The engineering project: Its nature, ethics, and promise

The Engineering Project: Its Nature, Ethics, and Promise

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-216

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References (281)

1. "Ethics, Ethos and the Professions: Some Lessons from Engineering." Professional Ethics 4, no. 1 (1995).
2. "Engineering Design: Content and Context." Journal of Engineering Education 83, no. 2 (1994).
3. "Engineering Education in the Postmodern Era." Frontiers in Education Conference Proceedings (1994), fie Conference in San Jose, Calif.
4. "The Place of Focal Engineering in University Education", International Symposium on Technology and Society Conference Proceedings (2000), istas Conference in Rome.
5. "A Plea for the Practice of Focal Engineering." Technology in Society 21, no. 4 (1999).
6. "Technology: The Cost of Disengagement/The Benefit of Disburdenment", International Symposium on Technology and Society Conference Proceedings (1993), istas Conference in Washington, D. C.
7. "Three Kinds of Ethics for Three Kinds of Engineering." ieeeTechnology and Society Magazine 20, no. 3 (2001).
8. Albert Borgmann, Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 33-48.
9. Jesse S. Tatum, "Technology and Values: Getting Beyond the 'Device Paradigm' Impasse", Science, Technology, and Human Values 19(Winter 1994):76.
10. David Billington, The Innovators: The Engineering Pioneers Who Made America Modern (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), 201.
11. Carl Mitcham, Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 162.
12. The idea of material ethics comes from the work of Albert Borgmann. These two essays are especially useful: "The Moral Assessment of Technology", in Democracy in a Technological Society, ed. Langdon Winner (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992)
13. and "The Moral Significance of Material Culture", Inquiry 35 (1992).
14. Herbert L. Dreyfus, "The Priority of The World to My World", Man and World 8(May 1975):122.
15. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984, 1987).
16. Andrew Feenberg, Questioning Technology (London: Routledge, 1999).
17. Albert Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 35.
18. Taft H. Broome, "Engineering the Philosophy of Science", Metaphilosophy 16, no. 1(January 1985):48-49.
19. Steven L. Goldman, "Philosophy, Engineering, and Western Culture", in Broad and Narrow Interpretations of Philosophy of Technology, ed. Paul T. Durbin (Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990), 131.
20. See Mitcham, Thinking Through Technology, 192-208.
21. See Goldman, "Philosophy, Engineering, and Western Culture", 131-32.
22. Taichi Sakaiya, The Knowledge-Value Revolution, trans. George Fields and William Marsh (New York: Kodansha International, 1991), 162.
23. See Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide, 21.
24. See Sakaiya, The Knowledge = Value Revolution, 166.
25. See Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide, 21.
26. Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 16.
27. John Lienhard, The Engines of Our Ingenuity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 71.
28. Friedrich Klemm, A History of Western Technology, trans. D. W. Singer (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1964), 124-25.
29. W. T. Jones, A History of Western Philosophy: Hobbes to Hume, 2nd edition (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969), 74.
30. See Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide, 24.
31. See Klemm, History of Western Technology, 175.
32. See Jones, History of Western Philosophy, 115.
33. See Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide, 37-38.
34. Barry Lichter, "Safety and the Culture of Engineering", in Ethics and Risk Management in Engineering, ed. A. Flores (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1989), 214.
35. David F. Channell, "The Harmony of Theory and Practice: The Engineering Science of W. J. M. Rankine", Technology and Culture 23, no. 1(January 1982):45.
36. See Mitcham, Thinking Through Technology, 193.
37. Michael Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension (New York: Doubleday, 1966).
38. See not only Polanyi, Tacit Dimension, but also his magnum opus, Personal Knowledge: Toward a Post-Critical Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). A
39. good overview is presented in Harry Prosch, Michael Polanyi: A Critical Exposition (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986).
40. E. A. Feigenbaum, Knowledge Engineering: The Applied Side of Artificial Intelligence, Report STAN-CS-80-812 (Department of Computer Science, Stanford University), 1980. "Knowledge engineering" is an expression popularized by Feigenbaum, who was an early researcher in the field of expert systems.
41. Edwin T. Layton, "Mirror-Image Twins: The Communities of Science and Technology in 19th-Century America", Technology and Culture 12, no. 30(October 1971):566.
42. Carl Mitcham, "Types of Technology", Research in Philosophy and Technology 1(1978):256.
43. James H. Potter, ed., Handbook of the Engineering Sciences (Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1967).
44. Mario Bunge, "Toward a Philosophy of Technology", in Philosophy and Technology, ed. Carl Mitcham and Robert Mackey (New York: The Free Press, 1972), 72.
45. See Layton, "Mirror-Image Twins", 567-68.
46. Edwin T. Layton, "American Ideologies of Science and Engineering", Technology and Culture 17, no. 4(October 1976):695.
47. Samuel C. Florman, The Existential Pleasures of Engineering (New York: St. Martin Press, 1976), 142.
48. See Layton, "American Ideologies", 698.
49. Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (New York: The Free Press, 1967), 96.
50. See Mitcham, "Types of Technology", 252.
51. Henryk Skolimowski, "The Structure of Thinking in Technology", in Philosophy and Technology, ed. Carl Mitcham and Robert Mackey (New York: The Free Press, 1972), 42-49. Electrical engineering and chemical engineering use the same idea of efficiency as mechanical engineering; however, each uses a different notion of energy.
52. I. C. Jarvie, "The Social Character of Technological Problems: Comments on Skolimowski's Paper", in Philosophy and Technology, ed. Carl Mitcham and Robert Mackey (New York: The Free Press, 1972), 51.
53. See Mitcham, Thinking Through Technology, 226-27.
54. W. Gasparski, "A Praxiological Theory of Design", in Praxiological Studies, ed. W. Gasparski and T. Pszczolowski (Boston: D. Reidel, 1983), 281.
55. MIT Committee on Engineering Design, "Report on Enginering Design", Journal of Engineering Education 51(April 1961):647.
56. T. T. Woodson, Introduction to Engineering Design (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), 3.
57. G. L. Glegg, The Design of Design (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 24.
58. See Mitcham, "Types of Technology", 245.
59. Walter G. Vincenti, "Technological Knowledge Without Science: The Innovation of Flush Riveting in American Airplanes", Technology and Culture 25(July 1984):540.
60. Herbert A. Simon, The Science of the Artificial (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), 60.
61. Michael Davis, Thinking Like an Engineer (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 37.
62. George Sinclair, "The Decline of Professionalism in Engineering", ieeeTransactions on Education E-23(November 1980):177.
63. Robert Perrucci and Joel Gerstl, Professions Without Community: Engineers in American Society (New York: Random House, 1969).
64. Edwin T. Layton, The Revolt of the Engineers (Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1971), 5.
65. Charles E. Harris, Michael S. Pritchard, and Michael J. Rabins, Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, 2nd edition (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2000), 197-99
66. Deborah G. Johnson, "Engineering Ethics", in The New Engineer's Guide to Career Growth and Professional Awareness, ed. Irving J. Gabelman (New York: ieee Press, 1996), 167.
67. John Ladd, "Collective and Individual Moral Responsibility in Engineering: Some Questions", ieeeTechnology and Society Magazine 1, no. 2(June 1982):3.
68. Vivian Weil, "Action and Responsibility in the Engineering Profession", Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions Occasional Papers, no. 2(August 1979):9.
69. Layton, "Mirror-Image Twins", 579.
70. Robert G. Sargent, Charles A. Pratt, et al., "Ingredients of Professionalism: A Panel Discussion", Proceedings of the 1985 Summer Computer Simulation Conference, July 1985.
71. See Ladd, "Collective and Individual Moral Responsibility", 4.
72. W. M. Evan, "The Engineering Profession: A Cross-Cultural Analysis", in The Engineers and the Social System, ed. R. Perrucci and J. E. Gerstl (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969), 124-25.
73. C. Thomas Rogers, "The Ethical End-Use Problem in Engineering", Research in Philosophy and Technology 8(1985):77.
74. See Ladd, "Collective and Individual Moral Responsibility", 9.
75. See Rogers, "Ethical End-Use Problem", 89.
76. Rosemary Chalk, "Ethical Dilemmas in Modern Engineering", Technology and Society 9(March 1981):1.
77. See Rogers, "Ethical End-Use Problem", 86.
78. Heinz C. Luegenbiehl, "What Is Engineering Ethics? A Prolegomena", Science, Technology & Society Newsletter of the Lehigh University STS Program, no. 36(June 1983):1.
79. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 70.
80. Simon Blackburn, Being Good (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 120-21.
81. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards (New York: Macmillan, 1967), s.v. "deontology."
82. Deborah G. Johnson, Computer Ethics, 2nd edition (Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1994), 29.
83. G. Felicitas Munzel, Kant's Conception of Moral Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 61.
84. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards (New York: Macmillan, 1967), s.v. "utilitarianism."
85. See Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins, Engineering Ethics, 147.
86. William W. Lowrance, "The Nature of Risk", in Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe Is Safe Enough? ed. Richard C. Schwing and Walter A. Abers Jr. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980), 6.
87. See Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins, Engineering Ethics, 155.
88. Roland Schinzinger, "Technological Hazards and the Engineer", in Social, Ethical, and Policy Implications of Engineering, ed. Joseph R. Herkert (Piscataway, N. J.: ieee Press, 2000), 136.
89. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971), 4.
90. David Harvey, Justice, Nature & the Geography of Difference (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 342.
91. associated with the University of Virginia. See http://www.iath.virginia. edu/cecmpe/gormley.html/.
92. Eva Bertram and Kenneth Sharpe, "Capitalism, Work, and Character", American Prospect, September 11, 2000, 1. This article is available on line at http://www.prospect.org/print-friendly/print/V11/20/ bertram-e.html/.
93. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards, s.v. "state."
94. Sam Gindin, "The Terrain of Social Justice" (http://www.socialjustice.org/pubs/gindin.pdf), 5. This essay is a revised version of the inaugural lecture for the Packer Endowment in Social Justice, originally delivered April 17, 2001.
95. This is a reference in Gindin's essay quoted from G. C. Morris, "Montesquieu and the Varieties of Political Experience", in Political Ideas, ed. David Thompson (London: Penguin Press, 1990).
96. See Gindin, "Terrain of Social Justice", 6.
97. See Harvey, Justice, 349.
98. From the wHuman Development Report 2000 of the United Nations Development Program (undp), chap. 2; available at http://www.undp.org/hdr2000/english/ HDR2000.html/.
99. Jane Ellen Stevens, "Martin Makes a Middle Class", San Francisco Chronicle, December 8, 2002, (http://techawards.thetech.org/news- press/2002.12.08.sfgate.com.pdf), 2/11.
100. Freeman Dyson, "Technology and Social Justice", in Society, Ethics, and Technology, ed. Morton E. Winston and Ralph D. Edelbach (Toronto: Wadsworth, 2000), 145.
101. Kevin Fagan, "Pedal-powered E-mail in the Jungle", San Francisco Chronicle, January 17, 2003, 3/6; available at http://www.sfgate.com/ cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchroni cle%2Farchive%2F2003%2F01%2F17%2FMN86676. DTL/.
102. Charles S. Brown, "The Real and the Good: Phenomenology and the Possibility of an Axiological Rationality", in Eco-Phenomenology: Back to the Earth Itself, ed. Charles S. Brown and Ted Toadvine (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003), 10.
103. See Harvey, Justice, 373.
104. Aidan Davison, Technology and the Contested Meanings of Sustainability (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001), 63-64.
105. Wendell Berry, "Two Minds", The Progressive, November 2002.
106. Information about the history of recycling comes from Tufts University; see http://www.tufts.edu/tuftsrecycles/more/USstats.html/.
107. Anthony J. Trewavas, "GM Food Is the Best Option We Have", in The Ethics of Food, ed. George E. Pence (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 150.
108. Vandana Shiva, "Genetic Engineering and Food Security", in The Ethics of Food, ed. George E. Pence (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 146.
109. Michael Zimmerman, Contesting Earth's Future: Radical Ecology and Postmodernity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994).
110. See Harvey, Justice, 386.
111. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1934).
112. Neil Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992).
113. Thomas J. Misa, "How Machines Make History, and How Historians (and Others) Help Them to Do So", Science, Technology, & Human Values 13, nos. 3 & 4(Summer & Autumn 1988):308.
114. Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).
115. Albert Borgmann, Holding On to Reality: The Nature of Information at the Turn of the Millennium (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 217-18.
116. Mitcham, Thinking Through Technology, 207.
117. TyAnna Herrington Lambert, "Jürgen Habermas: Luddite Dragon or Defender of the Weak?" 4-5; available at http://www.daedalus.com/didak/ cccc95/tyanna.html/.
118. Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide, 82.
119. Stephen Bertman, Hyperculture: The Human Cost of Speed (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishing, 1998), 3.
120. See Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide, 82.
121. Helen Margetts, "Electronic Government: Method or Madness?" (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/spp/download/publications/sppwp3.pdf), 3.
122. Andrew Feenberg, "Escaping the Iron Cage, or, Subversive Rationalization and Democratic Theory"; available at http://www-rohan. sdsu.edu/faculty/feenberg/schom1.htm/.
123. See Margetts, "Electronic Government", 3.
124. Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, trans. W. Lovitt (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 16.
125. See Margetts, "Electronic Government", 6.
126. Carroll W. Pursell, The Machine in America: A Social History of Technology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995);
127. Arnold Pacey's The Maze of Ingenuity: Ideas and Idealism in the Development of Technology (London: Allen Lane, 1974)
128. The Culture of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983)
129. and Meaning in Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999);
130. Klemm, History of Western Technology;
131. L. Sprague de Camp, The Ancient Engineers (1960; reprint, New York: Ballentine Books, 1974);
132. John Rae and Rudi Volti, The Engineer in History (New York: Peter Lang, 1993);
133. and R. J. Forbes, Man the Maker (New York: Henry Schuman, 1950).
134. Carl Mitcham, "On Character and Technology", in Technology and the Good Life? ed. Eric Higgs, Andrew Light, and David Strong (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 133.
135. Rae and Volti, Engineer in History, 1.
136. Mitcham, Thinking Through Technology, 123.
137. Max Weber, Essays in Sociology, trans. and ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 155.
138. James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn, Science and Technology in World History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 43.
139. Ervan Garrison, A History of Engineering and Technology (New York: CRC Press, 1999), 29.
140. Rae and Volti, Engineer in History, 10.
141. De Camp, Ancient Engineers, 165.
142. See http://www.cen. bris.ac.uk/resource/engquot2.htm/.
143. Garrison, History of Engineering and Technology, 51.
144. Klemm, History of Western Technology, 18-19.
145. Forbes, Man the Maker, 62.
146. De Camp, Ancient Engineers, 164.
147. McClellan and Dorn, Science and Technology in World History, 89.
148. Forbes, Man the Maker, 69-70.
149. From the translation of Vitruvius's work available at http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient-rome/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/ 1.html/.
150. De Camp, Ancient Engineers, 165.
151. Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 17.
152. Martin Heidegger, "The Question Concerning Technology", in The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, trans. William Lovitt (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 18.
153. Michael Eldred, "Capital and Technology: Marx and Heidegger"; available at http://www.webcom.com/artefact/artfinvn.html/.
154. T. P. Hughes, "Introduction", in Samuel Smiles, Selections from the Lives of the Engineers (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966), 11.
155. Borgmann, Crossing the Postmodern Divide, 38.
156. See Hughes, "Introduction", 1.
157. Samuel Smiles, Selections from the Lives of the Engineers (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966), 166.
158. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Random House, 1944), 270.
159. Carl Mitcham, "Computer Ethos, Computer Ethics", Research in Philosophy and Technology 8(1985):276.
160. Martin Heidegger, Discourse on Thinking, trans. John M. Anderson and E. Hans Freund (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 55.
161. John Caputo, "A Phenomenology of Moral Sensibility: Moral Emotion", 3; available at http://www.crvp.org/book/Series01/I-12/chapter- ii.html/.
162. This quotation comes from Ralph Waldo Emerson, Society and Solitude; see http://www.scottj.f9.co.uk/engquot.html/.
163. James Kip Finch; see http://www.asme.org/history/hquote1.html/.
164. Forbes, Man the Maker, 103-4.
165. Sakaiya, Knowledge-Value Revolution, 159.
166. Klemm, History of Western Technology, 79-80.
167. Forbes, Man the Maker, 62-63.
168. Donald Routledge Hill, Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times (London: Routledge, 1996), 103.
169. Forbes, Man the Maker, 93-94.
170. Hill, Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times, 103.
171. Samuel C. Florman, The Introspective Engineer (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1996), 125.
172. T. W. (Ted) Hissey, "Enhanced Skills for Engineers", ieeeGrid (a newsletter of the ieee), February 2001.
173. Gregory Trianosky, "Natural Affection and Responsibility for Character: A Critique of Kantian Views of the Virtues", in Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology, ed. by O. Flanagan and A. O. Rorty (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 104.
174. John Dewey, The Theory of the Moral Life (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 91.
175. Sherwin Klein, "Platonic Virtue Theory and Business Ethics", Business and Professional Ethics Journal 8, no. 4(1990):65.
176. Robert Piercey, "Not Choosing Between Morality and Ethics", The Philosophical Forum 32, no. 1(2001):54.
177. John Rist, Real Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 120.
178. Roy V. Hughson and Philip M. Kohn, "Ethics", Chemical Engineering, September 22, 1980, 132.
179. Julia Annas, The Morality of Happiness (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 4.
180. Joel Kupperman, "Character and Ethical Theory", Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13(1988):116.
181. William J. Prior, Virtue and Knowledge: An Introduction to Ancient Greek Ethics (London: Routledge, 1991), 4.
182. James F. Keenan, S. J., "Virtue Ethics: Making a Case as It Comes of Age", Thought, vol. 67, no. 265, June 1992, p. 120.
183. Zygmunt Bauman, Life in Fragments (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995), 36-37.
184. See Annas, Morality of Happiness, 441.
185. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 2nd edition (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984), 191.
186. Randolph Feezell, "Sport, Character, and Virtue", Philosophy Today 33, no. 3/4(Fall 1989):205.
187. See MacIntyre, After Virtue, 194.
188. See Pacey, Culture of Technology, 125.
189. See Bauman, Life in Fragments, 100.
190. See Annas, Morality of Happiness, 443.
191. Edmund L. Pincoff, Quandaries and Virtues (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1986), 6.
192. See MacIntyre, After Virtue, 191.
193. James Q. Wilson, The Moral Sense (New York: The Free Press, 1993).
194. Lawrence Haworth, Decadence and Objectivity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), x.
195. See MacIntyre, After Virtue, 91.
196. Benjamin Franklin's The Art of Virtue, 3rd edition, ed. George L. Rogers (Eden Prairie, Minn.: Acom Publishing, 1996), 137.
197. Blaine McCormick, Ben Franklin's 12 Rules of Management (Irvine, Calif.: Entrepreneur Press, 2000), 111.
198. See MacIntyre, After Virtue, 192-93.
199. Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, trans. Charles P. Loomis (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1957).
200. Edmund G. Seebauer and Robert L. Barry, Fundamentals of Ethics for Scientists and Engineers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 145. This is the first engineering ethics text that stresses virtue ethics.
201. Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins, Engineering Ethics, 119-21.
202. The information on the Challenger disaster was drawn from the cd-rom included with Harris, Pritchard, and Rabins, Engineering Ethics.
203. Jill Robins, ed., Is It Righteous To Be? Interviews with Emmanuel Levinas (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 114-15.
204. See Bauman, Life in Fragments, 267-68.
205. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), 57.
206. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus, "Toward a Phenomenology of Ethical Expertise", Human Studies 14(1991):246.
207. Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), 149.
208. Deane Curtin, "Toward an Ecological Ethics of Care", Hypatia 6, no. 1(1991):67.
209. Milton Mayeroff, On Caring (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 5.
210. Andrew Feenberg, "Modernity Theory and Technology Studies: Reflections on Bridging the Gap", in Modernity and Technology, ed. T. Misa, P. Brey, and A. Feenberg (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003), 73-104.
211. See Seebauer and Barry, Fundamentals of Ethics, 175.
212. Edward T. Hall, "Context and Meaning", in Intercultural Communication: A Reader, ed. L. Samovar and R. Porter (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1982), 18.
213. R. S. Zaharna, "Rhetorical Ethnocentricism: Understanding the Rhetorical Landscape of Arab-American Relations" (paper presented to the Speech Communication Association, 1995); available at http://academic2.american. edu/~zaharna/rhetoric.htm/.
214. W. E. Wilson, Concepts of Engineering System Design (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965), 5.
215. David Brazier and Mike Leonard, "Concurrent Engineering: Participating in Better Design", Mechanical Engineering, January 1990, 52.
216. Lorenzo C. Simpson, Technology, Time, and the Conversations of Modernity (New York: Routledge, 1995), 34.
217. Martin Buber, I and Thou, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970).
218. Tod S. Sloan, "The Colonization of the Lifeworld and the Destruction of Meaning", Radical Psychology 1, no. 2(Fall 1999):4.
219. Klaus Hartmann, "Human Agency Between Life-World and System: Habermas's Latest Version of Critical Theory", Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 16, no. 2(May 1985):149.
220. Heidegger uses the idea of Sameness in the sense of "belonging together" in "The Principle of Identity" (in Identity and Difference, trans. Joan Stambaugh [New York: Harper & Row, 1969]). "Belonging" indicates an intimacy between being and thinking, whereas "together" indicates a more customary scientific unification.
221. Heidegger, Being and Time, 97.
222. Hubert L. Dreyfus, Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time, Division I (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991), 91.
223. Dreyfus, "Priority of The World", 121-22.
224. Charles Spinosa, Fernando Flores, and Hubert L. Dreyfus, Disclosing New Worlds (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997), 17.
225. Edmund Husserl, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, trans. David Carr (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1970).
226. See Hartmann, "Human Agency", 149.
227. David Kolb, "Heidegger and Habermas on Criticism and Totality", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 52, no. 3(September 1992):687.
228. Lambert, "Jürgen Habermas: Luddite Dragon or Defender of the Weak?" 4.
229. Feenberg, Questioning Technology, 167.
230. See Simpson, Conversations of Modernity, 81.
231. Deborah Kilgore, "In Defense of the Lifeworld", Adult Education Quarterly 49, no. 2(Winter 1999):122.
232. See Buber, I and Thou.
233. "The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking", in On Time and Being, trans. Joan Stambaugh (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 58.
234. See Feenberg, Questioning Technology, 206.
235. Bruno Latour, "Where Are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts", in Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, ed. W. Bijker and J. Law (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992). 26.
236. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, A Social History of American Technology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 151.
237. See Feenberg, Questioning Technology, 206.
238. Carl Mitcham, "Notes Toward a Philosophy of Meta-Technology", Techne: Journal of the Society for Philosophy and Technology 1, nos. 1-2(Fall 1995):3.
239. Kenneth R. Foster, "The Precautionary Principle-Common Sense or Environmental Extremism?" IEEETechnology and Society Magazine 21, no. 4(Winter 2002/2003):12
240. See Borgmann, Technology, 197.
241. Goldman, "Philosophy, Engineering, and Western Culture", 126.
242. Michael Arnold, "Intranets, Community, and Social Capital: The Case of Williams Bay", Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 23, no. 2 (April 2003).
243. Stephen L. Talbott, "Netfuture", February 25, 2003, 6. This is a newsletter dealing with technology and human responsibility published by the Nature Institute and is available at http://www.praxagora.com/stevet/netfuture/.
244. Langdon Winner, "Artifact/Ideas and Political Culture", Whole Earth Review, no. 73(Winter 1991):23-24.
245. Edwin Schlossberg, Interactive Excellence (New York: Ballantine, 1998), 14.
246. Stephen L. Talbott, "Ecological Conversation: Wildness, Anthropocentrism, and Deep Ecology", Netfuture, no. 127, January 10, 2002, 3.
247. Bill McKibben, Enough (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), 205.
248. Juliet Schor, "The New Politics of Consumption", Boston Review, 1999(Summer):10-12; available at http://bostonreview.mit.edu/BR24.3/schor.html/ .
249. See Borgmann, Technology, 223-24.
250. Christopher Alexander, The Timeless Way of Building (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 109.
251. See Borgmann, Technology, 40-48.
252. Stephen Johnston, Alison Lee, and Helen McGregor, "Engineering as Captive Discourse", SPT Journal (http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/STP/ v1-n3n4/Johnston.html): 4.
253. Ken Wilber, interview by Mark Matousek, Utne Reader, July/August 1998, 50-56, 106-7.
254. Langdon Winner, "Engineering Ethics and Political Imagination", in Broad and Narrow Interpretations of Philosophy of Technology, ed. Paul T. Durbin (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990), 61.
255. Robert Brook, letter to the editor, ieeeTechnology and Society Magazine, Summer 1999, 4.
256. Langdon Winner, "Technology as 'Big Magic' and Other Myths", ieeeTechnology and Society Magazine, Fall 1988, 4.
257. Kim Vincente, The Human Factor (New York: Routledge, 2004), 1.
258. Bonnie A. Nardi and Vicki L. O'Day, Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999).
259. Borgmann, "Moral Assessment of Technology", 211.
260. Johs Grundahl, "The Danish Consensus Conference Model", in Public Participation in Science: The Role of Consesus Conferences in Europe, ed. S. Joss and J. Durant (London: Science Museum, 1995); available at http://www.ucalgary.ca/~pubconf/Education/grundahl.htm.
261. Bob Hudspith and Mike Kim, "Learning from a University-Cosponsored Regional Consensus Conference", Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 22, no. 3(June 2002):232.
262. Phil Bereano, "Report on Danish 'Citizen Consensus Conference' on Genetically Engineered Foods, March 12-15, 1999", 2; available at http://www.loka.org/pages/Danish GeneFood.htm.
263. Richard E. Sclove, "Town Meetings on Technology", in Science, Technology, and Democracy, ed. Daniel Lee Kleinman (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000), 35.
264. "Danish Citizen Technology Panels", 2, from a report of The Co-Intelligence Institute, available at http://www.co-intelligence.org/P- DanishTechPanels.html.
265. W. H. McNeill, "Goodbye to the Bison", New York Review of Books, April 27, 2000, 23.
266. Langdon Winner, "Engineering Ethics and Political Imagination", in Broad and Narrow Interpretations of Philosophy of Technology, ed. Paul T. Durbin (Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990), 62.
267. Borgmann, "Moral Significance of Material Culture", 299.
268. Feenberg, Questioning Technology, 192.
269. Michael Gelven, A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time, revised ed. (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1989), 79.
270. Peter-Paul Verbeek, What Things Do: Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design, trans. Robert P. Crease (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2005), 129-30.
271. Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Anchor Books, 2000).
272. J. B. Foster, "Monopoly Capital and the New Globalization", Monthly Review, January 2002, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi-m1132/ is-8-53/ai82006/pg2./.
273. Jim Hightower, Hightower Lowdown, June 2003, http://www.hightowerlowdown. org/.
274. Bill Mollison, with Reny Maislay, Introduction to Permaculture (Tyalgum, N. S. W., Australia: Tagari Publications, 1991), 1.
275. See Feenberg, Questioning Technology.
276. Charles Guignon, ed., The Good Life (Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 1999), 22.
277. Borgmann, "Reply to My Critics", 366.
278. Richard M. Gula, The Good Life (New York: Paulist Press, 1999), 120-22.
279. Vincent P. Miceli, Ascent to Being: Gabriel Marcel's Philosophy of Communion (New York: Desclee, 1965), 175.
280. Jacques Derrida with Anne Dufourmantelle, Of Hospitality, trans. Rachel Bowlby (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), 77.
281. Iris Murdoch, The Sovereignty of Good (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970), 99.