Goal projection and giving help

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 54, Issue , 2014, Pages 204-214

  Oettingen, Gabriele ^a,b   Ahn, Janet N ^a   Gollwitzer, Peter M ^a,c   Kappes, Andreas ^a   Kawada, Christie L K ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Goal projection; Goal pursuit; Help giving; Mental associations; Shared goals

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901409391     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.05.005     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Allport G. The nature of prejudice 1954, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
2. Ames D.R. Inside the mind reader's tool kit: Projection and stereotyping in mental state inference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87:340-353.
3. Ames D.R. Strategies for social inference: A similarity contingency model of projection and stereotyping in attribute prevalence estimates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87:573-585.
4. Andersen S.M., Chen S. The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review 2002, 109:619-645.
5. Atkinson J.W. An introduction to motivation 1964, Van Nostrand, Oxford, England.
6. Atkinson J.W., Birch D. The dynamics of action 1970, John Wiley, New York.
7. Bandura A., Cervone D. Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 45:1017-1028.
8. Bargh J.A., Chartrand T.L. The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist 1999, 54:462-479.
9. Bazerman M.H., Curhan J., Moore D. The death and rebirth of the social psychology of negotiations. Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal processes 2000, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Malden, MA. G. Fletcher, M. Clark (Eds.).
10. Bornstein R.F. The dependent personality 1993, Guilford Press, New York.
11. Brewer M.B., Miller N. Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation 1984, 281-302. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. N. Miller, M.B. Brewer (Eds.).
12. Brown R.J., Turner J.C. Interpersonal and intergroup behaviour. Intergroup behaviour 1981, 33-65. Blackwell, Oxford. J.C. Turner, H. Giles (Eds.).
13. Brunstein J.C., Gollwitzer P.M. Effects of failure on subsequent performance: The importance of self-defining goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:395-407.
14. Carnevale P.J., Probst T. Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1300-1309.
15. Dawes R.M. The potential non-falsity of the false consensus effect. Insights in decision making: A tribute to Hillel T. Einhorn 1990, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. R.M. Hogarth (Ed.).
16. Deschamps J.C., Brown R. Superordinate goals and intergroup conflict. British Journal of Social Psychology 1983, 22:189-195.
17. Dunning D. The relation of self to social perception. Handbook of self and identity 2003, 421-441. Guilford Press, New York. M.R. Leary, J.P. Tangney (Eds.).
18. Dweck C.S. Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development 1999, Psychology Press, Philadelphia, PA.
19. Dweck C.S., Leggett E.L. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review 1988, 95:256-273.
20. Erdelyi M.H. Psychoanalysis: Freud's cognitive psychology 1985, Freeman, New York.
21. Feshbach S., Singer R. Effects of fear arousal and suppression of fear upon social perception. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 1957, 55:283-288.
22. Fishbach A., Dhar R. Goals as excuses or guides: The liberating effect of perceived goal progress on choice. Journal of Consumer Research 2005, 32:370-377.
23. Fishbach A., Eyal T., Finkelstein S.T. How positive and negative feedback motivate goal pursuit. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2010, 4:517-530.
24. Fisher J.D., Nadler A., Whitcher-Alagna S. Recipient reactions to aid: A conceptual review. Psychological Bulletin 1982, 91:27-54.
25. Förster J., Friedman R., Liberman N. Temporal construal effects on abstract and concrete thinking: Consequences for insight and creative cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87:177-189.
26. Förster J., Liberman N., Higgins E.T. Accessibility from active and fulfilled goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2005, 41:220-239.
27. Freud S. Instincts and their vicissitudes. Collected Papers 1915/1953, Vol. 4. The Hogarth Press, London.
28. Gollwitzer P.M., Moskowitz G.B. Goal effects on action and cognition. Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles 1996, 361-399. Guilford Press, New York. E. Higgins, A.W. Kruglanski (Eds.).
29. Hewstone M., Brown R.J. Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the "contact hypothesis.". Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters 1986, 1-44. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, England. M. Hewstone, J.R. Brown (Eds.).
30. Higgins E.T., King G.A., Mavin G.H. Individual construct accessibility and subjective impressions and recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1982, 43:35-47.
31. Holmes D.S. Projection as a defense mechanism. Psychological Bulletin 1978, 85:677-688.
32. Kappes A., Oettingen G. The emergence of goal pursuit: Mental contrasting connects future and reality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2014, 54:25-39. 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.03.014.
33. Kawada C.L.K., Oettingen G., Gollwitzer P.M., Bargh J.A. The projection of implicit and explicit goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 86:545-559.
34. Kelley C.M., Jacoby L.L. Adult egocentrism: Subjective experience versus analytic bases for judgment. Journal of Memory and Language 1996, 35:157-175.
35. Krueger J.I. On the perception of social consensus. Advances in experimental social psychology 1998, Vol. 30:163-240. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
36. Krueger J.I. The projective perception of the social world: A building block of social comparison processes. Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research 2000, 323-351. Plenum/Kluwer, New York. J. Suls, L. Wheeler (Eds.).
37. Krueger J.I. From social projection to social behaviour. European Review of Social Psychology 2007, 18:1-35.
38. Krueger J.I. The robust beauty of simple associations. Rationality and social responsibility: Essays in honor of Robyn M. Dawes 2008, 1-19. Psychology Press, New York, NY. J.I. Krueger (Ed.).
39. Krueger J.I., Zeiger J. Social categorization and the truly false consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 65:670-680.
40. Ledgerwood A., Liviatan I., Carnevale P.J. Group-identity completion and the symbolic value of property. Psychological Science 2007, 18:873-878.
41. Lemay E.P., Clark M.S. How the head liberates the heart: Projection of communal responsiveness guides relationship promotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94:647-671.
42. Lemay E.P., Clark M.S., Feeney B.C. Projection of responsiveness to needs and the construction of satisfying communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 92:834-853.
43. Lewin K. A dynamic theory of personality 1935, McGraw-Hill, New York.
44. Lewin K. Resolving social conflicts and field theory in social science 1997, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
45. Marks G., Miller N. Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin 1987, 102:72-90.
46. Markus H., Smith J., Moreland R.L. Role of the self-concept in the perception of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1985, 49:1494-1512.
47. McClelland D.C., Atkinson J.W., Clark R.A., Lowell E.L. The achievement motive 1953, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
48. Meltzoff A.N., Gopnik A. The role of imitation in understanding persons and developing theories of mind. Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism 1993, Oxford University Press, Oxford. S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg (Eds.).
49. Miller N., Brewer M.B., Edwards K. Cooperative interaction in desegregated settings: A laboratory analog. Journal of Social Issues 1985, 41:63-75.
50. Murray S.L., Holmes J.G., Bellavia G., Griffin D.W., Dolderman D. Kindred spirits? The benefits of egocentrism in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:563-581.
51. Nadler A., Fisher J.D. The role of threat to self-esteem and perceived control in recipient reactions to aid: Theory and development and empirical validation. Advances in experimental social psychology 1986, 81-123. Academic Press, New York. L. Berkowitz (Ed.).
52. Newman L.S., Duff K., Baumeister R.F. A new look at defensive projection: Suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 72:980-1001.
53. Oettingen G., Marquardt M.K., Gollwitzer P.M. Mental contrasting turns positive feedback on creative potential into successful performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2012, 48:990-996. 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.03.008.
54. Orive R. Social projection and social comparison of opinions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:953-964.
55. Pettigrew T.F. Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1997, 23:173-185.
56. Pettigrew T.F. Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology 1998, 49:65-85.
57. Rabbie J.M., Horwitz M. Arousal of ingroup-outgroup bias by a chance win or loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1969, 13:269-277.
58. Rabbie J.M., Wilkens G. Intergroup competition and its effect on intragroup and intergroup relations. European Journal of Social Psychology 1971, 1:215-234.
59. Rattan A., Good C., Dweck C.S. "It's ok-Not everyone can be good at math": Instructors with an entity theory comfort (and demotivate students). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2012, 48:731-737.
60. Robbins J.M., Krueger J.I. Social projection to ingroups and outgroups: A review and meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2005, 9:32-47.
61. Ross L., Greene D., House P. The false consensus phenomenon: An attributional bias in self-perception and social perception processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1977, 13:279-301.
62. Sherif M., Harvey O.J., White B.J., Hood W.R., Sherif C.W. Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robber's Cave experiment 1961, University of Oklahoma Book Exchange, Norman.
63. Sherif M., Sherif C.W. Groups in harmony and tension: An integration of studies of intergroup relations 1953, Harper and Brothers, New York.
64. Srull T.K., Wyer R.S. The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 37:1660-1672.
65. Weiner B. Achievement motivation and attribution theory 1974, General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ.
66. Wellman H.M. Understanding the psychological world: Developing a theory of mind. Handbook of childhood cognitive development 2002, 167-187. Blackwell, Oxford. U. Goswami (Ed.).
67. Wicklund R.A., Gollwitzer P.M. Symbolic self-completion 1982, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
68. Wilder D.A. Perceiving persons as a group: Categorization and intergroup relations. Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior 1981, 213-257. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. D.L. Hamilton (Ed.).