Are moral judgments unified?

Philosophical Psychology

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 451-474

  Sinnott Armstrong, Walter ^a   Wheatley, Thalia ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory   (United States)

Author keywords

Moral Judgment; Moral Neuroscience; Moral Philosophy; Moral Psychology; Taxonomy; Unity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901408822     PISSN: 09515089     EISSN: 1465394X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2012.736075     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. BaddeleyAD. 1976. The psychology of memory. New York: Basic Books.
2. BatsonCD, FloydRB, MeyerJM, WinnerAL. 1999. And who is my neighbor? Intrinsic religion as a source of universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 38: 445-457.
3. BuckholtzJW, AsplundCL, DuxPE, ZaldDH, GoreJC, JonesOD, MaroisR. 2008. The neural correlates of third-party punishment. Neuron. 60: 930-940.
4. DeScioliP, KurzbanR. 2009. Mysteries of morality. Cognition. 112: 281-299.
5. FlanaganO. 1991. Varieties of moral personality. CambridgeMA: Harvard University Press.
6. FlanaganO, WilliamsRA. 2010. What does the modularity of morals have to do with ethics? Four moral sprouts plus or minus a few. Topics in Cognitive Science. 2: 430-453.
7. Foot, P. (2003). Moral arguments. In her Virtues and Vices and other essays in moral philosophy (pp. 96-109). New York: Oxford University Press.
8. GertB. 2005. Morality: Its nature and justification. New York: Oxford University Press.
9. GoodwinGP, DarleyJM. 2008. The psychology of meta-ethics: Exploring objectivism. Cognition. 106: 1339-1366.
10. GrayK, WegnerDM. 2011. Dimensions of moral emotions. Emotion Review. 3: 258-260.
11. GrayK, YoungL, WaitzA. 2012. Mind perception is the essence of morality. Psychological Inquiry. 23: 101-124.
12. GreeneJ, HaidtJ. 2002. How (and where) does moral judgment work?. Trends in Cognitive Science. 6: 517-523.
13. GreeneJD, SommervilleRB, NystromLE, DarleyJ, CohenJD. 2001. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science. 293: 2105-2108.
14. HaidtJ. 2001. The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review. 108: 814-834.
15. HaidtJ. 2007. The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science. 316: 998-1002.
16. HaidtJ. 2011. The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon.
17. HaidtJ, BjorklundF. 2008. Social intuitionists answer six questions about morality. Moral psychology, vol. 2: The cognitive science of morality. Sinnott-ArmstrongW. CambridgeMA: MIT Press. 181-217.
18. HaidtJ, GrahamJ. 2007. When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research. 20: 98-116.
19. Haidt.J, JosephC. 2004. Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus. 133: 55-66.
20. HaidtJ, KollerSH, DiasMG. 1993. Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65: 613-628.
21. HareRM. 1982. Moral thinking: Its levels, methods, and point. New York: Oxford University Press.
22. HauserM, YoungL, CushmanF. 2008a. Reviving Rawls' linguistic analogy: Operative principles and the causal structure of moral actions. Moral psychology, vol. 2: The cognitive science of morality. Sinnott-ArmstrongW. CambridgeMA: MIT Press. 107-144.
23. Hauser, M., Young, L., & Cushman, F. (2008b). On misreading the linguistic analogy: Response to Jesse Prinz and Ron Mallon. In W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Ed.), Moral psychology, vol. 2: The cognitive science of morality (pp. 171-179). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
24. HorganT, TimmonsM. 2008. Prolegomena to a future phenomenology of morals. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 7: 115-131.
25. HsuM, AnenC, QuartzS. 2008. The right and the good: Distributive justice and neural encoding of equity and efficiency. Science. 320: 1092-1095.
26. JenkinsAC, MitchellJP. 2010. Mentalizing under uncertainty: Dissociated neural responses to ambiguous and unambiguous mental state inferences. Cerebral Cortex. 20: 404-410.
27. Kant, I. (1959). Foundations of the metaphysics of morals (L.W. Beck, Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. (Original work published 1785).
28. KellyD, StichS, HaleyKJ, EngSJ, FesslerDMT. 2007. Harm, affect, and the moral/conventional distinction. Mind & Language. 22: 117-131.
29. Kierkegaard, S. (2006). Fear and trembling (S. Walsh, Trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1843).
30. KohlbergL. 1981. The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. New York: Harper-Collins.
31. KohlbergL. 1984. The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages. New York: Harper-Collins.
32. LiebermanD, HatfieldE. 2006. Lust and disgust: Cross-cultural and evolutionary perspectives. The Psychology of love2nd. SternbergR.J., WeisK. CambridgeMA: Yale University Press. 274-297.
33. MacheryE, MallonR. 2010. Evolution of morality. The Oxford handbook of moral psychology. DorisJ., the Moral Psychology Research Group. New York: Oxford University Press. 3-46.
34. MandelbaumM. 1969. Phenomenology of moral experience. BaltimoreMD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
35. MikhailJM. 2007. Universal moral grammar: Theory, evidence, and the future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11: 143-152.
36. MikhailJM. 2011. The elements of moral cognition: Rawls' linguistic analogy and the cognitive science of moral and legal judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Mill, J.S. (2011). On liberty. New York: Simon and Brown. (Original work published 1859).
38. MollJ, EslingerPJ, Oliveira-SouzaR. 2001. Frontopolar and anterior temporal cortex activation in a moral judgment task: Preliminary functional MRI results in normal subjects. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 59: 657-664.
39. MollJ, ZahnR, de Oliveira-SouzaR, KruegerF, GrafmanJ. 2005. The neural basis of human moral cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 6: 799-809.
40. Oliveira-SouzaR, MollJ. 2000. The moral brain: Functional MRI correlates of moral judgment in normal adults. Neurology. 54: 252.
41. ParkinsonC, Sinnott-ArmstrongW, KoralusP, MendeloviciA, McGeerV, WheatleyT. 2011. Is morality unified? Evidence that distinct neural systems underlie moral judgments of harm, dishonesty, and disgust. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 10: 3162-3180.
42. QuineWVO. 1969. Natural kinds. Ontological Relativity and other essays. QuineW.V.O. New York: Columbia University Press. 26-68.
43. RaiTS, FiskeAP. 2011. Moral psychology is relationship regulation: Moral motives for unity, hierarchy, equality, and proportionality. Psychological Review. 118: 57-75.
44. RobertsonD, SnareyJ, OusleyO, HarenskiK, BowmanF, GilkeyR, KiltsC. 2007. The neural processing of moral sensitivity to issues of justice and care. Neuropsychologia. 45: 755-766.
45. RobinsonPH, KurzbanR. 2007. Concordance and conflict in intuitions of justice. Minnesota Law Review. 91: 1829-1907.
46. RoschE, MervisCB. 1975. Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology. 7: 573-605.
47. ScanlonTM. 1999. What we owe to each other. CambridgeMA: Harvard University Press.
48. Schaich BorgJ, LiebermanD, KiehlKA. 2008. Infection, incest and iniquity: Investigating the neural correlates of disgust and morality. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 20: 1529-1546.
49. SchroederM. 2010. Being for: Evaluating the semantic program of expressivism. New York: Oxford University Press.
50. ShwederRA, MuchNC, MahapatraMM, ParkL. 1997. The "big three" of morality (autonomy, community, and divinity) and the "big three" explanations of suffering. Morality and health. BrandtA.M., RozinP. New York: Routledge. 119-169.
51. SidgwickH. 1981. The methods of ethics7th. IndianapolisIN: Hackett.
52. Sinnott-ArmstrongW. 2008. Is moral phenomenology unified?. Phenomenology and Cognitive Sciences. 7: 85-97.
53. Sinnott-ArmstrongW, WheatleyT. 2012. The disunity of morality and why it matters to philosophy. Monist. 95: 355-377.
54. StichS. 2006. Is morality an elegant machine or a kluge?. Journal of Cognition and Culture. 6: 181-189.
55. SuhlerCL, ChurchlandP. 2011. Can innate, modular "foundations" explain morality? Challenges for Haidt's moral foundations theory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 23: 2103-2116.
56. Sundby, A. (2010, March 30). Study: Magnetic waves alter moral compass. CBS News. Retrieved from www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/30/tech/main6347079.shtml.
57. TulvingE. 2000. Concepts of memory. The Oxford handbook of memory. TulvingE., CraikF.I.M. New York: Oxford University Press. 33-44.
58. TurielE. 1983. The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. WalkerLJ, HennigKH. 2004. Differing conceptions of moral exemplarity: Just, brave, and caring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 86: 629-647.
60. WarnockGJ. 1971. The object of morality. London: Methuen.
61. Williams, B. (1981). Moral luck. In his Moral luck (pp. 20-39). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62. Wittgenstein, L. (1973). Philosophical investigations (3rd ed., G.E.M. Anscombe, Trans.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Original work published 1953.).