Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of commotio cordis

Current Cardiology Reports

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2014, Pages

  Link, Mark S ^a  

^a TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Athlete; Commotio cordis; Sports; Sudden cardiac death; Ventricular fibrillation

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR; COMMOTIO CORDIS; GENDER; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEART DEPOLARIZATION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE PRESSURE; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLIABILITY; RESUSCITATION; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMAL; CHILD; COMPLICATION; DISEASE MODEL; ETIOLOGY; FEMALE; MALE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PROGNOSIS; PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SPORT; SPORT INJURY; SUDDEN DEATH; THORAX INJURY; THORAX WALL; TRENDS; UTILIZATION; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; ATHLETIC INJURIES; CHILD; COMMOTIO CORDIS; DEATH, SUDDEN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PROGNOSIS; PROTECTIVE DEVICES; RESUSCITATION; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; SPORTS; THORACIC INJURIES; THORACIC WALL; VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION;

EID: 84901338510     PISSN: 15233782     EISSN: 15343170     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-014-0495-2     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1064-75. (Pubitemid 37098275)
2. Maron BJ, Poliac LC, Kaplan JA, Mueller FO. Blunt impact to the chest leading to sudden death from cardiac arrest during sports activities. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:337-42.
3. Maron BJ, Link MS, Wang PJ, Estes 3rd NA. Clinical profile of commotio cordis: an under appreciated cause of sudden death in the young during sports and other activities. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:114-20. (Pubitemid 29039498)
4. Link MS. Commotio cordis, sudden death due to chest wall impact in sports. Heart. 1999;81:109-10. (Pubitemid 29119381)
5. Haq CL. Sudden death due to low-energy chest-wall impact (commotio cordis). N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1399.
6. Link MS, Estes NA. Athletes and arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:1184-9.
7. Madias C, Maron BJ, Weinstock J, Estes 3rd NA, Link MS. Commotio cordis-sudden cardiac death with chest wall impact. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18:115-22. (Pubitemid 44952759)
8. Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, Estes 3rd NA, Link MS. Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA. 2002;287:1142-6. (Pubitemid 34252083)
9. Maron BJ, Poliac LC, Kyle SB. Clinical profile of commotio cordis: an under-appreciated cause of sudden cardiac death in the young during sporting activities. Circulation. 1997;96:1755. Abstract.
10. Maron BJ, Strasburger JF, Kugler JD, Bell BM, Brodkey FD, Poliac LC. Survival following blunt chest impact induced cardiac arrest during sports activities in young athletes. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:840-1. (Pubitemid 27152356)
11. Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueller FO. Sudden death in young competitive athletes: clinical, demographic, and pathologic profiles. JAMA. 1996;276:199-204. (Pubitemid 26235063)
12. Maron BJ, Estes 3rd NA. Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:917-27.
13. Maron BJ, Mitten MJ, Burnett CG. Criminal consequences of commotio cordis. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:210-3. (Pubitemid 34132912)
14. Swift EM. A cruel blow; a seemingly harmless slash to the chest resulted in the death of a hockey player in Italy. Now, Jimmy Boni will go on trial for manslaughter. Sports Illustrated 1993:66-79.
15. Link MS, Maron BJ, Wang PJ, VanderBrink BA, Zhu W, Estes 3rd NA. Upper and lower limits of vulnerability to sudden arrhythmic deathwith chest-wall impact (commotio cordis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:99-104. (Pubitemid 36044410)
16. Knollmann BC, Roden DM. A genetic framework for improving arrhythmia therapy. Nature. 2008;451:929-36. (Pubitemid 351301748)
17. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Madias C, Supran S, Link MS. Marked variability in susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation in an experimental commotio cordis model. Circulation. 2010;122:2499-504.
18. Roden DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1013-22. (Pubitemid 38269278)
19. • Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Garberich RF, Mark Estes NA, Link MS. Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:219-23. This manuscript shows that survival in human commotio cordis victims is increasing; in the preent era survival is now up to 60%.
20. Link MS, Wang PJ, Pandian NG, et al. An experimental model of sudden death due to low-energy chest-wall impact (commotio cordis). N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1805-11. (Pubitemid 28277961)
21. • Link MS. Commotio cordis: ventricular fibrillation triggered by chest impact-induced abnormalities in repolarization. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5:425-32.
22. Link MS, Maron BJ, VanderBrink BA, et al. Impact directly over the cardiac silhouette is necessary to produce ventricular fibrillation in an experimental model of commotio cordis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:649-54.
23. Link MS, Maron BJ, Wang PJ, Pandian NG, VanderBrink BA, Estes 3rd NA. Reduced risk of sudden death from chest wall blows (commotio cordis) with safety baseballs. Pediatrics. 2002;109:873-7. (Pubitemid 34493355)
24. • Kalin J, Madias C, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Link MS. Reduced diameter spheres increases the risk of chest blow-induced ventricular fibrillation (commotio cordis). Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:1578-81. This manuscript evaluates whether the diameter of the impact objects is an important variable in commotio cordis, and finds that reduced diameter spheres increase the odds of ventricular fibrillation with chest strikes.
25. Link MS. Mechanically induced sudden death in chest wall impact. Progress of Biophysics Molecular Biological. 2003;82:175-86. (Pubitemid 36551215)
26. Kohl P, Hunter P, Noble D. Stretch-induced changes in heart rate and rhythm: clinical observations, experiments and mathematical models. Progress of Biophysics Molecular Biological. 1999;71:91-138. (Pubitemid 29031093)
27. Kohl P, Nesbitt AD, Cooper PJ, Lei M. Sudden cardiac death by Commotio cordis: role of mechanico-electrical feedback. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;50:280-9. (Pubitemid 32382155)
28. Kohl P, Ravens U. Cardiac mechano-electric feedback: past, present, and prospect. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2003;82:3-9. (Pubitemid 36551202)
29. VanWagoner DR. Mechanosensitive gating of atrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Circ Res. 1993;72:973-83. (Pubitemid 23105503)
30. Madias C, Maron BJ, Supron S, Estes 3rd NA, Link MS. Cell membrane stretch and chest blow-induced ventricular fibrillation: commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1304-9.
31. Link MS, Wang PJ, VanderBrink BA, et al. Selective activation of the K(+)(ATP) channel is a mechanism by which sudden death is produced by low-energy chest-wall impact (Commotio cordis). Circulation. 1999;100:413-8. (Pubitemid 29362413)
32. Bode F, Franz MR,Wilke I, Bonnemeier H, Schunkert H,Wiegand UK. Ventricular fibrillation induced by stretch pulse: implications for sudden death due to commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17:1011-7.
33. Fabritz CL, Kirchhof PF, Behrens S, Zabel M, Franz MR. Myocardial vulnerability to T wave shocks: relation to shock strength, shock coupling interval, and dispersion of ventricular repolarization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1996;7:231-42. (Pubitemid 26082809)
34. Weinstock J,Maron BJ, Song C,Mane PP, Estes 3rd NA, Link MS. Failure of commercially available chest wall protectors to prevent sudden cardiac death induced by chest wall blows in an experimental model of commotio cordis. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e656-62. (Pubitemid 46071469)
35. Viano DC, Bir CA, Cheney AK, Janda DH. Prevention of commotio cordis in baseball: an evaluation of chest wall protectors. J Trauma. 2000;49:1023-8. (Pubitemid 32051843)
36. Marenco JP, Wang PJ, Link MS, Homoud MK, Estes 3rd NA. Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the role of the automated external defibrillator. JAMA. 2001;285:1193-200. (Pubitemid 32198486)
37. Drezner JA, Rogers KJ. Sudden cardiac arrest in intercollegiate athletes: detailed analysis and outcomes of resuscitation in nine cases. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:755-9. (Pubitemid 43960544)
38. Friedman FD, Dowler K, Link MS. A public access defibrillation programme in non-inpatient hospital areas. Resuscitation. 2006;69:407-11. (Pubitemid 43783543)
39. Salib EA, Cyran SE, Cilley RE,Maron BJ, Thomas NJ. Efficacy of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and out-of-hospital automated external defibrillation as life-saving therapy in commotio cordis. J Pediatr. 2005;147:863-6. (Pubitemid 41774851)
40. Link MS, Maron BJ, Stickney RE, et al. Automated external defibrillator arrhythmia detection in a model of cardiac arrest due to commotio cordis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:83-7. (Pubitemid 36246728)
41. Association AH. Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Provider Manual (American Heart Association, ACLS Provider Manual); 2006.