 13(2):221-231.
21. Garcia R., Moreno-Bedmar J.A., Bover-Arnal T., Company M., Salas R., Latil J.L., Martín-Martín J.D., Gomez-Rivas E., Bulot L.G., Delanoy G., Martínez R., Grauges A. Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Albian) ammonite biostratigraphy in the Maestrat Basin (E Spain). J.Iber. Geol. 2014, (in press).
22. Garven G., Ge S., Person M.A., Sverjensky D.A. Genesis of stratabound ore deposits in the midcontinent basins of North America. 1. The role of regional groundwater flow. Am. J. Sci. 1993, 295:497-568.
23. Gasparrini M., Bechstädt T., Boni M. Massive hydrothermal dolomites in the southwestern Cantabrian Zone (Spain) and their relation to the Late Variscan evolution. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2006, 23:543-568.
24. Gomez-Rivas E., Stafford S.L., Lee A.G.K., Corbella M., Martín-Martín J.D., Teixell A. Flow patterns of dolomitizing solutions in a buried carbonate ramp - the Benicassim case study (Maestrat Basin, NE Spain). Presented at the 72nd European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona 2010, 2954-2959. Paper SPE 39522.
25. Gomez-Rivas E., Corbella M., Martín-Martín J.D., Teixell A., Cardellach E. Reactivity of dolomitizing fluids and evaluation of Mg sources in the Benicassim area (Maestrat Basin, E Spain). Presented at the 72nd European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona 2010, 2831-2835. Paper SPE 39497.
26. Gomez-Rivas E., Warber K., Kulzer F., Bons P.D., Koehn D., Martín-Martín J.D. Structural evolution of the Benicàssim area (Maestrat basin, NE Spain): insights from fracture and vein analysis. Geogaceta 2012, 51:79-82.
27. Grandia F., Asmerom Y., Getty S., Cardellach E., Canals À. U-Pb dating of MVT ore-stage calcite: implications for fluid flow in a Mesozoic extensional basin from Iberian Peninsula. J.Geochem. Explor. 2000, 69-70:377-380.
28. Grandia F. Origen, evolució i edat dels fluids associats a les mineralitzacions de Zn-Pb en carbonats cretàcics de la Conca del Maestrat (Castelló-Teruel) 2001, (Unpublished PhD thesis), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
29. Grandia F., Cardellach E., Canals A., Banks D.A. Geochemistry of the fluids related to epigenetic carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits in the Maestrat Basin, Eastern Spain: fluid inclusion and isotope (Cl, C, O, S, Sr) evidence. Econ. Geol. 2003, 98:933-954.
30. Gregg J.M. Basin fluid flow, base-metal sulphide mineralization and the development of dolomite petroleum reservoirs. Geological Society of London Special Publication 235 2004, 157-175. C.J.R. Braithwaite, G. Rizzi, G. Darke (Eds.).
31. Gregg J.M., Sibley D.F. Epigenetic dolomitization and the origin of xenotopic dolomite texture. J.Sediment. Pet. 1984, 54:908-931.
32. Guimerà J., Mas R., Alonso A. Intraplate deformation in the NW Iberian Chain: Mesozoic extension and Tertiary contractional inversion. J.Geol. Soc. 2004, 161:291-303.
33. Hardie L.A. Dolomitization; a critical view of some current views. J.Sediment. Pet. 1987, 57:166-183.
34. Helgeson H.C., Kirkham D.H. Theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of electrolytes at high pressures and temperatures: II. Debye-Huckel parameters for activity coefficients and relative partial molal properties. Am. J. Sci. 1974, 274:1199-1261.
35. Inskeep W.P., Bloom P.R. Kinetics of calcite precipitation in the presence of water-soluble organic ligands. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1986, 50:1167-1172.
36. Jones C.E., Jenkins H.C. Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Am. J. Sci. 2001, 301:112-149.
37. Kaczmarek S.E., Sibley D.F. Acomparison of nanometer-scale growth and dissolution features on natural and synthetic dolomite crystals: implications for the origin of dolomite. J.Sediment. Res. 2007, 77:424-432.
38. Kaczmarek S.E., Sibley D.F. On the evolution of dolomite stoichiometry and cation order during high-temperature synthesis experiments: an alternative model for the geochemical evolution of natural dolomites. Sediment. Geol. 2011, 240:30-40.
39. Kaufman J. Numerical models of fluid flow in carbonate platforms - implications for dolomitization. J.Sediment. Res. Sect. 1994, 64:128-139.
40. Kharaka Y.K., Thordsen J.J. Stable Isotope geochemistry and origin of waters in sedimentary basins. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 1992, vol. 43:411-466. N. Clauer, S. Chauduri (Eds.).
41. Koehn D., Renard F., Toussaint R., Passchier C.W. Growth of stylolite teeth pattern depending on normal stress and finite compaction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 257:582-595.
42. Koehn D., Ebner M., Renard F., Toussaint R., Passchier C.W. Modelling of stylolite geometries and stress scaling. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2012, 341:104-113.
43. Kulzer F. Stylolites in the Southeast Maestrat Basin, Spain. How Can Stylolites Aid the Analysis of Diagenetic and Tectonic Events? 2011, 67. (MSc thesis), University of Mainz, Germany.
44. Land L.S. The origin of massive dolomite. J.Geol. Educ. 1985, 33:112-125.
45. Lide D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 2010, 1993. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 90th ed.
46. Lohmann K.C. Geochemical patterns of meteoric diagenetic systems and their application to paleokarst. Paleokarst 1988, 58-80. Springer Verlag, New York. P.W. Choquette, N.P. James (Eds.).
47. Lucia F.J. Origin and Petrophysics of Dolostone Pore Space. Geological Society of London Special Publication 235 2004, 141-155.
48. Machel H.G. Concepts and Models of Dolomitization: A Critical Reappraisal. Geological Society of London Special Publication 235 2004, 7-63.
49. Martín-Chivelet J., Berástegui X., Caus E., Puig C. Cretaceous. Geology of Spain 2002, Geological Society of London. W. Gibbons, T. Moreno (Eds.).
50. Martín-Martín J.D. Los minerales de la arcilla del Permo-Triásico de la Cordillera Ibérica oriental: Procedencia y evolucion diagenética 2004, 189. (Unpublished PhD thesis), Universidad Jaume I de Castellón, Spain.
51. Martín-Martín J.D., Tritlla J., Cardellach E., Gómez-Gras D. Tectonically driven fluid flow and associated low-grade metamorphism during the Alpine compression in the eastern Iberian Chain (Spain). J.Geochem. Explor. 2006, 89:267-270.
52. Martín-Martín J.D., Travé A., Gomez-Rivas E., Sizun J.P., Salas R., Gómez-Gras D., Vergés J. Fault-associated dolomites in the Benicàssim area, Maestrat Basin, E. Spain - Macro- to micro-scale fluid flow in carbonates. Society of Petroleum Engineers - 72nd European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition 2010-Incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2010 2010, 4:2980-2984.
53. Martín-Martín J.D., Gomez-Rivas E., Travé A., Salas R., Vergés J. Dolomías asociadas a fracturas en carbonatos aptienses de la zona de Benicàssim (cuenca del Maestrat, Castelló). Geogaceta 2012, 51:19-22.
54. Martín-Martín J.D., Gomez-Rivas E., Bover-Arnal T., Travé A., Salas R., Moreno-Bedmar J.A., Tomás S., Corbella M., Teixell A., Vergès J., Stafford S.L. The Upper Aptian to Lower Albian syn-rift carbonate succession of the southern Maestrat Basin (Spain): facies architecture and fault-controlled stratabound dolostones. Cretac. Res. 2013, 41:217-236.
55. McCrea J.M. On the isotopic chemistry of carbonates and a paleotemperature scale. J.Chem. Phys. 1950, 18:849-853.
56. Meléndez A., Meléndez F., Portero J., Ramírez J. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleogeography of Upper Cretaceous evaporitic-carbonate platforms in the Central part of the Sierra Ibérica. 6th. European Regional Meeting. Excursion Guidebook, Lleida 1985, 187-193.
57. Montaron B. Confronting carbonates. Oil Rev. Middle East 2008, 5:132-135.
58. Moreno-Bedmar J.A., Company M., Barragán R., Salas R., Martín-Martín J.D., Bover-Arnal T., Gomez-Rivas E. Precisiones, mediante ammonoideos, sobre la edad de la Fm. Benassal, Cuenca del Maestrat (Cadena Ibérica). Comunicaciones de las XXV Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología, "Darwin, la Teoría de la Evolución y la Paleontología" y simposios de los proyectos PICG 493, 499 y 506 2009, 231-234. Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Libro de Resúmenes. P. Palmqvist, J.A. Pérez-Claros (Eds.).
59. Moreno-Bedmar J.A., Company R., Bover-Arnal T., Salas R., Delanoy G., Maurrasse F.J.-M.R., Graugés A., Martínez R. Lower Aptian ammonite biostratigraphy in the Maestrat Basin (Eastern Iberian Chain, Easter Spain). A Tethyan transgressive record enhanced by synrift subsidence. Geol. Acta 2010, 8(3):281-299.
60. Morrow D.W. Regional subsurface dolomitization: models and constraints. Geosci. Can. 1998, 25:57-70.
61. Nadal J. Estudi de la dolomitització del Juràssic superior-Cretaci inferior de la Cadena Ibérica oriental y la Cadena Costanera Catalana: relació amb la segona etapa de rift mesozoica 2001, (Unpublished PhD thesis), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
62. Nader F.H., López-Horgue M.A., Shah M.M., Dewit J., Garcia D., Swennen R., Iriarte E., Muchez P., Caline B. The Ranero hydrothermal dolomites (Albian, Karrantza Valley, Northwest Spain): implications on conceptual dolomite models. Oil Gas. Sci. Technol. 2012, 67(1):9-29.
63. Obis J.A., Canerot J., Torres T., Martínez J.U., Moreno E., Martínez C., Granados L., Schroeder R., Pan T., Mansialla H. Mapa Geológico de España 1:50.000 1973, hoja n° 616 (Villafamés), IGME, Madrid.
64. O'Neil J.R., Clayton R.N., Mayeda T.K. Oxygen isotope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates. J.Chem. Phys. 1969, 51:5547-5558.
65. Ortí F., Salvany J.M. Formaciones evaporíticas de la Cuenca del Ebro y cadenas periféricas, y de la zona de Levante: nuevas aportaciones y guía de superficie 1990, 309. Enresa, Madrid.
66. Parkhurst D.L., Appelo C.A.J. User's Guide to PHREEQC - a Computer Program for Speciation, Batch-reaction, One-dimensional Transport, and Inverse Geochemical Calculations 1999, U.S.G.S. Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4259.
67. Permanyer A., Salas R., Bitzer K. Thermal modelling and geochemical constraints in the Late Jurassic of the Southern Iberian Chain (NE Spain). New Perspectives on Organic Geochemistry for the Third Millenium. Proceedings of the 7th Latin-american Congress on Organic Geochemistry, Brasil 2000, 179-182. L.A. Trindade, A.C. Macedo, S.M. Barbanti (Eds.).
68. Person M., Raffensperger J.P., Ge S., Garven G. Basin-scale hydrogeologic modeling. Rev. Geophys. 1996, 34:61-87.
69. Plummer L.N., Wigley T.M.L., Parkhurst D.L. The kinetics of calcite dissolution in CO 2 -water systems at 5 degrees to 60 degrees C and 0.0 to 1.0 atm CO2. Am. J. Sci. 1978, 278:179-216.
70. Purser B.H., Brown A., Aissaoui D.M. Nature, origin and evolution of porosity in dolomites. Dolomites-A Volume in Honour of Dolomieu 1994, vol. 21:283-308. International Association of Sedimentology Special Publication.
71. Reinhold C. Multiple episodes of dolomitization and dolomite recrystallization during shallow burial in Upper Jurassic shelf carbonates: eastern Swabian Alb, southern Germany. Sediment. Geol. 1998, 121:71-95.
72. Roca E., Guimerà J. The Neogene structure of the eastern Iberian margin: structural constraints on the crustal evolution of the Valencia trough (western Mediterranian). Tectonophysics 1992, 203:203-218.
73. Roca E., Guimerà J., Salas R. Mesozoic extensional tectonics in the southeast Iberian Chain. Geol. Mag. 1994, 131:155-168.
74. Rodríguez-López J.P., Meléndez N., Soria A.R., Liesa C.L., Van Loon A.J. Lateral variability of ancient seismites related to differences in sedimentary facies (the synrift Escucha Formation, mid-Cretaceous, eastern Spain). Sediment. Geol. 2007, 201:461-484.
75. Roure F., Swennen R., Schneider F., Faure J.L., Ferket H., Guilhaumou N., Osadetz K., Robion P., Vandeginste V. Impact de la tectonique et de la migration naturelle des fluides sur l'évolution des réservoirs dans les chaînes plissées et leurs avant-pays. Oil Gas. Sci. Technol. Rev. IFP 2005, 60(1):67-106.
76. Saaltink M.W., Batlle F., Ayora C., Carrera J., Olivella S. RETRASO, a code for modelling reactive transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media. Geol. Acta 2004, 2-3:235-251.
77. Salas R., Guimerà J., Mas R., Martín-Closas C., Meléndez A., Alonso A. Evolution of the Mesozoic Central Iberian rift system and its Cenozoic inversion (Iberian Chain). Peritethyan Rift/wrench Basins and Passive Margins 2001, Peri-Tethyan Memoirs. W. Cavazza, A.H.F. Robertson, P.A. Ziegler (Eds.).
78. Salas R. El Malm i el Cretaci inferior entre el Massís del Garraf i la Serra d'Espadà 1987, (Unpublished PhD thesis), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
79. Salas R., Casas A. Mesozoic extensional tectonics, stratigraphy and crustal evolution during the Alpine cycle of the eastern Iberian basin. Tectonophysics 1993, 228:33-55.
80. Salas R., Guimerà J. Ragos estructurales principales de la cuenca cretácica inferior del Maestrazgo (Cordillera Ibérica Oriental). Geogaceta 1996, 20:1704-1706.
81. Salas R., Martín-Closas C., Delclòs X., Guimerà J., Caja M.A., Mas R. Factores principales de control de la sedimentación y los cambios bióticos durante el tránsito Jurásico-Cretácico en la Cadena Ibérica. Geogaceta 2005, 38:15-18.
82. Salas R., Caja M.A., Martín-Martín J.D., Mas R., Permanyer A. Mid-Late Cretaceous volcanism, metamorphism and the regional thermal event affecting the Northeastern Iberian basins (Spain). Géologie Alpine 2005, Laboratoire de Géologie de l'Université I de Grenoble, Grenoble. A. Arnaud-Vanneau, N. Arndt, I. Zghal (Eds.).
83. Schmoker J.W., Halley R.B. Carbonate porosity vs. depth: a predictable relation for South Florida. AAPG Bull. 1982, 66:2561-2570.
84. Schrijver K., Williams-Jones A.E., Bertrand R., Chagnon A. Genesis and controls of hydrothermal dolomitization in sandstones of the Appalachian thrust belt, Québec, Canada: Implications for associated galena-barite mineralization. Chem. Geol. 1996, 192:257-279.
85. Sclater J.G., Christie P.A.F. Continental stretching: an explanation of the post-mid-Cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin. J.Geophys. Res. 1980, 85:3711-3739.
86. Secor D.T., Pollard D.D. On the stability of open hydraulic fractures in the Earth's crust. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1975, 2:510-513.
87. Shanks W.C., Bischoff J.L. Ore transport and deposition in the Red Sea geothermal system; a geochemical model. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 41:1507-1519.
88. Shelton K.L., Bauer R.M., Gregg J.M. Fluid-inclusion studies of regionally extensive epigenetic dolomites, Bonneterre Dolomite (Cambrian), southeast Missouri: evidence of multiple fluids during dolomitization and lead-zinc mineralization. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1992, 104:675-683.
89. Simón Gómez J.L. Analysis of a gradual change in stress regime (example from the eastern lberian Chain, Spain). Tectonophysics 1986, 124:31-53.
90. Simón-Gómez J.L. Sobre las deformaciones del paleozoico del macizo del Desierto de las Palmas (Castellón). Estud. Geol. 1986, 42:407-414.
91. Sjöberg E.L. Afundamental equation for calcite dissolution kinetics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1976, 40:441-447.
92. Spencer-Cervato C., Mullis J. Chemical study of tectonically controlled hydrothermal dolomitization: an example from the Lessini Mountains, Italy. Geol. Rundsch. 1992, 81(2):347-370.
93. Staude S., Bons P.D., Markl G. Hydrothermal vein formation by extension- driven dewatering of the middle crust: an example from SW Germany. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 286:387-395.
94. Stumm W., Morgan J.J. Aquatic Chemistry - an Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters 1981, Wiley, New York. second ed.
95. Tester J.W., Cline J.A. Hydrolysis and oxidation in subcritical ad supercritical water: connecting process engineering science to molecular interactions. Corrosion 1999, 55:1088-1100.
96. Tomás S. Sistemas arrecifales del Cretácico inferior de la Cuenca del Maestrat. Modelos deposicionales, paleontológicos y diagenéticos 2007, (Unpublished PhD thesis), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
97. Tomás S., Comas Nebot M., Salas R. La plataforma carbonatada Aptiense superior de Benicàssim-Orpesa (Cuenca del Maestrat, Cadena Ibérica): modelo de depósito. Geogaceta 2007, 41:235-238.
98. Tomás S., Löser H., Salas R. Low-light and nutrient-rich coral assemblages in an Upper Aptian carbonate platform of the southern Maestrat Basin (Iberian Chain, eastern Spain). Cretac. Res. 2008, 29:509-534.
99. Tritlla J. Geología y Metalogénia de las Mineralizaciones de Ba-Hg de la Sierra de Espadàn (Provincia de Castellón). Boletín la Soc. Española Mineral. 1994, 17:245-246.
100. Tritlla J., Cardellach E. Fluid inclusions in pre-ore minerals from the carbonate-hosted mercury deposits in the Espadán Ranges (eastern Spain). Chem. Geol. 1997, 137:91-106.
101. Tritlla J., Cardellach E., Sharp Z.D. Origin of vein hydrothermal carbonates in Triassic limestones of the Espadán Ranges (Iberian Chain, E Spain). Chem. Geol. 2001, 172:291-305.
102. Tritlla J., Sole J. Anewly dated Cretaceous hydrothermal event in the Iberian Ranges, (Eastern Spain) and its significance within the Mesozoic thermal history in the Iberian Peninsula. Ore Geol. Rev. 1999, 15:243-259.
103. Wallmann K. Controls on the Cretaceous and Cenozoic evolution of seawater composition, atmospheric CO2 and climate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65:3005-3025.
104. Warren J. Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important associations. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2000, 52:1-81.
105. Weisheit A., Bons P.D., Elburg M.A. Long-lived crustal-scale fluid flow: the hydrothermal mega-breccia of Hidden Valley, Mt. Painter Inlier,South Australia. Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geolische Rundschau) 2013, 102:1219-1236.
106. Wendte J., Qing H., Dravis J.J., Moore S.L.O., Stasiuk L.D., Ward G. High temperature saline (thermoflux) dolomitization of Devonian Swan Hills platform and bank carbonates, Wild River area, west-central Alberta. Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. 1998, 46(2):210-265.
107. Whitaker F.F., Smart P.L., Jones G.D. Dolomitization: From Conceptual to Numerical Models. Geological Society of London Special Publication 235 2004, 99-139.
108. Whitaker F.F., Xiao Y. Reactive transport modeling of early burial dolomitization of carbonate platforms by geothermal convection. AAPG Bull. 2010, 94:889-917.
109. White D.E. Thermal waters of volcanic origin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1957, 68:1637-1658.
110. Wilson E.N., Lawrence A.H., Phillips O.M. Dolomitization front geometry, fluid flow patterns, and the origin of massive dolomite: the Triassic Latemar buildup, northern Italy. Am. J. Sci. 1990, 290:741-796.
111. Wilson M.E.J., Evans M.J., Oxtoby N.H., Nas D.S., Donnelly T., Thirlwall M. Reservoir quality, textural evolution, and origin of fault-associated dolomites. AAPG Bull. 2007, 91(9):1247-1272.
112. Wolery T.J. EQ3NR, A. Computer Program for Geochemical Aqueous Speciation-Solubility Calculations: Theoretical Manual, User's Guide and Related Documentations (Version 7.0) 1992, UCRL-MA-110662 Pt III. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA.
113. Xiao Y., Jones G.D., Whitaker F.F., Al-Helal A.B., Stafford S.L., Gomez-Rivas E., Guidry S. Fundamental approaches to dolomitisation and carbonate diagenesis in different hydrogeological systems and the impact on reservoir quality distribution. 6th International Petroleum Technology Conference 2013, 16579-MS. 10.2523/16579-MS.
114. Zenger D.H., Dunham J.B., Ethington R.L. Concepts and Models of Dolomitization 1980, 320. 28. Special Publication - SEPM.
115. Zheng Y.-F., Hoefs J. Carbon and oxygen isotopic covariations in hydrothermal calcites. Miner. Deposita 1993, 28:79-89.
116. Zheng Y.-F. Oxygen isotope fractionation in carbonate and sulfate minerals. Geochem. J. 1999, 33:109-126.