Combined effects of rising [CO2] and temperature on boreal forests: Growth, physiology and limitations

Botany

Volumn 92, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 425-436

  Stinziano, Joseph R ^a   Way, Danielle A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOREAL FOREST; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE CHANGE; DAY LENGTH; GROWTH RATE; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; PHYSIOLOGY; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; TREE;

EID: 84901409543     PISSN: 19162804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2013-0314     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. 2. New Phytol. 165: 351-371. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x.
2. Ambebe, T.F., and Dang, Q.-L. 2009. Low moisture availability inhibits the enhancing effect of increased soil temperature on net photosynthesis of white birch (Betula papyrifera) seedlings grown under ambient and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Tree Physiol. 29: 1341-1348. doi:10.1093/treephys/ tpp079. PMID:19797245.
3. Ambebe, T.F., Dang, Q.-L., and Li, J. 2010. Low soil temperature inhibits the effect of high nutrient supply on photosynthetic response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration in white birch seedlings. Tree Physiol. 30: 234-243. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpp109. PMID:20007132.
4. Atkin, O.K., Bruhn, D., Hurry, V.M., and Tjoelker, M.G. 2005. The hot and the cold: unravelling the variable response of plant respiration to temperature. Funct. Ecol. 32: 87-105. doi:10.1071/FP03176.
5. Balducci, L., Deslauriers, A., Giovannelli, A., Rossi, S., and Rathgeber, C.B.K. 2013. Effects of temperature and water deficit on cambial activity and woody ring features in Picea mariana saplings. Tree Physiol. 33: 1006-1017. doi:10.1093/ treephys/tpt073. PMID:24150035.
6. Baltzer, J.L., Veness, T., Chasmer, L.E., Sniderhan, A.E., and Quinton, W.L. 2014. Forests on thawing permafrost: fragmentation, edge effects, and net forest loss. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20: 824-834. doi:10.1111/gcb.12349. PMID:23939809.
7. Barber, V. A, Juday, G.P., and Finney, B.P. 2000. Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature, 405: 668-673. doi:10.1038/35015049. PMID:10864320.
8. 2 at high northern latitudes from 1950 to 2011. Glob. Chang. Biol. 19: 3167-3183. doi:10.1111/gcb.12283. PMID: 23749553.
9. Basler, D., and Körner, C. 2012. Photoperiod sensitivity of bud burst in 14 temperate forest tree species. Agric. For. Meteorol. 165: 73-81. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet. 2012.06.001.
10. Bauerle, W.L., Oren, R., Way, D.A., Qian, S.S., Stoy, P.C., Thornton, P.E., Bowden, J.D., Hoffman, F.M., and Reynolds, R.F. 2012. Photoperiodic regulation of the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and the implications for carbon cycling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109: 8612-8617. doi:10.1073/ pnas.1119131109. PMID:22586103.
11. Beaubien, E., and Hamann, A. 2011. Spring flowering response to climate change between 1936 and 2006 in Alberta, Canada. Bioscience, 61: 514-524. doi:10. 1525/bio.2011.61.7.6.
12. Beck, P.S., Juday, G.P., Alix, C., Barber, V., Winslow, S.E., Sousa, E.E., Heiser, P., Herriges, J.D., and Goetz, S.J. 2011. Changes in forest productivity across Alaska consistent with biome shift. Ecol. Lett. 14: 373-379. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01598.x.
13. Beerling, D.J., Terry, A.C., Mitchell, P.L., Callaghan, T.V., Gwynn-Jones, D., and Lee, J.A. 2001. Time to chill: effects of simulated global change on leaf ice nucleation temperatures of subarctic vegetation. Am. J. Bot. 88: 628-633. doi:10.2307/2657062. PMID:11302848.
14. Bernacchi, C.J., Singsaas, E.L., Pimentel, C., Portis, A.R., Jr., and Long, S.P. 2001. Improved temperature response functions for models of Rubisco-limited photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ. 24: 253-259. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2001. 00668.x.
15. Berry, J., and Björkman, O. 1980. Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31: 491-543. doi:10. 1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002423.
16. Black, R.A., and Bliss, L.C. 1980. Reproductive ecology of Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP., at tree line near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ecol. Monogr. 50: 331-354. doi:10.2307/2937255.
17. Brix, H. 1967. An analysis of dry matter production of Douglas-fir seedlings in relation to temperature and light intensity. Can. J. Bot. 45(11): 2063-2072. doi:10.1139/b67-223.
18. Brix, H. 1971. Growth response of western hemlock and Douglas-fir seedlings to temperature regimes during day and night. Can. J. Bot. 49(2): 289-294. doi: 10.1139/b71-047.
19. Bronson, D.R., and Gower, S.T. 2010. Ecosystem warming does not affect photosynthesis or aboveground autotrophic respiration for boreal black spruce. Tree Physiol. 30: 441-449. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpq001. PMID:20144925.
20. Bronson, D.R., Gower, S.T., Tanner, M., and Van Herk, I. 2009. Effect of ecosystem warming on boreal black spruce bud burst and shoot growth. Glob. Chang. Biol. 15: 1534-1543. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01845.x.
21. Buermann, W., Bikash, P.R., Jung, M., Burn, D.H., and Reichstein, M. 2013. Earlier springs decrease peak summer productivity in North American boreal forests. Environ. Res. Lett. 8: 024027. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024027.
22. Burns, R., and Honkala, B. 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
23. 2 enrichment, elevated temperature, and nitrogen availability on the growth and gas exchange of different families of Jack pine seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 27(4): 510-520. doi:10.1139/x96-221.
24. 2] in white birch seedlings. Tree Physiol. 27: 891-899. doi:10.1093/treephys/27.6.891. PMID: 17331907.
25. 2] and nitrogen on morphological and biomass traits of white birch (Betula papyrifera) seedlings. For. Ecol. Manage. 254: 217-224. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.08.002.
26. Centritto, M., and Jarvis, P. 1999. Long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and provenance on four clones of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). II. Photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen use efficiency. Tree Physiol. 19: 807-814. doi:10.1093/treephys/19.12.807. PMID:10562397.
27. Centritto, M., Lee, H., and Jarvis, P. 1999. Long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and provenance on four clones of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). I. Plant growth, allocation and ontogeny. Tree Physiol. 19: 799-806. doi:10.1093/treephys/19.12.799. PMID:10562396.
28. Centritto, M., Brilli, F., Fodale, R., and Loreto, F. 2011. Different sensitivity of isoprene emission, respiration and photosynthesis to high growth temperature coupled with drought stress in black poplar (Populus nigra) saplings. Tree Physiol. 31: 275-286. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpq112. PMID:21367745.
29. 2 have increased growth in natural stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Glob. Chang. Biol. 16: 2186-2197. doi:10. 1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02103.x.
30. Cooke, J.E.K., Eriksson, M.E., and Junttila, O. 2012. The dynamic nature of bud dormancy in trees: environmental control and molecular mechanisms. Plant Cell Environ. 35: 1707-1728. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02552.x. PMID:22670814.
31. 2 concentration affects leaf photosynthesis-nitrogen relationships in Pinus taeda over nine years in FACE. Tree Physiol. 28: 607-614. doi:10.1093/treephys/28.4.607. PMID: 18244946.
32. Danby, R.K., and Hik, D.S. 2007. Responses of white spruce (Picea glauca) to experimental warming at a subarctic alpine treeline. Glob. Chang. Biol. 13: 437-451. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01302.x.
33. 2 in Picea glauca seedlings. Open For. Sci. J. 1: 68-79. doi:10.2174/1874398600801010068.
34. 2 enrichment. Oecologia, 132: 567-578. doi:10.1007/s00442-002-0996-3.
35. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2001. State of the World's Forests. FAO, Rome, Italy.
36. Gao, Y., Fu, J.S., Drake, J.B., Liu, Y., and Lamarque, J.-F. 2012. Projected changes of extreme weather events in the eastern United States based on a high resolution climate modeling system. Environ. Res. Lett. 7: 044025. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044025.
37. Goetz, S.J., Bunn, A.G., Fiske, G.J., and Houghton, R.A. 2005. Satellite-observed photosynthetic trends across boreal North America associated with climate and fire disturbance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 13521. doi:10.1073/pnas. 0506179102.
38. Grace, J., Berninger, F., and Nagy, L. 2002. Impacts of climate change on the tree line. Ann. Bot. 90: 537-544. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf222. PMID:12324278.
39. 2 by northern ecosystems since 1960. Science, 341: 1085-1089. doi:10.1126/science. 1239207. PMID:23929948.
40. 2: a broader perspective. Photosyn. Res. 39: 369-388. doi:10.1007/BF00014592. PMID:24311130.
41. 2 concentration and temperature in whole-tree chambers. Tree Physiol. 29: 467-481. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpn047. PMID:19203983.
42. Hänninen, H., and Tanino, K. 2011. Tree seasonality in a warming climate. Trends Plant Sci. 16: 412-416. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2011.05.001. PMID:21640632.
43. Harsch, M. A, Hulme, P.E., McGlone, M.S., and Duncan, R.P. 2009. Are treelines advancing? A global meta-analysis of treeline response to climate warming. Ecol. Lett. 12: 1040-1049. [Blackwell Publishing Ltd.] doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248. 2009.01355.x.
44. 2-enrichment differ among species and depend on understorey light availability. Glob. Chang. Biol. 6: 213-226. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00301.x.
45. 2 fertilization in temperate FACE experiments not representative of boreal and tropical forests. Glob. Chang. Biol. 14: 1531-1542. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01598.x.
46. 2 environment. Can. J. For. Res. 15(2): 417-421. doi:10.1139/x85-067.
47. 2 concentration in seedlings of three tree species. Tree Physiol. 3: 193-202. doi:10.1093/treephys/3.3.193. PMID:14975812.
48. Hozain, M.I., Salvucci, M.E., Fokar, M., and Holaday, A.S. 2010. The differential response of photosynthesis to high temperature for a boreal and temperate Populus species relates to differences in Rubisco activation and Rubisco activase properties. Tree Physiol. 30: 32-44. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpp091. PMID: 19864261.
49. 2 on photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Tree Physiol. 20: 145-157. doi:10.1093/treephys/20.3.145. PMID:12651467.
50. 2. Ann. Bot. 85: 789-798. doi:10.1006/ anbo.2000.1138.
51. 2 under varied water and nutrient additions. Can. J. For. Res. 23(6): 1033-1042. doi:10.1139/x93-132.
52. 2 concentrations and photoperiods. Tree Physiol. 16: 367-373. doi:10.1093/treephys/16.3.367. PMID:14871738.
53. 2. Ecology, 87: 64-75. doi:10.1890/04-1781. PMID:16634297.
54. Kaufman, D.S., Schneider, D.P., McKay, N.P., Ammann, C.M., Bradley, R.S., Briffa, K.R., Miller, G.H., Otto-Bliesner, B.L., Overpeck, J.T., Vinther, B.M., and Arctic Lakes 2k Project Members. 2009. Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling. Science, 325: 1236-1239. doi:10.1126/science.1173983. PMID: 19729653.
55. Keenan, T.F., Hollinger, D.Y., Bohrer, G., Dragoni, D., Munger, J.W., Schmid, H.P., and Richardson, A.D. 2013. Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise. Nature, 499: 324-327. doi:10.1038/ nature12291. PMID:23842499.
56. 2 and temperature. Tree Physiol. 16: 765-772. doi:10.1093/treephys/16.9.765. PMID: 14871683.
57. Kellomäki, S., and Wang, K.-Y.W. 2001. Growth and resource use of birch seedlings under elevated carbon dioxide and temperature. Ann. Bot. 87: 669-682. doi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1393.
58. 2 and/or O3 and daily climatic variation. Environ. Pollut. 158: 1000-1007. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.001. PMID: 19796856.
59. Körner, C., and Basler, D. 2010. Phenology under global warming. Science, 365: 3247-3260. doi:10.1126/science.1186473.
60. 2] and temperature. Glob. Chang. Biol. 15: 368-379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01755.x.
61. 2 and temperature on the secondary chemistry of Betula pendula seedlings. Trees, 15: 378-384. doi:10.1007/s004680100108.
62. Kurz, W.A., Stinson, G., Rampley, G.J., Dymond, C.C., and Neilson, E.T. 2008. Risk of natural disturbances makes future contribution of Canada's forests to the global carbon cycle highly uncertain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 1551-1555. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708133105. PMID:18230736.
63. Kvaalen, H., and Johnsen, O. 2008. Timing of bud set in Picea abies is regulated by a memory of temperature during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis. New Phytol. 177: 49-59. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02222.x. PMID:17924949.
64. 2 and temperature has little effect on silver birch (Betula pendula) growth and phytochemistry. Physiol. Plant. 149: 499-514. doi:10.1111/ppl.12051.
65. 2 and temperature. Tree Physiol. 19: 243-252. doi:10.1093/treephys/ 19.4-5.243. PMID:12651567.
66. 2 alters N-growth relationship in spruce and causes unequal increases in N, P and K demands. For. Ecol. Manage. 298: 19-26. [Elsevier B.V.] doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.024.
67. 2 and O3 on photosynthesis and biomass production of clonal 5-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] under different nitrogen nutrition and irrigation treatments. Trees, 10: 382-392. doi:10.1007/BF02185642.
68. 2 elevation. Can. J. Bot. 84(2): 294-302. doi:10.1139/B05-171.
69. Liu, X., Kozovits, A.R., Grams, T.E.E., Blaschke, H., Rennenberg, H., and Matyssek, R. 2004. Competition modifies effects of enhanced ozone/carbon dioxide concentrations on carbohydrate and biomass accumulation in juvenile Norway spruce and European beech. Tree Physiol. 24: 1045-1055. doi:10. 1093/treephys/24.9.1045. PMID:15234902.
70. Lloyd, A.H., and Bunn, A.G. 2007. Responses of the circumpolar boreal forest to 20th century climate variability. Environ. Res. Lett. 2(4): 045013. doi:10.1088/ 1748-9326/2/4/045013.
71. 2. Bioscience, 54: 731-739. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004) 054[0731:PNLOER]2.0.CO;2.
72. Marfo, J., and Dang, Q.-L. 2009. Interactive effects of carbon dioxide concentration and light on the morphological and biomass characteristics of black spruce and white spruce seedlings. Botany, 87(1): 67-77. doi:10.1139/B08-114.
73. 2. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16: 1057-1070. doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2486.2009.01987.x.
74. 2] with nitrogen and water availability over stand development. New Phytol. 185: 514-528. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03078.x.
75. McGrath, J.M., Karnosky, D.F., and Ainsworth, E.A. 2010. Spring leaf flush in aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones is altered by long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration. Environ. Pollut. 158: 1023-1028. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.004. PMID:19625117.
76. McNown, R.W., and Sullivan, P.F. 2013. Low photosynthesis of treeline white spruce is associated with limited soil nitrogen availability in the Western Brooks Range, Alaska. Funct. Ecol. 27: 672-683. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12082.
77. 2] on photosynthesis in European forest species: a meta-analysis of model parameters. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 1475-1495. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00523.x.
78. Meehl, G., Stocker, T., Collins, W., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A., Gregory, J., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J., Noda, A., Raper, S.C.B., Watterson, I.G., Weaver, A.J., and Zhao, Z.-C. 2007. Global climate projections. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 747-845. [Available from https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?list=BRO&pid=procite: 1452cb7a-9f93-44ea-9ac4-fd9f6fd80a07; accessed 31 May 2013].
79. 2. Plant Cell Environ. 22: 567-582. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00432.x.
80. 2] and varying nutrient application rates on physiology and biomass accumulation of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Tree Physiol. 20: 421-434. doi:10. 1093/treephys/20.7.421. PMID:12651438.
81. 2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 18052-18056. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509478102. PMID:16330779.
82. 2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(45): 19368-19373. doi:10.1073/ pnas.1006463107.
83. 2 and temperature for 4 years. Can. J. For. Res. 33(2): 269-278. doi:10.1139/x02-186.
84. 2. Trees, 19: 552-563. doi:10.1007/s00468-005-0414-7.
85. 2-enriched atmosphere. Nature, 411: 469-472. doi:10.1038/35078064. PMID: 11373677.
86. Peng, C., Ma, Z., Lei, X., Zhu, Q., Chen, H., Wang, W., Liu, S., Li, W., Fang, X., and Zhou, X. 2011. A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests. Nat. Clim. Change, 1: 467-471. doi:10.1038/ nclimate1293.
87. Peñuelas, J., Canadell, J.G., and Ogaya, R. 2011. Increased water-use efficiency during the 20th century did not translate into enhanced tree growth. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20: 597-608. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00608.x.
88. 2, NH3 and O3 on mycorrhizal infection, gas exchange and N metabolism in saplings of Scots pine. Plant Soil, 176: 107-116. doi:10.1007/ BF00017681.
89. Pettersson, R., and McDonald, A.J.S. 1992. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis and growth of small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) at optimal nutrition. Plant Cell Environ. 15: 911-919. doi:10. 1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01023.x.
90. 2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch seedlings. Tree Physiol. 32: 724-736. doi:10.1093/treephys/tps007. PMID:22345325.
91. Qian, H., Joseph, R., and Zeng, N. 2010. Enhanced terrestrial carbon uptake in the Northern High Latitudes in the 21st century from the Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate Model Intercomparison Project model projections. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16: 641-656. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01989.x.
92. Quinn, G.P., and Keough, M. 2002. Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
93. R Development Core Team. 2011. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://R-project.org.
94. 2. Nature, 440: 922-925. doi:10. 1038/nature04486. PMID:16612381.
95. 2 concentration on the growth and physiology of birch (Betula pendula Roth.). Bot. J. Scotl. 49: 325-340. doi:10.1080/03746609708684877.
96. 2 concentration in young birch (Betula pendula) trees. Tree Physiol. 18: 441-450. doi:10.1093/treephys/18.7.441. PMID:12651355.
97. 2 and O3. Tree Physiol. 28: 243-254. doi:10.1093/treephys/28.2.243. PMID:18055435.
98. 2 enrichment and soil warming. Oikos, 121: 1532-1543. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20031.x.
99. Roberntz, P. 2001. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, nitrogen availability, temperature and the photosynthetic capacity of current-year Norway spruce shoots. Tree Physiol. 21: 931-940. doi:10.1093/treephys/21.12-13.931. PMID:11498340.
100. Rowe, J. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Forestry Service Publication 1300. Department of the Environment, Ottawa, Ont.
101. Ryan, M.G. 2013. Three decades of research at Flakaliden advancing whole-tree physiology, forest ecosystem and global change research. Tree Physiol. 33: 1123-1131. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpt100. PMID:24300337.
102. Sage, R.F., and Kubien, D.S. 2007. The temperature response of C3 and C4 photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ. 30: 1086-1106. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007. 01682.x. PMID:17661749.
103. Sage, R. F, Way, D.A., and Kubien, D.S. 2008. tk;4Rubisco, Rubisco activase, and global climate change. J. Exp. Bot. 59: 1581-1595. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern053. PMID:18436544.
104. Sallas, L., Luomala, E.-M., Ultriainen, J., Kainulainen, P., and Holopainen, J.K. 2003. Contrasting effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on Rubisco activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, needle ultrastructure and secondary metabolites in conifer seedlings. Tree Physiol. 23: 97-108. doi:10.1093/treephys/23.2.97. PMID:12533304.
105. Serreze, M.C., Walsh, J.E., Osterkamp, T., Dyurgerov, M., Romanovsky, V., Oechel, W.C., Morison, J., Zhang, T., and Barry, R.G. 2000. Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Clim. Change, 46: 159-207.
106. Sharkey, T.D., Loreto, F., and Delwiche, C.F. 1991. High carbon dioxide and sun/shade effects on isoprene emission from oak and aspen tree leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 14: 333-338. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01509.x.
107. 2] and/or air temperature unless nutrient availability was improved. Tree Physiol. 33: 1192-1205. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpt043. PMID:23878169.
108. Silim, S.N., Ryan, N., and Kubien, D.S. 2010. Temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration in Populus balsamifera L.: acclimation versus adaptation. Photosynth. Res. 104: 19-30. doi:10.1007/s11120-010-9527-y. PMID:20112068.
109. 2. PLoS ONE, 5: e11543. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0011543.
110. Sorenson, F.C., and Ferrell, W.K. 1973. Photosynthesis and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings when grown in different environments. Can. J. Bot. 51(9): 1689-1698. doi:10.1139/b73-218.
111. 2 assimilation. Plant Sci. 168: 1371-1381. doi:10. 1016/j.plantsci.2005.02.002.
112. 2 leads to delayed autumnal senescence. Glob. Chang. Biol. 14: 264-275. doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2486.2007.01473.x.
113. 2 and temperature alter net ecosystem C exchange in a young Douglas fir mesocosm experiment. Plant. Cell Environ. 30: 1400-10. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01713.x. PMID: 17897410.
114. 2 in seedlings of five boreal tree species. New Phytol. 140: 197-210. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00272.x.
115. 2 and temperature. Tree Physiol. 18: 715-726. doi:10.1093/treephys/18.11.715. PMID: 12651406.
116. 2 in seedlings of boreal tree species in relation to plant size and relative growth rate. Glob. Chang. Biol. 5(6): 679-691. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00257.x.
117. 2, water and nutrients on Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr seedlings. New Phytol. 130: 193-206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995. tb03040.x.
118. Tozzi, E.S., Easlon, H.M., and Richards, J.H. 2013. Interactive effects of water, light and heat stress on photosynthesis in Fremont cottonwood. Plant. Cell Environ. 36: 1423-1434. doi:10.1111/pce.12070. PMID:23336343.
119. 2 concentration on photosynthesis and Rubisco acclimation in Picea abies. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 58: 135-141. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy. 2012.06.023. PMID:22819860.
120. 2 and O3 concentrations. Trees, 14: 475-484. doi:10.1007/s004680000062.
121. Van Herk, I.G., Gower, S.T., Bronson, D.R., and Tanner, M.S. 2011. Effects of climate warming on canopy water dynamics of a boreal black spruce plantation. Can. J. For. Res. 41(2): 217-227. doi:10.1139/X10-196.
122. Verbyla, D. 2008. The greening and browning of Alaska based on 1982-2003 satellite data. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 17: 547-555.
123. Walker, X., Henry, G.H.R., McLeod, K., and Hofgaard, A. 2012. Reproduction and seedling establishment of Picea glauca across the northernmost forest-tundra region in Canada. Glob. Chang. Biol. 18(10): 3202-3211. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486. 2012.02769.x.
124. 2. Agric. 82: 195-217. doi:10.1016/0168-1923(96)02329-5. PMID:14871683.
125. 2 enhances leaf senescence during extreme drought in a temperate forest. Tree Physiol. 31: 117-130. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpr002. PMID:21427157.
126. 2 concentration and tree size affect drought tolerance. Tree Physiol. 31: 115-116. doi:10.1093/ treephys/tpr009. PMID:21450980.
127. Way, D.A., and Oren, R. 2010. Differential responses to changes in growth temperature between trees from different functional groups and biomes: a review and synthesis of data. Tree Physiol. 30: 669-688. doi:10.1093/treephys/ tpq015. PMID:20368338.
128. Way, D.A., and Sage, R.F. 2008a. Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.]. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 1250-62. doi:10.1111/ j.1365-3040.2008.01842.x. PMID:18532986.
129. Way, D.A., and Sage, R.F. 2008b. Elevated growth temperatures reduce the carbon gain of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.]. Glob. Chang. Biol. 14: 624-636. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01513.x.
130. Way, D.A., and Yamori, W. 2014. Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis: on the importance of adjusting our definitions and accounting for thermal acclimation of respiration. Photosynth. Res. 119: 89-100. doi:10.1007/s11120-013-9873-7. PMID: 23812760.
131. 2 is not accompanied by reduced seed quality in Pinus taeda L. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16: 1046-1056. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02007.x.
132. Way, D.A., Crawley, C., and Sage, R.F. 2013a. A hot and dry future: warming effects on boreal tree drought tolerance. Tree Physiol. 33: 1003-1005. doi:10. 1093/treephys/tpt092. PMID:24235771.
133. Way, D.A., Domec, J.-C., and Jackson, R.B. 2013b. Elevated growth temperatures alter hydraulic characteristics in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings: implications for tree drought tolerance. Plant Cell Environ. 36: 103-115. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02557.x. PMID:22690910.
134. Wilmking, M., Juday, G.P., Barber, V.A., and Zald, H.S.J. 2004. Recent climate warming forces contrasting growth responses of white spruce at treeline in Alaska through temperature thresholds. Glob. Chang. Biol. 10: 1724-1736. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00826.x.
135. Yakimchuk, R., and Hoddinott, J. 1994. The influence of ultraviolet-B light and carbon dioxide enrichment on the growth and physiology of seedlings of three conifer species. Can. J. For. Res. 24(1): 1-8. doi:10.1139/x94-001.
136. Yamori, W., Hikosaka, K., and Way, D.A. 2014. Temperature response of photosynthesis in C3, C4, and CAM plants: temperature acclimation and temperature adaptation. Photosynth. Res. 119: 101-117. doi:10.1007/s11120-013-9874-6. PMID:23801171.
137. 2, soil-N availability, and allocation of biomass and nitrogen by Populus tremuloides. Ecol. Appl. 10: 34-46. doi:10.1890/ 1051-0761(2000)010[0034:ACSNAA]2.0.CO;2.
138. 2 concentration on gas exchange, in vivo carboxylation and chlorophyll fluorescence in Jack pine and white birch seedlings. Tree Physiol. 25: 523-531. doi:10.1093/treephys/25.5.523. PMID:15741153.
139. Zhang, S., and Dang, Q.-L. 2006. Effects of carbon dioxide concentration and nutrition on photosynthetic functions of white birch seedlings. Tree Physiol. 26: 1457-1467. doi:10.1093/treephys/26.11.1457. PMID:16877330.
140. 2] on morphological and biomass traits in seedlings of four boreal tree species. For. Sci. 53: 453-460.
141. 2 elevation improves photosynthetic performance in progressive warming environment in white birch seedlings. F1000Research: 1-10. doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-13.v1.
142. 2 elevation in white birch seedlings. Plant Sci. 203-204: 55-62. [Elsevier Ireland Ltd.] doi:10.1016/ j.plantsci.2012.12.010.