Massive hydrothermal dolomites in the southwestern Cantabrian Zone (Spain) and their relation to the Late Variscan evolution

Marine and Petroleum Geology

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 543-568

  Gasparrini, Marta ^a   Bechstädt, Thilo ^a   Boni, Maria ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cantabrian zone; Hydrothermal dolomites; Variscan orogeny

Indexed keywords

CALCITE CEMENTATION; DOLOMITIZATION; HYDROTHERMAL DOLOMITES;

ANISOTROPY; CARBONATES; DELAMINATION; HEAT CONVECTION; ROCKS; TECTONICS;

GEOCHEMISTRY;

DOLOMITE; DOLOMITIZATION; HERCYNIAN OROGENY; HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSIT;

CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS; EURASIA; EUROPE; IBERIAN MASSIF; IBERIAN PENINSULA; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN;

EID: 33746512095     PISSN: 02648172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2006.05.003     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Amthor J.E., Mountjoy E.W., and Machel H.H. Regional-scale porosity and permeability variations in Upper Devonian Leduc buildups: implications for reservoir development and prediction in carbonates. AAPG Bulletin 78 (1994) 1541-1559
2. Aramburu C., and Bastida F. Geología de Asturias (1995), TREA, Gijón 314pp
3. Arcos, D., 1996. Las mineralizaciones asociadas a la granodiorita en el depósito de Cu-Au de Carlés, Asturias. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Barcelona, Spain, 360pp.
4. Ayllon F., Bakker R.J., and Warr L.N. Thermal decrepitation of low temperature quartz inclusions in a Stephanian pull-apart basin, Northern Spain. Geofluids 3 (2003) 49-68
5. Baadsgaard H., Chaplin C., and Griffin W.L. Geochronology of the Gloserneia pegmatite, Froland, southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 64 (1986) 111-119
6. 2 at low temperatures: applications to fluid inclusion research. Canadian Mineralogist 42 (2004) 1283-1314
7. Barnaby R.J., and Read J.F. Dolomitization of a carbonate platform during late burial: Lower to Middle Cambrian Shady Dolomite, Virginia Appalachians. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 62 (1992) 1023-1043
8. Bathurst R.G.C. Burial diagenesis of limestones under simple overburden. Stylolites, cementation and feedback. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 166 2 (1995) 181-192
9. Behr H.J., Horn E.E., Frentzel-Beyme K., and Reutel C. Fluid inclusion characteristics of the Variscan and post-Variscan mineralizing fluids in the Federal Republic of Germany. Chemical Geology 61 (1987) 273-285
10. Boni M., Parente G., Bechstädt T., De Vivo B., and Iannace A. Hydrothermal dolomites in SW Sardinia (Italy): evidence for a widespread late-Variscan fluid flow event. Sedimentary Geology 131 (2000) 181-200
11. Brand U., and Veizer J. Chemical diagenesis of a multi-component carbonate system. I. Trace elements. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 50 (1980) 1219-1236
12. Brime C., García-López S., Bastida F., Valín M.L., Sanz-López J., and Aller J. Transition from diagenesis to metamorphism near the front of the Variscan regional metamorphism (Cantabrian Zone, northwestern Spain). Journal of Geology 109 (2001) 363-379
13. Butler G.P., and Burns S.J. Modern evaporite deposition and geochemistry of co-existing brines, the Sabkha, Trucial Coast, Arabian Gulf. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 39 1 (1969) 70-89
14. Carballo J.D., Land L.S., and Miser D.E. Holocene dolomitization of supratidal sediments by active tidal pumping, Sugarloaf Key, Florida. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57 (1987) 153-165
15. 2. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 44 (1980) 323-332
16. Clauer N., and Chaudhuri S. Isotopic Signatures of Sedimentary Rocks. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, vol. 43 (1992), Springer, Berlin 529pp
17. Colmenero J.R., and Prado J.C. Coal basins in the Cantabrian Mountains, northwestern Spain. International Journal of Coal Geology 23 (1993) 215-229
18. Coniglio M., Sherlock R., Williams-Jones A.E., Middleton K., and Frape S.K. Burial and hydrothermal diagenesis of Ordovician carbonates from the Michigan Basin, Ontario, Canada. In: Purser B.H., Tucker M.E., and Zenger D.H. (Eds). Dolomites-A Volume in Honour of Dolomieu (1994), International Association of Sedimentology Special Publication 21 231-254
19. Crespo J.L., Moro M.C., Fadón O., Cabrera R., and Fernández A. The Salamón gold deposit (León, Spain). Journal of Geochemical Exploration 71 (2000) 191-208
20. Dallmeyer R.D., and Martínez-García E. Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Iberia (1990), Springer, Berlin 416pp
21. Dickson J.A.D. Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 36 2 (1966) 491-505
22. Dravis, J.J., Muir, I.D., 1992. Case study of burial dissolution-dolomites, Devonian Upper Elk Point Group, western Canada. In: Hutcheon, I.E. (Ed.), Subsurface Dissolution Porosity in Carbonates: Recognition, Causes and Implications. American Association for Petroleum Geology and Canadian Society for Petroleum Geology Short Course Notes, pp. 55-117.
23. Fernández-Suárez J., Dunning G.R., Jenner G.A., and Gutiérrez-Alonso G. Variscan collisional magmatism and deformation in NW Iberia: constraints from U-Pb geochronology of granitoids. Journal of Geological Society of London 157 (2000) 565-576
24. Fontboté L., and Amstutz G.C. Facies and sequence analysis of diagenetic crystallization rhythmites in strata-bound Pb-Zn-(Ba-F-) deposits in the Triassic of Central and Southern Europe. In: Schneider H.J. (Ed). Mineral Deposits of the Alps and of the Alpine Epoch in Europe (1983), Springer, Heidelberg 347-358
25. Friedman, I., O'Neil, J.R., 1977. Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 440 KK, 12pp.
26. Frings K., Lutz R., DeWall H., and Warr L.N. Coalification history of the Stephanian Ciñera-Matallana pull-apart basin, NW-Spain: combining anisotropy of vitrinite reflectance and thermal modelling. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93 (2004) 92-106
27. Gallastegui G., Heredia N., Rodríguez-Fernández L.R., and Cuesta A. El stock de Peña Prieta en el contexto del magmatismo de la Unidad del Pisuerga-Carrión (Zona Cantábrica, N de España). Cuaderno Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe 15 (1990) 203-217
28. Garven G., and Freeze R.A. Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits. 2. Quantitative results. American Journal of Science 284 (1984) 1125-1174
29. Gasparrini, M., 2003. Large-scale hydrothermal dolomitisation in the southwestern Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain): causes and controls of the process and origin of the dolomitizing fluids. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg, Germany, 193pp. http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/3586
30. Gasparrini, M., Bakker, R.J., Bechstädt, T., in press. Characterisation of dolomitizing fluids in the Carboniferous of the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain): a fluid inclusion study with cryo-Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Sedimentary Research.
31. Gómez-Fernández F., Both R.A., Mangas J., and Arribas A. Metallogenesis of Zn-Pb carbonate-hosted mineralisation in the southeastern region of the Picos de Europa (central northern Spain) province: geologic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies. Economic Geology 95 (2000) 19-40
32. Gregg J.M., and Sibley D.F. Epigenetic dolomitization and the origin of xenotopic dolomite texture. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54 3 (1984) 908-931
33. Grimmer, J.O.W., 2000. Fluidassoziierte Brekzien als Monitor dolomitisierender und dedolomitisierender Lösungströme in der Kantabrischen Zone (Nordspanien). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg, Germany, 148pp. http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/1423.
34. Grossman, E.L., 1994. The carbon and oxygen isotope record during the evolution of Pangea: Carboniferous to Triassic. In: Klein, G.D. (Ed.), Pangea: Paleoclimate, Tectonics, and Sedimentation during Accretion, Zenith and Breakup of a Supercontinent. Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol. 288, pp. 207-228.
35. Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., Fernández-Suárez, J., Weil, A.B., 2004. Orocline triggered lithospheric delamination. In: Sussman, A.J., Weil, A.B. (Eds.), Orogenic Curvature: Integrating Paleomagnetic and Structural Analyses, Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol. 383, pp. 121-130.
36. Heijlen W., Muchez P., and Banks D.A. Origin and evolution of high-salinity, Zn-Pb mineralising fluids in the Variscides of Belgium. Mineralium Deposita 36 (2001) 165-176
37. Hemleben C., and Reuther C.D. Allodapic limestones of the Barcaliente Formation (Namurian A) between Luna and Cea Rivers (southern Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 159 2 (1980) 225-255
38. Hitchon B., Billings G.K., and Klovan J.E. Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 35 (1971) 567-598
39. Iannace, A., Boni, M., Bechstädt, T., 2001. Late Variscan fluid-flow and hydrothermal dolomitisation: a European perspective? In: Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial SGA Meeting, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Krakow, pp. 197-200.
40. Illing, L.V., 1959. Deposition and diagenesis of some Upper Palaeozoic carbonate sediments in western Canada. In: Proceedings of the Fifth World Petroleum Congress, New York, pp. 23-52.
41. Kharaka Y.K., and Carothers W.W. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of deep basin brines. In: Fritz P., and Fontes J.P. (Eds). Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry (1986), Elsevier, Amsterdam 305-360
42. Knauth L.P., and Beeunas M.A. Isotope geochemistry of fluid inclusions in Permian halite with implications for the history of ocean water and the origin of saline formation waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50 (1986) 419-433
43. Land L.S. The isotopic and trace element geochemistry of dolomite: the state of the art. In: Zenger D.H., Dunham J.B., and Ethington R.L. (Eds). Concepts and Models of Dolomitization vol. 28 (1980), Society for Sedimetary Geology Special Publication 87-110
44. Land, L.S., 1983. The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of clastic sediments. In: Arthur, M.A., Anderson, T.F., Kaplan, I.R., Veizer, J., Land, L.S. (Eds.), Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. Society of Sedimentary Geology Short Course, vol. 10, pp. 4.1-4.22.
45. Land L.S. The origin of massive dolomite. Journal of Geological Education 33 (1985) 112-125
46. Land L.S., and Hoops G.K. Sodium in carbonate sediments and rocks: a possible index to the salinity of diagenetic solutions. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 43 (1973) 614-617
47. Lohman K.C. Geochemical patterns of meteoric diagenetic systems and their application to studies of paleokarst. In: James N.P., and Choquette P.W. (Eds). Paleokarst (1987), Springer, New York 58-80
48. Lumsden D.N. Discrepancy between thin section and X-ray estimates of dolomite in limestone. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 49 (1979) 429-436
49. Lumsden D.N., and Chimahusky J.S. Relationship between dolomite nonstoichiometry and carbonate facies parameters. In: Zenger D.H., Dunham J.B., and Ethington R.L. (Eds). Concepts and Models of Dolomitization vol. 28 (1980), Society of Sedimentary Geology Special Publication 87-110
50. Machel H.G. Concepts and models of dolomitization: a critical reappraisal. In: Braithwaite C.J.R., Rizzi G., and Darke G. (Eds). The Geometry and Petrogenesis of Dolomite Hydrocarbon Reservoirs vol. 235 (2005), Geological Society of London Special Publication 7-63
51. Machel, H.G., Burton, E.A., 1991. Factors governing cathodoluminescence in calcite and dolomite and their implications for studies of carbonate diagenesis. In: Barker, C.E., Kopp, O.C. (Eds.), Luminescence Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Qualitative and Quantitative Applications. Society of Sedimentary Geology Short Course, vol. 25, pp. 37-57.
52. Machel H.G., and Lonnee J. Hydrothermal dolomite-a product of poor definition and imagination. Sedimentary Geology 152 (2002) 163-171
53. Marcos A. La tectonica de la Unidad de la Sobia-Bodón. Trabajos de Geología 2 (1968) 59-87
54. Martínez-García E. El Pérmico de la Cordillera Cantábrica. In: Martínez-Díaz C. (Ed). Carbonífero y Pérmico de España (1983), IGME, Madrid 389-402
55. Mattes B.W., and Mountjoy E.W. Burial dolomitization of the Upper Devonian Miette buildup, Jasper National Park, Alberta. In: Zenger D.H., Dunham J.B., and Ethington R.L. (Eds). Concepts and Models of Dolomitization vol. 28 (1980), Society of Sedimentary Geology Special Publication 259-297
56. Mazzullo S.J. Geochemical and neomorphic alteration of dolomite: a review. Carbonates and Evaporites 7 (1992) 21-37
57. McKibben M.A., Williams A.E., Elders W.A., and Eldridge C.S. Saline brines and metallogenesis in a modern sediment-filled rift: the Salton Sea geothermal system, California, USA. Applied Geochemistry 2 5/6 (1987) 563-578
58. Meyers, W.J., 1991. Calcite cement stratigraphy. In: Barker, C.E., Kopp, O.C. (Eds.), Luminescence microscopy and spectroscopy: qualitative and quantitative aspects. Society of Sedimentary Geology Short Course, vol. 25, pp. 133-148.
59. Moore C.H. Carbonate Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution. Developement in Sedimentology, vol. 46 (1989), Elsevier, Amsterdam 338pp
60. Morrow D.W. The influence of the Mg/Ca ratio and salinity on dolomitization in evaporite basins. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 26 (1978) 389-392
61. Morrow, D.W., 1990a. Dolomite-Part 1: the chemistry of dolomitization and dolomite precipitation. In: McIlreath, I.A., Morrow, D.W. (Eds.), Diagenesis, Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 4, Ottawa, pp. 113-124.
62. Morrow D.W., 1990b. Dolomite-Part 2: dolomitization models and ancient dolostones. In: McIlreath, I.A., Morrow, D.W. (Eds.), Diagenesis, Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 4, Ottawa, pp. 125-139.
63. Morrow D.W. Regional subsurface dolomitization: models and constraints. Geoscience Canada 25 (1998) 57-70
64. Morrow D.W., and Aulstead K.L. The Manetoe Dolomite-a Cretaceous-Tertiary or a Paleozoic event? Fluid inclusion and isotopic evidence. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 43 (1995) 267-280
65. Morrow D.W., Cumming G.L., and Aulstead K.L. The gas-bearing Devonian Manetoe Facies, Yukon and Northwest Territories. Bulletin of Geological Survey Canada 400 (1990) 54pp
66. Muir Wood R. Earthquakes, strain-cycling and the mobilization of fluids. In: Parnell J. (Ed). Geofluids: Origin, Migration and Evolution of Fluids in Sedimentary Basins vol. 78 (1994), Geological Society London Special Publication 85-98
67. Nägler, T., 1990. Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and common lead isotope geochemistry on fine-grained sediments of the Iberian Massif. Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 139pp.
68. Nielsen P., Swennen R., Muchez P., and Keppens E. Origin of Dinantian zebra-dolomites south of the Brabant-Wales Massif, Belgium. Sedimentology 45 (1998) 727-743
69. Odling N.E. Fluid flow in fractured rocks at shallow levels in the Earth′s crust: an overview. In: Holness M.B. (Ed). Deformation-enhanced Fluid Transport in the Earth′s Crust and Mantle (1997), Chapman & Hall, London 333pp
70. Oliver J. Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belt: their role in hydrocarbon migration and other geologic phenomena. Geology 14 (1986) 99-102
71. Paniagua A., Rodríguez-Pevida L.S., Garzón L., Pérez J.M., and Quintana A. Presencia de una paragénesis Cu-Ni-U-As-S en la Zona Cantábrica: la Mina Profunda (Cármenes, León). Geogaceta 2 (1987) 22-24
72. Paniagua, A., Fontboté, L., Fenoll Hach-Alí, P., Fallick, A.E., Moreiras, D.B., Corretgé, L.G., 1993. Tectonic setting, mineralogical characteristics, geochemical signatures and age dating of a new type of epithermal carbonate-hosted, precious metal-five element deposits: the Villamanín area (Cantabrian Zone, northern Spain). In: Current Research in Geology Applied to Ore Deposits-Second Biennal SGA Meeting, Granada, pp. 531-534.
73. Paniagua A., Rodríguez-Pevida L.S., Loredo J., Fontboté L., and Fenoll Hach-Ali P. Un yacimiento de Au en carbonatos del Orógeno Hercínico: el área de Salamón (N León). Geogaceta 20 7 (1996) 1605-1608
74. Patterson R.J., and Kinsman J.J. Formation of diagenetic dolomite in a coastal sabkha along Arabian (Persian) Gulf. AAPG Bulletin 66 (1982) 28-43
75. Pérez-Estaún A., and Bastida F. Cantabrian zone: structure. In: Dallmeyer R.D., and Martínez-García E. (Eds). Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Iberia (1990), Springer, Berlin 55-69
76. Pierson B.J. The control of cathodoluminescence in dolomite by iron and manganese. Sedimentology 28 (1981) 601-610
77. Purser B.H., Brown A., and Aissaoui D.M. Nature, origin and evolution of porosity in dolomites. In: Purser B.H., Tucker M.E., and Zenger D.H. (Eds). Dolomites-A Volume in Honour of Dolomieu Vol. 21 (1994), International Association of Sedimentology Special Publication 283-308
78. Qing H., and Mountjoy E.W. Origin of dissolution vugs, caverns, and breccias in the Middle Devonian Presqu′ile Barrier, host of the Pine Point Mississippi Valley-Type deposits. Economic Geology 89 (1994) 858-876
79. Radke B.M., and Mathis R.L. On the formation and occurrence of saddle dolomite. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 50 4 (1980) 1149-1168
80. Raven J.G.M., and Van der Pluijm B.A. Metamorphic fluids and transtention in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain: an application of the conodont color alteration index. Geological Magazine 123 6 (1986) 673-681
81. Schneider, J., 2000. Indirekte Rb-Sr-Chronometrie postorogener Hydrothermalsysteme und assoziierter Gangmineralisationen im Rhenohercynikum. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Giessen, Germany, 162pp.
82. Schneider J., Bechstädt T., and Machel H. Covariance of C- and O-isotopes with magnetic susceptibility as a result of burial diagenesis of sandstones and carbonates-an example from the Lower Devonian La Vid Group, Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain. International Journal of Earth Science 93 (2004) 990-1007
83. Schott B., and Schmeling H. Delamination and detachment of a lithospheric root. Tectonophysics 296 (1998) 225-247
84. Sibley D.F., and Gregg J.M. Classification of dolomite rock textures. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57 6 (1987) 967-975
85. Simms M.A., and Garven G. Thermal convection in faulted extensional sedimentary basins: theoretical results from finite-element modeling. Geofluids 4 (2004) 109-130
86. Smalley P.C., Higgins A.C., Howarth R.J., Nicholson H., Jones C.E., Swinburne N.H.M., and Bessa J. Seawater Sr isotope variations through time: a procedure for constructing a reference curve to date and correlate marine sedimentary rocks. Geology 22 (1994) 431-434
87. Spencer-Cervato C., and Mullis J. Chemical study of tectonically controlled hydrothermal dolomitization: an example from the Lessini Mountains, Italy. Geologische Rundschau 81 2 (1992) 347-370
88. Spötl C., and Pitman J.K. Saddle (baroque) dolomite in carbonates and sandstones: a reappraisal of a burial-diagenetic concept. In: Morad S. (Ed). Carbonate Cementation in Sandstones vol. 26 (1998), International Association of Sedimentology Special Publication 437-460
89. Suchy V., Rozkosny I., Zák K., and Francu J. Epigenetic dolomitization of the Prídolí formation (Upper Silurian), the Barrandian basin, Czech Republic: implications for burial history of Lower Paleozoic strata. Geologische Rundschau 85 (1996) 264-277
90. Taylor T.R., and Sibley D.F. Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of dolomite types and the origin of ferroan dolomite in the Treton Formation, Ordovician, Michigan Basin, USA. Sedimentology 33 (1986) 61-86
91. Tompkins L.A., Murray J.R., and Groves D.I. Evaporites: in situ source for rhythmically banded ore in the Cadjebut Mississippi Valley-Type Zn-Pb deposit, Western Australia. Economic Geology 89 (1994) 467-492
92. Tornos F., and Spiro B.F. The geology and isotope geochemistry of the talc deposits of Puebla de Lillo (Cantabrian Zone, northern Spain). Economic Geology 95 (2000) 1277-1296
93. Tornos F., Delgado A., Casquet C., and Galindo C. 300 Million years of episodic hydrothermal activity: stable isotope evidence from hydrothermal rocks of the Eastern Iberian Central System. Mineralium Deposita 35 (2000) 551-569
94. Valverde-Vaquero, P., Cuesta-Fernández, A., Gallastegui, G., Suárez, O., Corretgé, L.G., Dunning, G.R., 1999. U-Pb dating of late-Variscan magmatism in the Cantabrian Zone (northern Spain). In: Proceedings of the EUG X, Strasbourg, p. 101.
95. Veselovsky, Z., 2004. Integrated numerical modelling of a polyhistory basin, Southern Cantabrian Basin (Palaeozoic, NW-Spain): Gaea heidelbergensis [CD-ROM], vol. 13, 225pp.
96. Wachter E., and Hayes J.M. Exchange of oxygen isotopes in carbon-dioxide-phosphoric acid systems. Chemical Geology 52 (1985) 365-374
97. Wagner R.H., Winkler Prins C.F., and Riding R.E. Lithostratigraphic units of the lower part of the Carboniferous in northern León, Spain. Trabajos de Geología 4 (1971) 603-663
98. Wallace M.W., Both R.A., Morales Ruano S., Hach-Ali P.F., and Lees T. Zebra textures from carbonate-hosted sulfide deposits: sheet cavity networks produced by fracture and solution enlargement. Economic Geology 89 (1994) 1183-1191
99. Wardlaw N.C. Factors affecting oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs and prediction of recovery. In: Chilingarian G.V., Mazzullo S.J., and Rieke H.H. (Eds). Carbonate Reservoir Characterization: A Geologic-Engineering Analysis, Part II. Developments in Petroleum Science vol. 44 (1996), Elsevier, Amsterdam 867-903
100. Weil A.B., Van der Voo R., Van der Pluijm B.A., and Parés J.M. The formation of an orocline by multiphased deformation: a paleomagnetic investigation of the Cantabria-Asturias arc hinge-zone (northern Spain). Journal of Structural Geology 22 (2000) 735-756
101. Wendte J., Qing H., Dravis J.J., Moore S.L.O., Stasiuk L.D., and Ward G. High temperature saline (thermoflux) dolomitization of Devonian Swan Hills platform and bank carbonates, Wild River area, west-central Alberta. Bulletin of the Canadian Petroleum Geology 46 2 (1998) 210-265
102. Wilson E.N., Lawrence A.H., and Phillips O.M. Dolomitization front geometry, fluid flow patterns, and the origin of massive dolomite: the Triassic Latemar buildup, northern Italy. American Journal of Science 290 (1990) 741-796
103. Wilson A.M., Sanford W.E., Whitaker F.A., and Smart P.L. Spatial patterns of diagenesis during geothermal circulation in carbonate platforms. American Journal of Science 301 (2001) 727-752