Competition and chaos: U.S. telecommunications since the 1996 telecom act

Competition and Chaos: U.S. Telecommunications Since the 1996 Telecom Act

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-212

  Crandall, Robert W ^a  

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References (271)

1. Reed E. Hundt, You Say You Want a Revolution: A Story of Information Age Politics (Yale University Press, 2000), p. x.
2. Robert W. Crandall and Leonard Waverman, Talk Is Cheap: The Promise of Regulatory Reform in North American Telecommunications (Brookings, 1995).
3. Robert W. Crandall and Leonard Waverman, Who Pays for Universal Service? When Telephone Subsidies Become Transparent (Brookings, 2000).
4. New Zealand Commerce Commission, Telecommunications Act 2001, Section 64 Review and Schedule 3 Investigation into Unbundling the Local Loop Network and the Fixed Public Data Network, Final Report, December 2003 (www.comcom.govt.nz/ telecommunications/llu/finalreport.pdf).
5. Values obtained from www.finance.yahoo.com/.
6. "North America: The Telecom Scrap Yard," DooYooo, July 25, 2002 (www.dooyoo.co.uk/services/telecommunications-services/telecommunication- service-providers-in-general/-review/383840/ [September 2003]).
7. www.st-andrews.ac.uk/economics/undergrad/honours/-EC4515o9a.pdf
8. Clifford Winston, "U.S. Industry Adjustment to Economic Deregulation," Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (Summer 1998): 89-110.
9. Milton Mueller, Universal Service: Competition, Interconnection, and Monopoly in the Making of the American Telephone System (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1997)
10. Gerald Brock, The Telecommunications Industry: The Dynamics of Market Structure (Harvard University Press, 1981).
11. Robert W Crandall and Leonard Waverman, Who Pays for Universal Service? When Subsidies Become Transparent (Brookings, 2000).
12. MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. FCC, 561 F2d 365 (D.C. Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1040 (1978); 580 F.2d 590 (D.C. Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 980 (1978).
13. North Carolina Utilities Commission v. FCC, 552 F.2d 1036 (1977), cert. denied 434 U.S. 874 (1977).
14. United States v. American Telephone and Telegraph Co., Civil Action 74-1698 (D.D.C November 20, 1974).
15. Modification of Final Judgment, United States v. American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 552 F. Supp. 131 (D.D.C. 1982), aff'd. sub. nom., Maryland v. United States, 460 U.S. 1001, 103 S. Ct. 1240, 75 L. Ed. 2d 472 (1983).
16. Steve Coll, The Deal of the Century: The Breakup of A T&T (Atheneum, 1986).
17. Robert W. Crandall, "The Failure of Structural Remedies in Sherman Act Monopolization Cases," Oregon Law Review 80, no. 1 (Spring 2001): 109-98.
18. U.S. v. Western Electric, et al, and Pacific Telesis Group et al, 900 F2d 283 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 111 S.Ct. 283 (1990).
19. Paul H. Rubin and Hashem Dezhbakhsh, "Costs of Delay and Rent-Seeking under the Modification of Final Judgment," Managerial and Decision Economics 16 (1995): 385-99.
20. Richard W. Oliver and David T. Scheffman, "The Regulation of Vertical Relationships in the U.S. Telecommunications Industry," Managerial and Decision Economics 16 (1995): 327-48.
21. U.S. Telecom Industry Association, et al v. FCC and USA, No. 00-0012 (D.C Cir. 2004).
22. Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, First Report and Order, CC Docket 96-98, 11 FCC Rcd 15499 (1996).
23. AT&T'Corp. v. Iowa Utilities Board 525 U.S. 366 (1999).
24. Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Third Report and Order and Fourth Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 15 FCC Rcd 3696 (1999).
25. United States Telecom Association et al. v. FCC, 290 F.3d 415 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
26. Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole, Competition in Telecommunications (MIT Press, 2000), chaps. 4 and 5.
27. Mark Armstrong, "The Theory of Access Pricing and Interconnection," in Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, Vol. 1, edited by Martin E. Cave, Sumit K. Majumdar, and Ingo Vogelsang (Elsevier/North-Holland, 2002), pp. 295-384.
28. Joan Marsh, AT&T, "UNE-P vs. 271 LD Entry: What's the Real Trade-Off for the RBOCs?" Ex Parte Submission to the FCC, WC Docket 01-338 (September 25, 2002).
29. Reed Hundt, has written a book on his tenure at the FCC, You Say You Want a Revolution (Yale University Press, 2000)
30. MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. FCC, 561 F. 2d 365 (D.C. Cir. 1977).
31. U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission, Horizontal Merger Guidelines (April 2, 1992; rev. April 8, 1997), sec. 1.51.
32. FCC, Trends in Telephone Service (May 2004), table 1.2.
33. FCC, Statistics of Communications Common Carriers, 1994/1995 (1995), pp. 42-43.
34. CTIA, Semi-Annual Wireless Industry Survey (www.ctia.org/news-media/news/ index.cfm/AID/10030 [June 2004]).
35. Robert W. Crandall and J. Gregory Sidak, "Should Regulators Set Rates to Terminate Calls on Mobile Networks?" Yale Journal on Regulation 21 (2004): 261-314.
36. Brand X Internet Services v. FCC and USA, No. 02-70518, et al. (9th Cir. 2003).
37. www-tech.mit.edu/V113/N65/gore.65w.html.
38. George Gilder, Telecosm: The World after Bandwidth Abundance (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).
39. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce (www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn/faweb/AllFATables.asp#S3 [August 25, 2002].
40. Yochi J. Dreazen, "Wildly Optimistic Data Drove Telecoms to Build Fiber Glut," Wall Street Journal Online, September 26, 2002.
41. Larry F. Darby, Jeffrey A. Eisenach, and Joseph S. Kraemer, The CLEC Experiment: Anatomy of a Meltdown (Washington: Progress and Freedom Foundation, September 2002), pp. 10-15.
42. CTIA, Semiannual Wireless Survey (www.wow-com.com/industry/stats/surveys/ [2003]).
43. These data are from BEA (www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn/faweb/AllFATables.asp#S3 and www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn2/gpo.htm [accessed December 2002]).
44. www.federalreserve.gov/Releases/G17/ipdisk/ip.nsa [accessed December 26, 2004].
45. FCC, Telecommunications Industry Revenues, 2002 (March 2004).
46. Reed Hundt, in You Say You Want a Revolution (Yale University Press, 2000), p. 224,
47. Andrew M. Odlyzko, "Internet Traffic Growth: Sources and Implications," in Optical Transmission Systems and Equipment for WDM Networking II, edited by B. B. Dingel, W Weiershausen, A. K. Dutta, and K.-I. Sato, Proc. SPIE (International Society for Optical Engineering), Vol. 5247 (2003), pp. 1-15 (www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/networks.html).
48. www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm.
49. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, as reported in FCC, Reference Book of Rates, Price Indices and Household Expenditures for Telephone Service (July 2004), table 2-1.
50. Robert W Crandall and Leonard Waverman, Who Pays for Universal Service? When Telephone Subsidies Become Transparent (Brookings, 2000), chap. 5
51. Lester D. Taylor, Telecommunications Demand in Theory and Practice (Hingham, Mass.: Kluwer, 1994).
52. Taylor, Telecommunications Demand.
53. FCC, Telecommunications Industry Revenues, 2002, table 9.
54. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index, All Urban Households, "Land-line intrastate toll calls," accessible at www.bls.gov/cpi/home. htm (February 2005).
55. FCC, Notice of Inquiry, In the Matter of Inquiry Concerning High-Speed Access to the Internet over Cable and Other Facilities, GN Docket 00-185 (September 28, 2000)
56. Declaratory Ruling and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, GN Docket 00-185 (March 15, 2002).
57. FCC, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, In the Matter of IP-Enabled Services, WC Docket 04-36 (March 10, 2004).
58. Robert W Crandall and Leonard Waverman, Who Pays for Universal Service? When Telephone Subsidies Become Transparent (Brookings, 2000).
59. FCC, Trends in Telephone Service (May 2004), tables 13.1 and 13.2.
60. Gerald W. Brock, The Telecommunications Industry: The Dynamics of Market Structure (Harvard University Press, 1981).
61. FCC, Statistics of Communications Common Carriers, 1996/97 (December 1997), table 2.7 and 2.10.
62. "Selling Old-Fashioned Telephone Books Helps Telecoms," Dow Jones Business News, August 25, 2002.
63. FCC, Telecommunications Industry Revenues, 2002 (March 2004), table 3
64. FCC, Trends in Telephone Service, table 7.1.
65. FCC, Statistics of Communications Common Carriers, annual editions.
66. Joan Marsh, AT&T, "UNE-P vs. 271 LD Entry: What's the Real Trade-Off for the RBOCs?" Ex Parte Submission to the FCC, WC Docket 01-338 (September 25, 2002).
67. Jerry A. Hausman, "The Effect of Sunk Costs in Telecommunications Regulation," in Real Options: The New Investment Theory and Its Implications for Telecommunications Economics, edited by James Alleman and Eli Noam (Hingham, Mass.: Kluwer Academic, 1999)
68. Robert W Crandall and Jerry A. Hausman, "Competition in U.S. Telecommunications Services: Effects of the 1996 Legislation," in Deregulation of Network Industries: What's Next? edited by Sam Peltzman and Clifford Winston (AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, 2000).
69. Terminal RR Association of St. Louis v. United States, 266 U.S. 17 (1924).
70. Verizon Communications Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis v. Trinko, LLP, 124 S.Ct. 872 (2004).
71. FCC, Local Telephone Competition: Status as of December 31, 2003 (June 2004), table 4.
72. FCC, Local Telephone Competition, table 7.
73. Robert W. Crandall, Allan T. Ingraham, and Hal J. Singer, Do Unbundling Policies Discourage CLEC Facilities-Based Investment? Berkeley Electronic Papers, Topics in Economics and Policy Research (University of California at Berkeley, 2004).
74. Billy Jack Gregg, A Survey of Unbundled Network Element Prices in the United States (NRRI, Spring 2001).
75. Z-Tel, "Does Unbundling Really Discourage Facilities-Based Entry? An Econometric Examination of the Unbundled Switching Restriction" (February 2002).
76. James Zolnierek, James Eisner, and Ellen Burton, "An Empirical Examination of Entry Patterns in Local Telephone Markets," Journal of Regulatory Economics 19 (2001): 143-59
77. James Eisner and Dale E. Lehman, "Regulatory Behavior and Competitive Entry," paper presented at the 14th Annual Western Conference, Center for Research in Regulated Industries, San Diego, Calif, June 28, 2001
78. R. Dean Foreman, "For Whom the Bell Alternatives Toll: Demographics of Residential Facilities-Based Telecommunications Competition in the United States," Telecommunications Policy 26 (2002): 573-87.
79. Eisner and Lehman, "Regulatory Behavior and Competitive Entry"
80. Jaison R. Abel, "Entry into Regulated Monopoly Markets: The Development of a Competitive Fringe in the Local Telephone Industry," Journal of Law and Economics 45 (October 2002): 289-316.
81. Martin F. McDermott III, CLEC: An Insider's Look at the Rise and Fall of Local Exchange Competition (Rockport, Maine: Penobscot Press, 2002).
82. Shane Greenstein and Michael Mazzeo analyze the effect of such strategies in "Differentiation Strategy and Market Deregulation: Local Telecommunication Entry in the Late 1990s," mimeo, April 2003.
83. Dale E. Lehman and Dennis Wiseman, The Telecommunications Act of 1996: The "Costs" of Managed Competition (Hingham, Mass.: Kluwer Academic, 2000).
84. Abel, "Entry into Regulated Monopoly Markets."
85. Donald L. Alexander and Robert M. Feinberg, "Entry in Local Telecommunications Markets," Review of Industrial Organization
86. Eisner and Lehman, "Regulatory Behavior and Competitive Entry."
87. New Paradigm Resources Group, Measuring the Economic Impact of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (Chicago, October 2002).
88. www.finance.yahoo.com and company reports to the SEC.
89. FCC, Local Telephone Competition, table 2.
90. McDermott, CLEC: An Insider's Look, chaps. 11 and 13.
91. FCC, Local Telephone Competition, table 15.
92. Robert W. Crandall, "An Assessment of the Competitive Local Exchange Carriers Five Years after the Passage of the Telecommunications Act" (www.criterioneconomics.com/docs/Crandall%20CLEC.pdf [accessed December 26, 2004]).
93. FCC, Local Telephone Competition, table 5.
94. New Paradigm Resources Group, Measuring the Economic Impact of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
95. Company financial reports and PACE, UNE-P Fact Report: January 2003 (www.Pacecoalition.org).
96. chapter 5 or the FCC's website, www.FCC.gov.
97. Keith S. Brown and Paul R. Zimmerman, "The Effect of Section 271 on Competitive Entry into Local Telecommunications Markets: An Initial Evaluation," unpublished ms. (Washington, 2002).
98. Nicholas Economides, Katja Seim, and V. Brian Viard, "Quantifying the Benefits of Entry into Local Phone Service," paper presented at a conference at the London Business School, May 2004.
99. Gregory L. Rosston and Bradley S. Wimmer, "Local Telephone Rate Structures: Before and after the Act," Stanford Institute for Economic Research, Discussion Paper 01-30 (August 2002).
100. James Eisner, Jim Lande, and Jim Zolnierek, CALLS Analysis (Federal Communications Commission, Industry Analysis Division, Common Carrier Bureau, May 25, 2000).
101. FCC, Trends in Telephone Service, table 13.1.
102. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (www.bls.gov).
103. FCC, Local Telephone Competition, table 2.
104. FCC, Telephone Industry Revenues, Quarterly Roll-ups (October 2004).
105. FCC, Reference Book of Rates, Price Indices, and Household Expenditures on Telephone Service (July 2004), table 2.6.
106. FCC, Statistics of Communications Common Carriers, 2003-04 (October 2004), table 2.8.
107. "Declaration of William E. Taylor Regarding Special Access Pricing on Behalf of Verizon," submitted to the FCC, WC Docket 04-313 and CC Docket 01-338 (October 4, 2004).
108. Association for Local Telecommunication Services (ALTS), The State of Local Competition, 2004 (July 2004).
109. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, Telecommunications Services, Industry Report (July 19, 2000)
110. Mark Kastan and Daniel Reingold, Telecom Services-Local (Merrill Lynch, June 3, 1999).
111. Morgan Stanley, Telecommunications Services.
112. AT&T Corp. et al. v. Iowa Utilities Board et al., 525 U.S. 366 (2000).
113. U.S. Telecom Industry Association et al. v. FCC and USA, No. 00-1012, D.C Cir. 2004.
114. Billy Jack Gregg, A Survey of Network Unbundled Element Prices in the United States (National Regulatory Research Institute), periodic issues.
115. Alan Ingraham and J. Gregory Sidak in "Mandatory Unbundling, UNE-P and the Cost of Equity: Does TELRIC Pricing Increase Risk for Incumbent Local Carriers?" Yale Journal on Regulation 20 (2003): 389-406.
116. Growth in the Standard & Poors 500 Index, December 31, 1996, to December 31, 2003 (http://finance.yahoo.com).
117. FCC, Telecommunications Industry Revenues, 2002 (March 2004), table 3 (adjusted).
118. Anna Maria Kovacs, Kristin L. Burns, and Gregory S. Vitale, The Status of 271 and UNE-Platform in the Regional Bells' Territories (Philadelphia: Commerce Capital Markets, November 8, 2002).
119. Data from FCC, Local Telephone Competition: Status as of December 31, 2003 (June 2004), table 1.
120. FCC, Statistics of Communications Common Carriers, 2003-04 (October 2004), table 2.8.
121. FCC, Statistics of Communications Common Carriers, 1995 and 2002-03.
122. TNS data reported by the FCC, Reference Book of Rates, Price Indices and Household Expenditures for Telephone Service (2004), table 2.6.
123. www.timewarnercable.com/corporate/products/digitalphone/default.html (July 21, 2004).
124. "Crossed Wires," Economist, February 15-21, 2003, p. 60.
125. "Comcast Anounces VoIP Service," TechWeb News, May 26, 2004 (www.networkingpipeline.com/news/21100406 [July 21, 2004]).
126. FCC, Telecommunications Industry Revenues, 2002 (March 2004).
127. Viktor Shvets and others, 1Q03 Results-A Light at the End of the Tunnel? (New York: Deutsche Bank, April 29, 2003)
128. John C. Hodulik, Wireline Telecom Play Book (New York: UBS Securities, July 8, 2004).
129. Robert D. Willig, William H. Lehr, John P. Bigelow, and Stephen B. Levinson, Stimulating Investment and the Telecommunications Act of 1996, paper filed by AT&T in FCC Docket 01-338 (October 11, 2002).
130. Consumer Federation of America, "Competition at the Cross Roads: Can Public Utility Commissions Save Local Competition?" undated ms.
131. Gregg, A Survey of Network Unbundled Element Prices.
132. Robert W Crandall, After the Breakup: U.S. Telecommunications in a More Competitive Era (Brookings, 1991).
133. Robert W Crandall and Leonard Waverman, Talk is Cheap: The Promise of Regulatory Reform in North American Telecommunications (Brookings, 1996), chap. 5.
134. FCC, In the Matter of Access Charge Reform, et.al, Sixth Report and Order in CC Docket 96-262 and 94-1, Report and Order in CC Docket 99-249, Eleventh Report and Order in CC Docket 96-45 (May 31, 2000).
135. Robert W Crandall and Leonard Waverman, Who Pays for Universal Service? When Telephone Subsidies Become Transparent (Brookings, 2000).
136. Jeffrey H. Rohlfs and J. Gregory Sidak, "Exporting Telecommunications Regulation: The U.S.-Japan Negotiations on Interconnection Pricing," Working Paper 02-3 (AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, March 2002).
137. FCC, Statistics of Communications Common Carriers, 1996-97 and 2002-03 editions.
138. Tim McElligott, "AT&T Airing Industry's Dirty Laundry with New MCI Fraud Allegations," Telephony Online, July 29, 2003 (http://telephonyonline.com/ar/telecom-att
139. FCC, Statistics of the Long-distance Telecommunications Industry, 4th quarter 1998 and 2003.
140. the CTIA website, www.ctia.org/news-media/news/index.cfm/AID/10030.
141. Paul W. MacAvoy, The Failure of Antitrust and Regulation to Establish Competition in Long-Distance Telephone Services (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996)
142. William E. Taylor and Lester D. Taylor, "Postdivestiture Long-Distance Competition in the United States," American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings (May 1993), pp. 185-90.
143. FCC, Eighth Annual CMRS Competition Report (July 2003), appx. D, table 9.
144. FCC, Trends in Telephone Service (May 2004), table 11.4.
145. FCC, Local Competition: Status as of December 31, 2003, table 1.
146. the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA), Semiannual Wireless Industry Survey (http://files.ctia.org/pdf/CTIA-Semiannual-Survey- YE2003.pdf [2003]).
147. FCC, Telecommunication Industry Revenues 2002 (March 2004), table 2.
148. FCC, Local Competition: Status as of December 31, 2003, table 1.
149. Philip M. Parker and Lars-Hendrik Roller, "Collusive Conduct in Duopolies: Multimarket Conduct and Cross-Ownership in the Mobile Telephone Industry", Rand Journal of Economics 28 (Summer 1997): 304-22.
150. Denise Pappalardo and Jim Duffy, "Cingular, AT&T Wireless Face Hurdles," NetworkWorldFusion, February 23, 2004 (www.nwfusion.com/news/ 2004/0223attwireless.html [August 1, 2004]).
151. Cellular Telephone Industry Association (CTIA), Semiannual Wireless Industry Survey.
152. FCC, Eighth Annual CMRS Competition Report (July 2003), table 9.
153. www1.sprintpcs.com/explore/ExploreHome.jsp.
154. FCC, Eighth Annual Competition Report, 418.
155. www.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?job=auctions-home.
156. FCC v. Nextwave Personal Communications, Inc., 123 S. Ct. 832 (2003).
157. www.nwfusion.com/edge/news/2003/0804qwest.html.
158. FCC, Eighth Annual CMRS Competition Report.
159. Data from FCC, Telecommunications Industry Revenues 2002 (March 2004), tables 9 and 10.
160. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Consumer Price Index, All Urban Consumers.
161. BLS, Consumer Price Index
162. FCC, Trends in Telephone Service (May 2004), table 13.3.
163. Mark Rodini, Michael R. Ward, and Glenn A. Woroch, "Going Mobile: Substitutability between Fixed and Mobile Access," Telecommunications Policy 27 (June 2003): 457-76.
164. Gary Madden and Grant Coble-Neal, "Economic Determinants of Global Mobile Telephony Growth," Information Economics and Policy, available online December 4, 2003.
165. FCC, Local Telephone Competition: Status as of December 31, 2003 (June 2004), table 13.
166. FCC, Reference Book of Rates, Price Indices, and Expenditures for Telephone Service (July 2004).
167. FCC, Telephone Subscribership in the United States (Data through March 2004) (August 2004), table 1.
168. Steve Kirkeby, J. D. Power and Associates, paper presented to the 31st Telecommunications Conference, KMB Video, St. Petersburg Beach, Florida, May 7, 2003.
169. Ernst & Young/Primetrica, Mobile Wireless-Primary Fixed Line Substitution (2003).
170. Eric B. Lindenberg and Stephen A. Ross, "Tobins q Ratio and Industrial Organization," Journal of Business 54 (January 1981): 1-32.
171. "Cingular Wireless and NextWave Telecom Agree to Terms for Spectrum Licenses," PRNewsWire, August 5, 2003 (http://prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/ stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-05-2003/000199...).
172. CTIA, Semiannual Wireless Industry Survey.
173. Robert W Crandall and J. Gregory Sidak, "Should Regulators Set Rates to Terminate Calls on Mobile Networks?" Yale Journal on Regulation 21 (Summer 2004): 261-314.
174. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, A Nation Online, 2002. See also www.zakon.org/robert/internet/ timeline/.
175. Census Bureau data from www.census.gov, as reported by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
176. Alex Goldman, "Top 22 U.S. ISPs by Subscriber: Q1 2004," ISP-Planet, May 20, 2004 (www.isp-planet.com/research/rankings/usa.html [August 15, 2004]).
177. the U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Income Tables: Households (www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h0601.html [December 26, 2004]).
178. Charles L. Jackson, "Wired High-Speed Access," in Broadband: Should We Regulate High-Speed Internet Access? edited by Robert W. Crandall and James H. Alleman (Brookings, 2002).
179. FCC, High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2003 (June 2004), p. 1, fn. 1.
180. http://hns.getdway.com/
181. www.starband.com.
182. Telephony's "Complete Guide to WiMAX: The Business Case for Service Provider Deployment," Telephony OnLine.com, June 2, 2204 (http://telephonyonline.com/ar/telecom-telephonys-complete-guide/index.htm).
183. www.elektrosmog.nu/
184. Rob Flickenger, Building Wireless Community Networks, www.oreilly.com/catalog/wirelesscommnet/index.html (2001).
185. "On the Same Wavelength," Economist, August 14, 2004.
186. Thomas Hazlett and Matthew Spitzer, In the Matter of an Interference Temperature Metric to Quantify and Manage Interference and to Expand Available Unlicensed Operation in Certain Fixed, Mobile, and Satellite Frequency Bands, Docket ET 03-237 (FCC, April 5, 2004).
187. Ephraim Schwartz, "Verizon Races toward Wireless Broadband," InfoWorld, May 7, 2004 (www.infoworld.com/article/04/05/07/19FEextenddev-1.html [August 15, 2004]).
188. FCC, High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2003 (June 2004).
189. John Haring and Jeffrey Rohlfs, "The Disincentives for Broadband Deployment Afforded by the FCC's Unbundlimg Policies," in Comments of the High Technology Broadband Coalition, submitted in FCC, Review of the Section 251 Unbundling Obligation of Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (April 5, 2003).
190. Jerry Hausman, "Internet-Related Services: Results of Asymmetric Regulation," in Crandall and Alleman, Broadband.
191. ECTA data may be accessed at www.ectaportal.com/html/index.php (August 15, 2004).
192. Hal Varian, "The Demand for Bandwidth: Evidence from the INDEX Project," in Crandall and Alleman, Broadband.
193. Paul Rappoport, Donald J. Kridel, and Lester D. Taylor, "The Demand for Broadband: Access, Content and the Value of Time," in Crandall and Alleman, Broadband.
194. Paul Rappoport and others, Residential Demand for Access to the Internet, Working Paper (University of Arizona, Spring 2001).
195. Robert W. Crandall and J. Gregory Sidak, In the Matter of SBC Petition for Expedited Ruling That It Is Non-Dominant in Its Provision of Advanced Services and for Forbearance from Dominant Carrier Regulation of Those Services, FCC, 2001.
196. Jung Hyun Kim, Johannes M. Bauer, and Steven S. Wildman, "Broadband Uptake in OECD Countries," paper presented at the 31st Research Conference on Communications, Information and Internet Policy, Arlington, Va., September 2003.
197. FCC, Memorandum Opinion and Order, WC Docket 01-338, WC Docket 03-235, WC Docket 03-260, WC Docket 04-48 (October 27, 2004).
198. Robert W Crandall, Robert W Hahn, and Timothy J. Tardiff, "The Benefits of Broadband and the Effect of Regulation," in Robert W Crandall and James Alleman, Broadband.
199. Robert W Crandall and Charles L. Jackson, "The $500 Billion Opportunity: The Potential Economic Benefit of Widespread Diffusion of Broadband Internet Access," in Down to the Wire: Studies in the Diffusion and Regulation of Telecommunications Technologies, edited by Allan Shampine (Haupaugge, N.Y.: Nova Science, 2003).
200. FCC, In the Matters of Deployment of Wireline Services Offering Advanced Telecommunications Capability, Second Report and Order, CC Docket 98-147 (November 9, 1999), para. 21.
201. Earthlink, Inc., Complainant, v. SBC Communications, Inc. and SBC Advanced Solutions, Inc., May 2004.
202. Thomas W. Hazlett, "Regulation and Vertical Integration in Broadband Access Supply," in Crandall and Alleman, Broadband.
203. Christopher S. Yoo, "Would Mandating Broadband Network Neutrality Help or Hurt Competition? A Comment on the End-to-End Debate," Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law 3. Vol. 1 (2004): 23-68.
204. Crandall, Hahn, and Tardiff, "The Benefits of Broadband and the Effect of Regulation."
205. Robert W. Crandall, "The Remedy for the 'Bottleneck Monopoly' in Telecom: Isolate It, Share It, or Ignore It," University of Chicago Law Review 2005 (forthcoming).
206. Gerald R. Faulhaber "Network Effects and Merger Analysis: Instant Messaging and the AOL-Time Warner Case, Telecommunications Policy 26 (June 5-6, 2002): 311-33
207. Faulhaber, "Access and Network Effects in the 'New Economy': AOL-Time Warner," in The Antitrust Revolution, edited by John E. Kwoka Jr. and Lawrence J. White, 4th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2003).
208. Robert W Crandall and Clifford Winston, "Does Antitrust Policy Improve Consumer Welfare? Assessing the Evidence," Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (Fall 2003): 3-26.
209. National Science Foundation, Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences, "Complex Picture of Computer Use in Home Emerges," NSF 00-314 (March 31, 2000).
210. Mark A. Lemley and Lawrence Lessig, "The End of End-to-End: Preserving the Architecture of the Internet in the Broadband Era," Berkeley School of Law and Economics Working Papers 2 (Fall 2000): art. 8.
211. Kevin Werbach, "A Layered Model for Internet Policy," Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law 1, no. 1 (2002): 37-68.
212. Jerry Hausman, "Valuing the Effect of Regulation on New Services in Telecommunications," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics (1997): 1-38.
213. Robert Crandall and Charles L. Jackson, The $500 Billion Opportunity (www.criter/oneconomics.com/pubs/articles-crandall.php [2001]).
214. Niraj Gupta, Jack B. Grubman, and Kara Swenson, "The Battle for the High-Speed Data Subscriber: Cable vs. DSL" (Salomon, Smith, Barney, August 20, 2001).
215. FCC, High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2003, table 5.
216. Debra J. Aron and David E. Burnstein, "Broadband Adoption in the United States: An Empirical Analysis," March 2003 (http://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=386100).
217. Martha Garcia-Murillo and David Gabel, "International Broadband Deployment: The Impact of Unbundling," paper presented at the 31st Research Conference on Communications, Information and Internet Policy, Arlington, Va., September 2003.
218. Michelle S. Kosmidis, "Deployment of Broadband Infrastructure in the EU: Is State Intervention Necessary?" paper presented at the Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Alexandria, Va., September 2002.
219. Data obtained from the ECTA website, http://www.ectaportal.com.
220. www.broadbandweek.com/news/020715/020715-telecom-sbc.html.
221. Christopher Rhoads, "Bringing Fiber Home," Wall Street Journal, August 19, 2004, p. B1.
222. FCC, High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2003, table 3.
223. Data from www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/oftel/publications/about-oftel/ index.htm.
224. Data from www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/BACKGRND/Brochures/B19903.htm (November 26, 2002).
225. Data from http://europa.eu.int/information-society/topics/telecoms/ regulatory/index-en.htm (November 26, 2002).
226. the CRTC Telecom Decision 1997-08 (www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/eng/Decisions/ 1997/DT97-8.htm).
227. www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/telecom-summary.htm.
228. www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/telecom-summary.htm.
229. the FCC's Telecommunications Industry Revenues, 2002 (March 2004), table 9 (www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common-Carrier/Reports/FCC-State-Link/IAD/telrev00.pdf).
230. Robert W. Crandall and Thomas W. Hazlett, "Telecommunications Policy Reform in the United States and Canada," in Telecommunications Liberalization on Two Sides of the Atlantic, edited by Martin Cave and Robert W. Crandall (AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, 2001).
231. Industry Canada, Telecommunications Services in Canada: An Industry Overview (Ottawa, October 31, 2002).
232. Quarterly Report to the Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-Q (November 13, 2002).
233. "360 Networks to Pay C$260.5 Million for Group Telecom," Reuters, November 20, 2002.
234. www.investcom.com/cgi-bin/nameindustry/industrysearch.cgi.
235. OECD data (www.investcom.com [October 2003]).
236. http://europa.eu.int/information-society/topics/telecoms/regulatory/ 98-regpack/index-en.htm.
237. European Union, Regulation 2887/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Unbundled Access to the Local Loop, December 7, 2000.
238. European Commission, Ninth Report on the Implementation of the Telecommunications Regulatory Package (Brussels, 2003), annex 1, fig. 14.
239. Data from European Competitive Telecommunications Association (ECTA), Scorecard (December 2003) (www.ectaportal.com).
240. Data from the company's website, www.tele2.com/index.html.
241. Japan Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Information and Communications in Japan, White Paper 2002 (Tokyo, 2002), p. 47.
242. Matsasugu Tsuji, "Network Competition in the Japanese Broadband Infrastructure: From the Last One Mile to the Last Quarter Mile,"
243. Hidenori Fuke, "Facilities-Based Competition and Broadband Access," papers presented at the International Conference on Convergence in Communications Industries, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, November 4-5, 2002.
244. Softbank Press Release, July 9, 2004 (www.softbank.co.jp/english/index. html).
245. the Softbank Annual Report for Fiscal 2004 (www.softbank.co.jp/english/ index.html).
246. Softbank Press Release, July 9, 2004.
247. Kazuhiro Shimamura, "A Phone Challenge in Japan," Wall Street Journal, September 9, 2004, p. C-4.
248. Junseong An, "E-Korean DSL Policy: Implications for the United States," John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law (Spring 2002): 421.
249. Korea Ministry of Information and Communication, Data Bank (www.mic.go.kr/index.jsp).
250. Korea Ministry of Information and Communication, White Paper, Internet Korea 2004 (www.mic.go.kr/index.jsp), chap. 5.
251. Korea Ministry of Information and Communication, IT Korea 2002 (www.mic.go.kr/index.jsp), p. 24.
252. Korea Ministry of Information and Communication, White Paper, Internet Korea 2004.
253. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index, All Urban Households, "Land-line intrastate toll calls," accessible at www.bls.gov/cpi/home. htm (February 2005).
254. Alessandra Colecchia and Paul Schreyer, ICT Investment and Economic Growth in the 1990s: Is the United States a Unique Case? A Comparative Study of Nine OECD Countries, STI Working Paper 2001/7 (OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, October 25, 2001).
255. Afred E. Kahn, Letting Go: Deregulating the Process of Deregulation (Michigan State University Institute of Public Utilities and Network Industries, 1998).
256. National Cable and Telecommunications Association, "2004 Mid-Year Industry Overview" (www.ncta.com [2004]).
257. Bruce M. Owen, The Internet Challenge to Television (Harvard University Press, 2000).
258. "In the Matter of IP-enabled Services," WC Docket 04-36 (March 10, 2004).
259. Clifford Winston, "Economic Deregulation: Days of Reckoning for Microeconomists," Journal of Economic Literature 31 (September 2003): 1263-89.
260. Morris A. Adelman, A&P: A Study in Price-Cost Behavior and Public Policy (Harvard University Press, 1959).
261. Roger G. Noll and Bruce M. Owen, eds., The Political Economy of Deregulation (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1983).
262. the FCC's Trends in Telephone Service, annual editions.
263. FCC, Statistics of Communications Common Carriers, annual editions.
264. Anna-Maria Kovacs and Kristin L. Burns, TELECOM NOTE: Intercarrier
265. Robert W. Crandall and Leonard Waverman, Who Pays for Universal Service? When Telephone Subsidies Become Transparent (Brookings, 2000), chap. 6.
266. FCC, Proposed Fourth Quarter 2003 Universal Service Contribution Factor, CC Docket 96-45 (September 5, 2003).
267. Crandall and Waverman, Who Pays for Universal Service? p. 162
268. Jerry A. Hausman, "Taxation by Telecommunications Regulation," Tax Policy and the Economy 12 (1998): 29-48.
269. Robert Litan and Roger Noll, "The Uncertain Future of the Telecommunications Industry," paper presented at the Brookings Instution forum Turmoil in Telecom, December 2, 2003.
270. Bruce M. Owen and Gregory L. Rosston, "Local Broadband Access: Primum Non Nocere or Primum Processi?" (Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, July 2003).
271. Lawrence Lessig, The Government's Role in Promoting the Future of Telecommunications Industry Broadband Deployment, Hearings before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee, 107 Cong. 2 sess. (Government Printing Office, 2002).