The precautionary principle - Common sense or environmental extremism?

IEEE Technology and Society Magazine

Volumn 21, Issue 4 SPEC., 2002, Pages 8-13

  Foster, Kenneth R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL RADIATION EFFECTS; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS; HEALTH RISKS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; INTERNATIONAL LAW; RISK MANAGEMENT; SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS;

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMISM; EUROPEAN UNION; PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE;

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;

EID: 0036968670     PISSN: 02780097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/MTAS.2003.1166560     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. D. Kriebel et al., "The precautionary principle in environmental science," Environmental Health Perspectives, to be published.
2. European Environmental Agency, "Precautionary principle: Late lessons from early warnings," available from http://reports.eea.eu.int/environmental_issue_report_2001_22/en.
3. G. Conko, "The precautionary principle: Protectionism and environmental extremism by other means", presented at Workshop on the Precautionary Principle, International Society on Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Arlington, VA, June 2002.
4. I. M. Goklany, The Precautionary Principle. Washington, DC: The Cato Institute 2001.
5. F. B. Cross, Paradoxical perils of the precautionary principle, Washington and Lee Law Rev., vol. 53, pp. 851-925, 1996.
6. D. Gee, Financial Times (London), U.S. ed., vol. 2, p. 14, Dec. 16, 1999.
7. D. VanderZwaag, J. Env. Law and Practice, vol. 8, p. 355, 1999. See also http://www.ec.gc.ca/cepa/ip18/e18_00.html.
8. D. VanderZwaag, "The precautionary principle and marine environmental protection: Slippery shores, rough seas, and rising normative tides," Ocean Develop. and Int. Law, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 165-188, 2002.
9. Available from http://www/mcw/edu/gcrc/cop/powerlines-cancer-FAQ/toc.html.
10. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Static and Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields, vol. 80, June 19-26, 2001.
11. Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, "Mobile phones and health," National Radiological Protection Board (U.K.) 2000. See http://www.iegmp.org.uk/IEGMPtxt.htm.
12. IEEE C95.1.
13. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health Physics, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 494-522, 1998. See http://www.ICNIRP.de/.
14. L. I. Kheifets, G. L. Hester, and G. L. Banerjee, "The precautionary principle and EMF: implementation and evaluation," J. Risk. Res., vol. 4, 2000.
15. World Health Organization Backgrounder, Electromagnetic Fields And Public Health Cautionary Policies; available from http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/facts press/EMF-Precaution.htm).
16. I. Nair, M.G. Morgan, and H.K. Florig, "Biological effects of power frequency electric and magnetic fields," Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, background pap., OTA-BP-E-53, 1989.
17. V. Anderson, personal communication.
18. Commission of the European Communities, Commnication on the Precautionary Principle, Brussels, Belgium, Feb. 2, 2000. See http://europa.eu.int/comm/off/com/health_consumer/precaution.htm.
19. K. R. Foster, P. Vecchia, M. H. Repacholi, "Science and the precautionary principle," Science, vol. 288, pp. 979-980, 2000.
20. D. Byrne, "The decision maker's dilemma," Joint WHO/FAO/OIE Technical Consultation on BSE, Paris, France, June 11-14, 2001.