The Prototype Model of Blame: Freeing Moral Cognition From Linearity and Little Boxes

Psychological Inquiry

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 236-240

  Schein, Chelsea ^a   Gray, Kurt ^a  

^a The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901252850     PISSN: 1047840X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2014.901903     Document Type: Note

References (48)

1. Alicke, M. D. (2000). Culpable control and the psychology of blame. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 556-574.
2. Ames, D. L., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Intentional harms are worse, even when they're not. Psychological Science, 24, 1755-1762.
3. Anderson, J. A., Silverstein, J. W., Ritz, S. A., & Jones, R. S. (1977). Distinctive features, categorical perception, and probability learning: Some applications of a neural model. Psychological Review, 84, 413.
4. Brown, R., & Fish, D. (1983). The psychological causality implicit in language. Cognition, 14, 237-273. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90006-9
5. Bryant, A. (1977). The Anita Bryant story: The survival of our nation's families and the threat of militant homosexuality. Grand Rapids, MI: Revell.
6. Corneille, O., Hugenberg, K., & Potter, T. (2007). Applying the attractor field model to social cognition: Perceptual discrimination is facilitated, but memory is impaired for faces displaying evaluatively congruent expressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 335-352.
7. Cushman, F. (2008). Crime and punishment: Distinguishing the roles of causal and intentional analyses in moral judgment. Cognition, 108, 353-380. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.03.006
8. Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
9. Dreyfus, H. L. (1979). What computers can't do: The limits of artificial intelligence (Vol. 1972). New York, NY: Harper & Row. Retrieved from http://www.getcited.org/pub/101997805
10. Dreyfus, H. L. (1981). From micro-worlds to knowledge representation: AI at an impasse. In J. Haugeland (Ed.), Mind design II (pp. 161-204). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. Dreyfus, H. L. (2007). Why Heideggerian AI failed and how fixing it would require making it more Heideggerian. Philosophical Psychology, 20, 247-268.
12. Gantman, A. P., & Van Bavel, J. J. (in press). The moral pop-out effect: Enhanced perceptual awareness of morally relevant stimuli. Cognition. Retrieved from http://www.psych.nyu.edu/vanbavel/lab/documents/Gantman.VanBavel.MoralPopout Cognition2014.pdf
13. Gray, K. (2012). The power of good intentions: Perceived benevolence soothes pain, increases pleasure, and improves taste. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 639-645.
14. Gray, K., Knobe, J., Sheskin, M., Bloom, P., & Barrett, L. F. (2011). More than a body: Mind perception and objectification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1207-1220.
15. Gray, K., & Schein, C. (2012). Two minds vs. two philosophies: Mind perception defines morality and dissolves the debate between deontology and utilitarianism. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 3, 405-423. doi:10.1007/s13164-012-0112-5
16. Gray, K., Schein, C., & Ward, A. F. (in press). The myth of harmless wrongs in moral cognition: Automatic dyadic completion from sin to suffering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
17. Gray, K., Waytz, A., & Young, L. (2012). The moral dyad: A fundamental template unifying moral judgment. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 206-215.
18. Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2008). The sting of intentional pain. Psychological Science, 19, 1260-1262. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02208.x
19. Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2009). Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 505-520. doi:10.1037/a0013748
20. Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2010a). Blaming God for our pain: Human suffering and the divine mind. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 7-16. doi:10.1177/1088868309350299
21. Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2010b). Torture and judgments of guilt. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 233-235. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.003
22. Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2011a). Dimensions of moral emotions. Emotion Review, 3, 227-229.
23. Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2011b). To escape blame, don't be a hero-Be a victim. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 516-519. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.012
24. Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2012). Feeling robots and human zombies: Mind perception and the uncanny valley. Cognition, 125, 125-130. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.007
25. Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012). Mind perception is the essence of morality. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 101-124.
26. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4.
27. Gross, K. (2008, May 16). Paster John Hagee on Christian Zionism, Katrina. National Public Radio. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org
28. Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108, 814-834.
29. Haidt, J., & Hersh, M. A. (2001). Sexual morality: The cultures and emotions of conservatives and liberals. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 191-221. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02489.x
30. Hill, F. (2002). A delusion of Satan: The full story of the Salem witch trials. New York, NY: Da Capo Press.
31. Humphrey, G. (1924). The psychology of the gestalt. Journal of Educational Psychology, 15, 401-412. doi:10.1037/h0070207
32. Knobe, J. (2003). Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language. Analysis, 63, 190-193.
33. Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275-287. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.275
34. Mikhail, J. (2007). Universal moral grammar: Theory, evidence and the future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 143-152. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.12.007
35. Oldridge, D. J. (2004). Strange histories: The trial of the pig, the walking dead, and other matters of fact from the medieval and renaissance worlds. New York, NY: Routledge.
36. Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2001). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 1-20. doi:10.1017/S0140525X02000018
37. Public Policy Polling. (2013, August 21). In Louisiana, Clinton keeps up, governor falls-Public Policy Polling. Retrieved from http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2013/08/in-louisiana-clinton-keeps-up-governor-falls.html
38. Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 251-270). Hillsdale,NJ: Erlbaum.
39. Rumelhart, D. E., & McClelland, J. L. (1986). Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, Volumes 1 and 2. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40. Schein, C., & Gray, K. (2013). Thou shalt not harm: Victims are central across moral diversity. Manuscript under review.
41. Smith, E. R. (1996). What do connectionism and social psychology offer each other? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 893-912. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.893
42. Smith, E. R., & Zarate, M. A. (1990). Exemplar and prototype use in social categorization. Social Cognition, 8, 243-262. doi:10.1521/soco.1990.8.3.243
43. Spivey, M. J., & Dale, R. (2004). On the continuity of mind: Toward a dynamical account of cognition. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 45, pp. 87-142). New York, NY: Academic Press. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079742103450032
44. Spivey, M. J., & Dale, R. (2006). Continuous dynamics in real-time cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 207-211.
45. Strickland, B., Fisher, M., & Knobe, J. (2012). Moral structure falls out of general event structure. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 198-205. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2012.668272
46. Thelen, E. (1996). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/
47. Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433-460.
48. Wittgenstein, L. (2001). Philosophical investigations: The German text, with a revised English translation (G. E. M. Anscombe, Trans.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.