The new Black politician: Cory Booker, Newark, and post-racial America

The New Black Politician: Cory Booker, Newark, and Post-Racial America

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-313

  Gillespie, Andra ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900918286     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (608)

1. Chanta L. Jackson, "Newark Panel to Examine Legacy of Ken Gibson," nj.com, October 5, 2009, available at http://www.nj.com/newark/index.ssf/2009/10/panel_examine_legacy_of_ken_gi.html, 27 (accessed June 27, 2010).
2. Simon Hall, "On the Trail of the Panther: Black Power and the 1967 Convention of the National Conference for New Politics," Journal of American Studies 37, no. 1 (2003): 66.
3. See Jackson, "Newark Panel."
4. See Matt Bai, "Is Obama the End of Black Politics?" New York Times Magazine, August 10, 2008.
5. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "State and County Quickfacts for Newark (City), New Jersey," available at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/34/3451000.html (accessed August 18, 2009).
6. William E. Nelson, "Cleveland: The Evolution of Black Political Power,"
7. Linda Williams, "Black Political Progress in the 1980's: The Electoral Arena," both in The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power, 2nd ed., ed. Michael B. Preston, Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., and Paul Puryear (New York: Longman, 1987), 172-99 and 97-136.
8. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 25-26
9. Katrina Bell Mc Donald, "Black Activist Mothering: A Historical Intersection of Race, Gender and Class," Gender and Society 11, no. 6 (1997): 773-95.
10. Cathy J. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
11. See Barack Obama, "Obama's Father's Day Speech," CNN.com, June 27, 2008, available at http://articles.cnn.com/2008-06-27/politics/obama.fathers.ay_1_foundation-black-children-rock?_s=PM:POLITICS (accessed October 12, 2010).
12. See Harold F. Gosnell, Negro Politicians (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935).
13. Robert Dahl, Who Governs? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961)
14. Clarence N. Stone, Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta 1946-1988 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1989).
15. Todd C. Shaw, Now Is the Time: Detroit Black Politics and Grass Roots Activism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009).
16. Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1998), 1, chap. 2
17. Tali Mendelberg, The Race Card (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), chap. 5
18. Sekou Franklin, "Situational Deracialization, Harold Ford and the 2006 Senate Race in Tennessee," in Whose Black Politics? Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, ed. Andra Gillespie (New York: Routledge, 2010), 215-16.
19. Charlton Mc Ilwain, "Perceptions of Leadership and the Challenge of Obama's Blackness," Journal of Black Studies 38, no. 1 (2007): 64-74
20. Charlton Mc Ilwain, "Leadership, Legitimacy and Public Perceptions of Barack Obama," in Whose Black Politics? Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, ed. Andra Gillespie (New York: Routledge, 2010), 155-72.
21. Robert E. Park, Introduction to Negro Politicians: The Rise of Negro Politics in Chicago, by Harold F. Gosnell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935), xvii.
22. See Gwen Ifill, The Breakthrough: Politics in the Age of Obama (New York: Doubleday, 2009).
23. "The State of the Black Student: Freshman Enrollment at the Nation's Highest Ranked Colleges and Universities." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, available at http://www.jbhe.com/features/61_enrollments.html (accessed June 26, 2010).
24. Editors of Diversity Inc., "Fortune 500 Black, Latino and Asian CEO's," diversityinc.com, July 22, 2008, available at http://diversityinc.com/content/1757/article/3895/ (accessed June 26, 2010).
25. See Rachel L. Swarns, "Quiet Political Shift s As More Blacks Are Elected," New York Times, October 13, 2008.
26. David A. Bositis, Black Elected Officials: A Statistical Summary (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 2002), 26-27.
27. See Andra Gillespie, "Meet the New Class: Theorizing Young Black Leadership in a 'Postracial' Era," in Whose Black Politics? Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, ed. Andra Gillespie (New York: Routledge, 2010), 14.
28. See Carol M. Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
29. Robert Dahl, Who Governs? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), 85.
30. See Dianne Pinderhughes, Race and Ethnicity in Chicago Politics (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1987), chap. 2
31. Lucius J. Barker, Mack Jones, and Katherine Tate, African Americans and the U.S. Political System, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998), 6.
32. Barker, Jones, and Tate, African Americans, 20-26.
33. Dahl, Who Governs? 23-24.
34. Gary Jacobsen and Samuel Kernell, Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983).
35. Zoltan Hajnal, Changing White Attitudes toward Black Political Leadership (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
36. Alan S. Gerber, "African Americans' Congressional Careers and the Democratic House Delegation," Journal of Politics 58 (1996): 831-45.
37. Andra Gillespie, "Community, Coordination and Context: A Black Politics Perspective on Voter Mobilization" (Ph D diss., Yale University, 2005), 126.
38. Center for Responsive Politics, "Reelection Rates over the Years," opensecrets.org, available at www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/reelect.php (accessed January 13, 2009).
39. See Roland Martin, "Ready or Not. . . ." Savoy, March 2003, 52-56
40. Terrell K. Reed and Sonia T. Alleyne, "What It Takes to Win." Black Enterprise, November 2002, 82-95
41. Alexandra Starr, "We Shall Overcome, Too," Business Week, July 15, 2002.
42. Gillespie, "Meet the New Class," 22-25.
43. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper Bros., 1944), 728-29.
44. Ronald Walters and Robert C. Smith, African American Leadership (Albany: SUNY Press, 1999), 38.
45. Katherine Tate, Black Faces in the Mirror: African Americans and Their Representatives in the U.S. Congress (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), chap. 2.
46. "Scott, Robert Cortez" and "Washington, Harold," both in Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress, 1774-Present, available at http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=s000185 and http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000180 (accessed January 13, 2009)
47. Bruce Ransom, "Black Independent Electoral Politics in Philadelphia and the Election of Mayor W. Wilson Goode," in The New Black Politics: the Search for Political Power, ed. Michael B. Preston, Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., and Paul Puryear (New York: Longman, 1987), 262.
48. Cathy J. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
49. See Doug Mc Adam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 87.
50. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Touchstone Books, 2000), 76-77.
51. William E. Nelson, "Cleveland: The Rise and Fall of the New Black Politics," in The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power, 1st ed., ed. Michael B. Preston, Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., and Paul Puryear (New York: Longman, 1982), 187-208.
52. Robert Catlin, "Organizational Effectiveness and Black Political Participation: The Case of Katie Hall," Phylon 46, no. 3 (1985): 179-92.
53. Andra Gillespie and Emma Tolbert, "Racial Authenticity and Redistricting: A Comparison of Artur Davis's 2000 and 2002 Congressional Campaigns," in Whose Black Politics? Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, ed. Andra Gillespie (New York: Routledge, 2010), 52.
54. Marjorie Randon Hershey, "The Campaign and the Media," in The Election of 2000, ed. Gerald M. Pomper (New York: Chatham House, 2001), 46-72.
55. Morris Fiorina, Retrospective Voting in American National Elections (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981).
56. David A. Bositis, Black Elected Officials: A Statistical Summary (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 2002), 5.
57. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Databases, Tables and Calculators by Subject: Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey," available at http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm#historical-tables (accessed January 27, 2011)
58. Jared Bernstein, "Weaker Job Market Re-Opens Racial Income Gap," Economic Policy Institute Snapshot, available at http://www.epi.org/economic_snapshots/entry/webfeatures_snapshots_20060705/ (accessed September 4, 2007)
59. Rakesh Kochhar, Richard Fry, and Paul Taylor, "Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics," July 26, 2011, available at http://pewresearch.org/pubs/2069/housing-bubble-subprime-mortgages-hispanics-blacks-household-wealth-disparity (accessed October 17, 2011)
60. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, The Condition of Education 2010 (NCES 2010-028), Indicator 20, 2010, available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2010/2010028.pdf (accessed October 17, 2011)
61. Rogelio Saenz, "The Growing Color Divide in U.S. Infant Mortality, Population Reference Bureau, available at http://www.prb.org/Articles/2007/Color Dividein Infant Mortality.aspx (accessed January 27, 2011)
62. U.S. Bureau of the Census, The 2011 Statistical Abstract: Births, Deaths, Marriages and Divorces, available at http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/births_deaths_marriages_divorces/life_expectancy.html (accessed January 27, 2011)
63. Isabel V. Sawhill, "Non-Marital Births and Child Poverty in the United States," testimony before the House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Human Resources, June 29, 1999, available at www.brookings.edu/testimony/1999/0629poverty_sawhill.asp (accessed January 13, 2009)
64. Emily Yoffe, ". . . And Baby Makes Two," Slate, March 20, 2008, available at www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=2185944 (accessed January 13, 2009).
65. Linda Williams, "Black Political Progress in the 1980's: The Electoral Arena," in The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power, 2nd ed., ed. Michael B. Preston, Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., and Paul Puryear (New York: Longman, 1987), 97-136.
66. See Martin Gilens, Why Americans Hate Welfare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), chap. 6.
67. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness, 79-90, 104-5.
68. Melissa V. Harris-Lacewell, Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 207-8.
69. See Shawn La Franiere, "Barry Arrested on Cocaine Charges in Undercover FBI, Police Operation," Washington Post, January 19, 1990, A1
70. Linda Feldman, "Marion Barry's Return Reveals DC's Widening Racial Gulf," Christian Science Monitor, September 16, 1994, 2
71. Ronald Walters, "Why Barry Happened: For Many Black Voters, a Declaration of Independence," Washington Post, September 18, 1994, C1
72. Jonetta Rose Barras, "Old Face, New One Join Council: Marion Barry: Old Hand Returned to Politics," Washington Post, November 9, 1992, B1.
73. Maida Cassandra Odom, "FBI Probe Seen to Boost Philadelphia Mayor in Polls," Boston Globe, November 2, 2003, A6
74. Nancy Phillips and Maria Panaritis, "Federal Probe Leaves Street Chided, but Not Indicted," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 30, 2004, A16
75. James Dao, "Philadelphia's Ex-Treasurer Is Indicted in Graft Case," New York Times, June 30, 2004, A16
76. Marcia Gelbart, "Street's Response: 'Deeply Saddened,' " Philadelphia Inquirer, May 10, 2005, A11.
77. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1955).
78. William G. Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1967), 5.
79. Stanley Kramer, director, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? (film), 1967.
80. Alan Hughes, "Top 25 Hollywood Moneymakers," Black Enterprise, available at www.blackenterprise.com/magazine/2008/03/01/top-25-hollywood-moneymakers (accessed March 1, 2008)
81. Lacey Rose, "Hollywood's Best-Paid Actors," Forbes, available at www.forbes.com/2008/07/22/actors-hollywood-movies-biz-m (accessed January 14, 2009)
82. Matt Zoller Seitz, "A Very Busy Father," New York Times, February 15, 2007.
83. Adam Clayton Powell Jr., Adam by Adam (New York: Dafina Books, 1971), 71
84. Laura B. Randolph, "The First Black Elected Governor: L. Douglas Wilder Makes History with His Election to Virginia's Top Post," Ebony, February 1990.
85. David Bositis, 1997 National Opinion Poll: Politics (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1997), available at www.jointcenter.org/databank/NOP/reports/1997_politics_report (accessed January 16, 2009).
86. David Bositis, 1999 National Opinion Poll: Politics (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1999), 20-21
87. David Bositis, 2004 National Opinion Poll: Politics (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 2004), 6-7.
88. David T. Canon, Matthew M. Schousen, and Patrick J. Sellers, "The Supply Side of Congressional Redistricting: Race and Strategic Politicians, 1972-1992," Journal of Politics 58, no. 3 (1996): 846-62.
89. Joseph Mc Cormick II and Charles E. Jones, "The Conceptualization of Deracialization: Thinking through the Dilemma," in Dilemmas of Black Politics, ed. Georgia A. Persons (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 66-84.
90. Canon, Schousen, and Sellers, "The Supply Side."
91. Howard Schumann et al., Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 153-70.
92. Pew Research Center, Optimism about Black Progress Declines, monograph (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2007).
93. Knowledge Networks, "The Associated Press-Yahoo Poll, Wave 6, in Partnership with Stanford University," interview dates: August 27, 2008-September 5, 2008 (N = 2227), 21.
94. See George Will, "Obama Judges a Judge," Washington Post, August 12, 2007, B7.
95. Charles V. Hamilton, "De-Racialization: Examination of a Political Strategy," First World, March/April 1977, 3-5
96. "First World Interviews Julian Bond," First World, March/April 1977, 6.
97. Mc Cormick and Jones, "The Conceptualization of Deracialization," 79.
98. "2007 Vote Ratings - House Ratings," National Journal, available at www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/print_friendly.php?ID=n (accessed January 16, 2009).
99. Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, LCCR Voting Record: 110th United States Congress (Washington, DC: Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, 2008), 18-35.
100. Sharon Collins, Black Corporate Executives (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).
101. Michael Powell and Jodi Kantor, "After Attacks, Michelle Obama Looks for a New Introduction," New York Times, June 18, 2008.
102. Joe Stephens, "Obama Camp Has Many Ties to Wife's Employer," Washington Post, August 22, 2008, A1.
103. Mary Patillo, Black on the Block (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
104. Michael Dawson, Behind the Mule (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
105. Robert C. Smith, We Have No Leaders (Albany: SUNY Press, 1996), chap. 2.
106. See David A. Bositis, Changing the Guard: Generational Difference among Black Elected Officials (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 2001), 29.
107. David A. Bositis, 2002 National Opinion Poll: Politics (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 2002), 6-7.
108. Bositis, Changing the Guard, 21.
109. Roland Martin, "Ready or Not . . .," Savoy, March 2003, 56.
110. Dawson, Behind the Mule, chaps. 1-3.
111. Martin, "Ready or Not . . .," 56.
112. Tommie Shelby, We Who Are Dark (Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2005).
113. Ronald Walters, "Barack Obama and the Politics of Blackness," Journal of Black Studies 38, no. 1 (2007): 7-29.
114. Adolph Reed, Class Notes (New York: New Press, 2000), chap. 1.
115. Dawson, Behind the Mule, 210.
116. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 69.
117. Karyn R. Lacy, Blue-Chip Black: Race, Class and Status in the New Black Middle Class (Berkeley: University of California Press/Russell Sage Foundation, 2007): 31-32, 42.
118. See Patillo, Black on the Block.
119. Adolph Reed Jr., Class Notes (New York: New Press, 2000), chap. 1.
120. See Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 155-56.
121. See John Iceland and Daniel H. Weinberg, with Erika Steinmetz, "Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Atlanta, May 9-11, 2002, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/resseg/pdf/paa_paper.pdf, accessed October 11, 2011, 64, 68-69, 86-87.
122. See Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 158-60.
123. Ian Urbina, "Councilman Is Positioned to Become Washington's Youngest Mayor," New York Times, September 14, 2006.
124. Patillo, Black on the Block, 120.
125. "Democrats Name Harlem Lawyer," New York Times, September 18, 1966
126. "Legality Is Urged for Numbers Play," New York Times, December 18, 1966
127. "Harlem Seeks Separation," New York Times, October 5, 1968.
128. "Adam Clayton Powell Beaten by 205 Votes," Chicago Tribune, June 24, 1970, 4
129. "Miracles Never Cease," Chicago Tribune, June 25, 1970, 20.
130. Thomas A. Johnson, "Powell Absence Felt by His 'Real People,'" New York Times, August 13, 1967, 62.
131. Paul Good, "A Political Tour of Harlem," New York Times Magazine, October 29, 1967, 50.
132. Jesse H. Walker, "Rangel Ready to Say It," New York Amsterdam News, February 14, 1970
133. Jesse H. Walker, "The Candidates on the Attack," New York Amsterdam News, June 20, 1970, 1.
134. Jesse H. Walker, "Rangel Makes It Official," New York Amsterdam News, February 21, 1970, 1, 43.
135. "Powell's Defeat Blamed on Absenteeism, Young Voters," Los Angeles Times, June 25, 1970.
136. Jesse H. Walker, "Honor Powell As Others Seek Seat," New York Amsterdam News, January 30, 1970.
137. Jesse H. Walker, "The Name of the Game Is Politics," New York Amsterdam News, March 14, 1970, 42.
138. Thomas Johnson, "Powell Requests Ballot Recount," New York Times, June 25, 1970, 48.
139. Artur Davis, interview, September 12, 2007
140. Earl Hilliard Sr., interview, October 19, 2007.
141. Gillespie and Tolbert, "Racial Authenticity and Redistricting," 51-54.
142. Randolph Burnside and Antonio Rodriguez, "Like Father, Like Son? Jesse Jackson Jr.'s Tenure As a U.S. Congressman," in Whose Black Politics? Cases in Postracial Black Leadership, ed. Andra Gillespie (New York: Routledge, 2010), 89-90.
143. Komozi Woodard, A Nation within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (Leroi Jones) and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
144. Clement Price, interview, June 30, 2008.
145. See Peniel Joseph, Waiting 'til the Midnight Hour (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 184-85
146. Woodard, A Nation within a Nation.
147. Woodard, A Nation within a Nation, 143, 151.
148. Zoltan Hajnal, Changing White Attitudes toward Black Political Leadership (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 175.
149. Joseph, Waiting 'til the Midnight Hour, 259-60.
150. Amiri Baraka, interview, July 18, 2007.
151. Arthur Ryan, interview, July 23, 2008.
152. Kenneth Gibson, interview, December 18, 2007.
153. Arthur Ryan, interview, July 23, 2008
154. Alfred Koeppe, interview, August 5, 2008.
155. Calvin West, interview, June 10, 2008.
156. Ronald Smothers, "Mistrial for Ex-Mayor of Newark," New York Times, November 29, 2001.
157. Joseph F. Sullivan, "Gibson Loses Bid for a Fifth Term," New York Times, May 14, 1986, A1
158. Joseph F. Sullivan, "Gibson's Long Struggle Ends, Newark's Continues," New York Times, May 18, 1986, 4:7.
159. Thomas J. Lueck, "Economic Hopes Rising amid Newark Troubles," New York Times, May 5, 1986, B1
160. Brad R. Tuttle, How Newark Became Newark: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of an American City (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 214.
161. Amiri Baraka, interview, July 18, 2007.
162. Joseph F. Sullivan, "In Newark Mayor Race, Clashing Visions of City. New York Times, April 26, 1986. A30.
163. "Disappointing Choices for Newark," New York Times, May 9, 1986. A34.
164. Margo Hornblower, "Voters Tell Mayor Gibson He's Been Out of Touch; Newark Elects New Executive after 16 Years," Washington Post, May 15, 1986, A4
165. Brad R. Tuttle, How Newark Became Newark: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of an American City (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 221.
166. Andra Gillespie, "Community, Coordination and Context: A Black Politics Perspective on Voter Mobilization" (Ph D diss., Yale University, 2005), 131.
167. Marshall Curry, director, "Street Fight" (DVD), 2005.
168. Curry, "Street Fight"
169. Terry Pristin, "Ex-Newark Aide Is Sentenced for Bribery," New York Times, July 15, 1997.
170. Tuttle, How Newark Became Newark, 225.
171. Neil Mac Farquhar, "Judge Orders a State Takeover of the Newark School District," New York Times, April 14, 1995
172. Neil Mac Farquhar, "Newark School Takeover Is Seen As Early As July," New York Times, May 20, 1995.
173. Damien Cave, "HUD Demands $6.4 Million from Newark," New York Times, April 23, 2005
174. Damien Cave, "In Troubled Era, Housing Chief in Newark Sets His Retirement," New York Times, January 28, 2006.
175. Ras Baraka, interview, September 16, 2007.
176. Marjory Avant Cocco, interview, June 16, 2008.
177. Modia Butler, interview, December 13, 2007.
178. Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008.
179. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
180. Modia Butler, interview, December 13, 2007.
181. L. Grace Spencer, interview, July 31, 2006.
182. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008
183. Virginia D. Jones, interview, June 9, 2008.
184. Charles Bell, interview, July 14, 2007
185. Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008.
186. Cory Booker, Harper Address, speech delivered at Yale Law School, New Haven, September 24, 2001.
187. William Crawley, interview, June 26, 2008.
188. See Darryl Godfrey, interview, November 5, 2007.
189. Charles V. Hamilton, "De-Racialization: Examination of a Political Strategy," First World, March/April 1977, 3-5.
190. Jim Sleeper, "The End of the Rainbow," New Republic, November 1, 1993, 20.
191. Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., "The Governance of Kurt Schmoke As Mayor of Baltimore," in Race, Politics and Governance in the United States, ed. Huey L. Perry (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996), 151-64.
192. Charles E. Jones and Michael Clemons, "A Model of Racial Crossover Voting: An Assessment of the Wilder Victory," in Dilemmas of Black Politics, ed. Georgia A. Persons (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 128-46.
193. Joseph Mc Cormick II and Charles E. Jones, "The Conceptualization of Deracialization: Thinking through the Dilemma," in Dilemmas of Black Politics, ed. Georgia A. Persons (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 66, 68.
194. Carol A. Pieranuzzi and John D. Hutcheson, "Deracialization in the Deep South: Mayoral Politics in Atlanta," Urban Affairs Quarterly 27, no. 2 (1991): 197-98.
195. Saundra C. Ardrey and William E. Nelson, "The Maturation of Black Political Power: The Case of Cleveland," PS: Political Science and Politics 23, no. 2 (1990): 148-51.
196. David T. Canon, Matthew M. Schousen, and Patrick J. Sellers, "The Supply Side of Congressional Redistricting: Race and Strategic Politicians, 1972-1992," Journal of Politics 58, no. 3 (1996): 846-62.
197. See Mc Cormick and Jones, "The Conceptualization of Deracialization"
198. Robert C. Smith, "Ideology As the Enduring Dilemma of Black Politics," in Dilemmas of Black Politics, ed. Georgia A. Persons (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 66-84.
199. Richard F. Fenno Jr., Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (New York: Harper Collins, 1978), 60.
200. Marjorie Randon Hershey, "The Campaign and the Media," in The Election of 2000, ed. Gerald M. Pomper (New York: Chatham House, 2001), 47-49, 67-70.
201. Carolyn Martindale and Lillian Rae Dunlap, "The African Americans," in U.S. News Coverage of Racial Minorities: A Sourcebook, 1934-1996, ed. Beverly Ann Deepe Keever, Carolyn Martindale, and Mary Ann Weston (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997), 63-146, 98-102.
202. Melissa V. Harris-Lacewell, Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 208.
203. Adolph Reed Jr., The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), chap. 8.
204. Katherine Tate, From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections (New York: Russell Sage Foundation/Harvard University Press, 1994), 138-40.
205. Reed, The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon, chap. 8.
206. Ronald Walters and Robert C. Smith, African American Leadership (Albany: SUNY Press, 1999), 217.
207. Canon, Schousen, and Sellers, "The Supply Side"; "How Turnout Turned the Race," Newark Star-Ledger, May 15, 2002, 25.
208. Calvin West, interview, August 13, 2010
209. Ron Lester, interview, August 13, 2010.
210. Ron Lester, interview, August 13, 2010.
211. See Jeffrey Krause, "Generational Conflict in Urban Politics: The 2002 Newark Mayoral Election," The Forum 2, no. 3 (2004), available at http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol2/iss3/art7 (accessed August 19, 2007).
212. See Gary Jacobsen and Samuel Kernell, Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983)
213. Tom Moran, "Booker's Challenge," Newark Star-Ledger, April 7, 2002
214. Owen Moritz, "Bloody Newark Mayoral Bout Goes to James," New York Daily News, May 15, 2002, 7.
215. Ron Lester, interview, August 13, 2010.
216. Steve De Micco, interview, June 12, 2008.
217. Moritz, "Bloody Newark Mayoral Bout."
218. Randy Hodson, Analyzing Documentary Accounts (Iowa City: Sage, 1999), 51
219. Ange-Marie Hancock, The Politics of Disgust (New York: NYU Press, 2004), 170.
220. See Hodson, Analyzing Documentary Accounts, 51
221. Hancock, The Politics of Disgust, 170.
222. See Hershey, "The Campaign and the Media."
223. See Tali Mendelberg, The Race Card (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
224. "Bill Clinton Was the 'Comeback' President," direct-mail leaflet, paid for by Citizens to Elect Sharpe James, Newark, NJ.
225. Martin Kilson, "A Letter from Harvard: How to Spot a Black Trojan Horse," personal letter to Lee Daniels, Blackcommentator.com, 3.
226. See Peter Boyer, "The Color of Politics," New Yorker, February 4, 2008.
227. Kilson, "A Letter from Harvard," 1.
228. "Voter Intimidation," leaflet, paid for by Citi Pac, Newark, NJ.
229. Komozi Woodard, A Nation within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (Leroi Jones) and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 153.
230. "Cory Booker: Restoring Newark's Promise," direct-mail leaflet, paid for by Citizens for a Better Essex County, Montclair, NJ
231. "Cory Booker: Fiscal Responsibility for Newark," direct-mail leaflet, paid for by Citizens for a Better Essex County, Montclair, NJ.
232. William Finnegan, "The Candidate: How the Son of a Kenyan Economist Became an Illinois Everyman," New Yorker, May 31, 2004, 36.
233. Fenno, Home Style, 56.
234. Andrea Anderson, "Booker Says Newark's Race Will Be No 'Street Fight,'" Associated Press and Wire, February 12, 2006.
235. Richard Lezin Jones, "Newark Hasn't Heard the Last of Booker," New York Times, May 16, 2002.
236. Luis Quintana, interview, December 17, 2007.
237. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006.
238. Oscar N. James, interview, July 25, 2006.
239. Oscar Sidney James, interview, October 8, 2007.
240. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006.
241. Kevin Morris, interview, July 28, 2006.
242. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006
243. Oscar N. James, interview, July 25, 2006.
244. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006.
245. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
246. L. Grace Spencer, interview, July 31, 2006.
247. Rahman Muhammad, interview, June 24, 2006.
248. Damien Cave and Josh Benson, "Newark Mayoral Candidate Tries to Escape Shadows," New York Times, May 5, 2006, B1.
249. Damien Cave, "On Second Try, Booker Glides in As Newark's Mayor," New York Times, May 10, 2006, A1.
250. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006.
251. Adrian Fenty, interview, March 5, 2008.
252. Linda Williams, "Black Political Progress in the 1980's: The Electoral Arena," in The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power, 2nd ed., ed. Michael B. Preston, Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., and Paul Puryear (New York: Longman, 1987), 128-29.
253. Robert C. Smith, "Recent Elections and Black Politics: The Maturation or Death of Black Politics? PS: Political Science and Politics 23, no. 2 (1990): 160-62.
254. Melvin G. Holli. The American Mayor: The Best and Worst Big-City Leaders (State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), 147.
255. Clarence N. Stone, "Political Leadership in Urban Politics," in Theories of Urban Politics, ed. David Judge, Gerry Stoker, and Harold Wolman (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), 96-116.
256. Clarence N. Stone, Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta 1946-1988 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1989).
257. Richard M. Flanagan, Mayors and the Challenge of Urban Leadership (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2004), 151.
258. See Alexandra Starr, "We Shall Overcome, Too," Business Week, July 15, 2002.
259. Flanagan, Mayors, chap. 6.
260. Roland G. Fryer Jr., Paul S. Heaton, Steven D. Levitt, and Kevin M. Murphy, Measuring the Impact of Crack Cocaine, NBER Working Paper Series 11318 (Washington, DC: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005), 19.
261. Elnardo Webster, interview, August 22, 2007
262. Anthony Campos, interview, August 7, 2008.
263. Carla Fried, "America's Safest City: Amherst, N.Y.; The Most Dangerous: Newark, N.J.," Money, November 27, 1996.
264. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Crimes and Crime Rates by Type of Offense: 1980 to 2006" (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census).
265. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006
266. Oscar N. James, interview, July 25, 2006.
267. William Payne, interview, July 16, 2007
268. Stephen Adubato Sr., interview, November 3, 2007.
269. Jonathan Schuppe, "Booker's Crime Campaign Falls Short," Newark Star-Ledger, September 6, 2006, 27.
270. Andrew Jacobs, "Booker Comes under Siege after Bloodshed," New York Times, August 7, 2007.
271. Stefan Pryor, interview, July 31, 2008.
272. See George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson, "Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety," Atlantic Monthly, March 1982.
273. Daniel Brook, "The Cracks in 'Broken Windows,'" Boston Globe, February 19, 2006
274. Kelling and Wilson, "Broken Windows."
275. Garry Mc Carthy, interview, July 22, 2008.
276. see Anthony Campos, interview, August 7, 2008.
277. see Augusto Amador, interview, October 5, 2007
278. Charles Bell, interview, July 14, 2007.
279. Charles Bell, interview, July 14, 2007.
280. Garry Mc Carthy, interview, July 22, 2008.
281. Anthony Campos, interview, August 7, 2008.
282. Ronald C. Rice, interview, March 2, 2007.
283. Calvin West, interview, June 10, 2008.
284. Luis Quintana, interview, December 17, 2007.
285. Anthony Campos, interview, August 7, 2008.
286. Garry Mc Carthy, interview, July 22, 2008.
287. See Peter J. Boyer, "The Color of Politics," New Yorker, February 4, 2008.
288. Garry Mc Carthy, interview, July 22, 2008.
289. Newark Police Department, "City Wide Crime Stats, Year Ending 12/31/2008," available at www.newarkpdonlne.org (accessed January 16, 2009).
290. Donna Jackson, interview, May 3, 2008
291. Garry Mc Carthy, interview, July 22, 2008.
292. "Black Mayors of Cities with 50,000-Plus Population, 2007," Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies website, available at http://www.jointcenter.org/index.php/current_research_and_policy_activities/political_participation/black_elected_officials_roster_introduction_and_overview/black_mayors/table_1f_black_mayors_of_cities_with_50_000_plus_population_2007 (accessed September 14, 2010).
293. See Boyer, "The Color of Politics"
294. Lucy Kaylin, "Is Cory Booker the Greatest Mayor in America?" O Magazine, September 2010.
295. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigations, "Crime in the United States, Table 8: New Jersey Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by State by City, 2010," available at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/table-8/10tbl08nj.xls (accessed October 10, 2011).
296. Calvin West, interview, June 10, 2008
297. Richard Monteilh, interview, January 2, 2008.
298. Richard Cammarrieri, interview, August 6, 2008.
299. Arthur Ryan, interview, July 23, 2008
300. Alfred Koeppe, interview, August 5, 2008.
301. See Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008
302. Charles Bell, interview, July 14, 2007.
303. David Kociesniewski, "Former Mayor of Newark Is Indicted," New York Times, July 13, 2007
304. David Kociesniewski, "Newark Ex-Mayor's Deals Stirs Questions," New York Times, July 30, 2006.
305. Kociesniewski, "Former Mayor of Newark Is Indicted"
306. Jonathan Miller and Richard G. Jones, "Ex-Newark Mayor Convicted of Fraud," New York Times, April 17, 2008
307. Kociesniewski, "Former Mayor of Newark Is Indicted"
308. Kociesniewski, "Newark Ex-Mayor's Deals Stirs Questions."
309. See Ted Sherman, "Federal Court Reverses One of Ex-Newark Mayor Sharpe James' Corruption Convictions," nj.com, September 16, 2010, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/09/federal_court_reverses_one_of.html (accessed January 27, 2011).
310. Stefan Pryor, interview, July 31, 2008.
311. "Newark Bond Sale Advances an Arena," New York Times, June 12, 2004
312. Richard Lezin Jones, "Arena and Vote Are Not Linked, Governor Says," New York Times, January 23, 2002.
313. Stefan Pryor, interview, July 31, 2008.
314. Ras Baraka, interview, September 16, 2007.
315. Stefan Pryor, interview, July 31, 2008.
316. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Fact Sheet: Newark City, New Jersey (American Community Survey 2005-2007)," available at http://factfinder.census.gov/qfd/sttes/34/3451000.html (accessed August 31, 2009).
317. Cory Booker, inaugural address, New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark, July 1, 2006.
318. Byron Price, interview, October 8, 2007.
319. Stefan Pryor, interview, July 31, 2008.
320. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "State and County Quickfacts for Newark (city), New Jersey," 2009, available at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/34/3451000.html (accessed August 31, 2009).
321. Andra Gillespie, "The Third Wave: A Theoretical Introduction to the Post-Civil Rights Generation of African American Leadership," National Political Science Review 12, no. 1 (2009): 139-61.
322. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "State and County Quickfacts [for Newark (city), New Jersey, Atlanta (city), Georgia, Detroit (city), Michigan, Philadelphia (city), Pennsylvania]," 2009, available at http://quickfacts.census.gov (accessed August 17, 2010).
323. Stefan Pryor, interview, July 31, 2008.
324. David Mitchell, interview, August 10, 2008.
325. Alfred Koeppe, interview, August 5, 2008.
326. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
327. Eddie S. Glaude Jr., In a Shade of Blue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
328. Roland Martin, "Ready or Not. . . ." Savoy, March 2003, 52-56.
329. Peter J. Boyer, "The Color of Politics," New Yorker, February 4, 2008
330. Kareem Fahim, "In Calmer Newark, the Unease Persists," New York Times, February 16, 2008.
331. Del Grasso, interview, May 2, 2008.
332. Drew Westen, The Political Brain (New York: Public Affairs Press, 2007), xv.
333. Phillip Converse, "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David Apter (New York: Free Press, 1964), 206-62.
334. John H. Sullivan, John H. Aldrich, Eugene Borgida, and Wendy Rahn, "Candidate Appraisal and Human Nature: Man and Superman in the 1984 Election," Political Psychology 11, no. 3 (1990): 465.
335. Carolyn Martindale and Lillian Rae Dunlap, "The African Americans," in U.S. News Coverage of Racial Minorities: A Sourcebook, 1934-1996, ed. Beverly Ann Deepe Keever, Carolyn Martindale, and Mary Ann Weston (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997), 98-102.
336. See Melissa V. Harris-Lacewell, Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 208.
337. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
338. Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008.
339. Clement Price, interview, June 30, 2008.
340. George Norcross, interview, September 30, 2010.
341. Alfred Koeppe, interview, August 5, 2008.
342. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
343. Carolyn Booker, interview, March 4, 2008.
344. Cary Booker Sr., interview, March 15, 2008.
345. Virginia D. Jones, interview, June 9, 2008.
346. John James, interview, June 18, 2010.
347. Kenneth Gibson, interview, December 18, 2007.
348. Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008.
349. Clement Price, interview, June 30, 2008.
350. David Mitchell, interview, August 10, 2008.
351. Ronald L. Rice, interview, December 16, 2007.
352. See Richard F. Fenno Jr., Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (New York: Harper Collins, 1978).
353. Mamie Bridgeforth, interview, July 16, 2007.
354. William Payne, interview, July 16, 2007.
355. William Payne, interview, July 16, 2007.
356. Ronald L. Rice, interview, December 16, 2007.
357. Fenno, Home Style.
358. Mamie Bridgeforth, interview, July 16, 2007.
359. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006.
360. John "Bo" Kemp, interview, December 17, 2007.
361. Richard Monteilh, interview, January 2, 2008.
362. See Kenneth Gibson, interview, December 18, 2007.
363. Richard Monteilh, interview, January 2, 2008.
364. Charles Bell, interview, July 14, 2007.
365. Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008.
366. Amiri Baraka, interview, July 18, 2007.
367. Ras Baraka, interview, September 16, 2007.
368. Ronald L. Rice, interview, December 16, 2007.
369. David Mitchell, interview, August 10, 2008.
370. Donald Payne Jr., interview, October 6, 2007.
371. Andrew Jacobs, "Access to Mayor Doesn't Solve All Problems," New York Times, March 8, 2007.
372. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
373. Terrance Bankston, interview, January 9, 2008.
374. John "Bo" Kemp, interview, December 17, 2007.
375. Oscar Sidney James, interview, October 8, 2007.
376. Elnardo Webster, interview, August 22, 2007.
377. Pablo Fonseca, interview, January 10, 2008.
378. Jermaine James, interview, October 7, 2007.
379. Amiri Baraka, interview, July 18, 2007.
380. Modia Butler, interview, December 13, 2007.
381. Katie Wang, "Dispute Puts City Contracts in Limbo," Newark Star-Ledger, June 3, 2007.
382. Wang, "Dispute Puts City Contracts in Limbo"
383. New Jersey State League of Municipalities, "Types and Forms of New Jersey Municipal Government"
384. Aney Chandy, interview, December 17, 2007.
385. Aney Chandy, interview, December 17, 2007.
386. See Jeffrey C. Mays and Katie Wang, "Ward Politics Again Get Better of Newark Mayor," Newark Star-Ledger, June 11, 2008.
387. Anibal Ramos, interview, December 19, 2007.
388. Rahman Muhammad, interview, June 24, 2006.
389. Thomas Giblin, interview, May 1, 2008.
390. Jermaine James, interview, October 7, 2007.
391. Pablo Fonseca, interview, January 10, 2008.
392. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
393. Jeffery C. Mays, "Booker Sees Slate of District Leaders Fall Short," Newark Star-Ledger, June 5, 2008.
394. Pablo Fonseca, interview, January 10, 2008.
395. Darrin Sharif, interview, November 5, 2007.
396. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
397. Wendell Phillips, interview, August 8, 2008.
398. David Mitchell, interview, August 10, 2008.
399. See David Giambusso, "Series of Career Changes for Former Newark Fire Director, Now Booker Aide, Nets Him 206K," nj.com, December 9, 2010, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/12/former_newark_fire_director_is.html (accessed October 22, 2011)
400. Brad R. Tuttle, How Newark Became Newark: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of an American City (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 227.
401. Jeffrey C. Mays, "Newark OKs Pact It Once Rejected to Fix Website," nj.com, October 22, 2008, available at http://www.nj.com/newark/index.ssf/2008/10/newark_oks_pact_it_once_reject.html (accessed October 22, 4)
402. Jeffrey C. Mays and Katie Wang, "Booker Fills More Top Jobs," Newark Star-Ledger, July 6, 2006.
403. Augusto Amador, interview, October 5, 2007.
404. Ronald C. Rice, interview, March 2, 2007.
405. Anibal Ramos, interview, December 19, 2007.
406. Rodney Lewis, interview, July 17, 2007.
407. Nikita Stewart and Jeffrey Mays, "A Tale of Two Post-racial Mayors," The Root, September 14, 2010, available at http://www.theroot.com/views/adrian-m-fenty-cory-booker (accessed September 14, 2010).
408. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
409. Andrew Jacobs, "A Political Neophyte in Newark Challenges a Shrewd Incumbent," New York Times, March 29, 2002
410. "This Morning," The Hotline, May 17, 2006, available at www.nationaljournal.com/hotline/ (accessed January 17, 2009).
411. Clement Price, interview, June 30, 2008
412. Mamie Bridgeforth, interview, July 16, 2007.
413. Andrew Jacobs, "Battling the Old Guard and the Rumor Mill," New York Times, July 3, 2007.
414. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
415. Abraham Lincoln, first inaugural address, 1861.
416. William Payne, interview, July 16, 2007.
417. Cory Booker, "'Spokesmodel' Speaks Out," Stanford Daily News, February 5, 1992
418. Cory Booker, "Why Have I Lost Control?" Stanford Daily News, May 6, 1992.
419. Cory Booker's summit speech, you Tube.com, posted by tvjersey, August 3, 2007, available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vx OHVIa NXa Y (accessed November 2, 2010)
420. Joan Whitlow, "Mayor Gives Newarkers Cause to Doubt," Newark Star-Ledger, August 3, 2007.
421. Joan Whitlow, "Mayor Gives Newarkers Cause to Doubt," Newark Star-Ledger, August 3, 2007.
422. Mc Kenzie Collins, interview, August 11, 2008.
423. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
424. Jermaine James, interview, October 7, 2007.
425. Elnardo Webster, interview, August 22, 2007.
426. Mc Kenzie Collins, interview, August 11, 2008.
427. Augusto Amador, interview, October 5, 2007.
428. Nate Schweber and Fernanda Santos, "Shooting of 4 College Friends Baffles Newark," New York Times, August 6, 2007.
429. Thomas Giblin, interview, May 1, 2008.
430. Steve De Micco, interview, June 12, 2008.
431. Adolph Reed Jr., The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986).
432. George Will, "Newark's Nasty Race," Washington Post, March 17, 2002.
433. Ellis Cose, "What the Revolution Was For," Newsweek, May 13, 2002.
434. See Martindale and Dunlap, "The African Americans," 87, 98, 116.
435. Paul Gilroy, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line (Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2002), chap. 9.
436. Scott Raab, "The Battle of Newark, Starring Cory Booker," Esquire, July 2008.
437. Scott Raab, interview, August 2, 2008.
438. Scott Raab, interview, August 2, 2008.
439. Matt Bai, "Is Obama the End of Black Politics?" New York Times Magazine, August 10, 2008.
440. Terrence Samuel, "Young, Black and Post-Civil Rights," American Prospect, September 4, 2007.
441. See Patillo, Black on the Block.
442. Walter Fields, interview, December 18, 2007.
443. See Cathy J. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
444. Jeffrey Pressman, "Preconditions of Mayoral Leadership," American Political Science Review 66, no. 2 (1972): 512.
445. See Linda Williams, "Black Political Progress in the 1980's: The Electoral Arena," in The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power, 2nd ed., ed. Michael B. Preston, Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., and Paul Puryear (New York: Longman, 1987), 97-136.
446. Robert C. Smith, "Recent Elections and Black Politics: The Maturation or Death of Black Politics? PS: Political Science and Politics 23, no. 2 (1990): 160-62.
447. Rufus Browning, Dale Rogers Marshall, and David Tabb, Protest Is Not Enough (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), chap. 1.
448. Michael B. Preston, "The Election of Harold Washington: An Examination of the SES Model in the 1983 Chicago Mayoral Election," in The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power, 2nd ed., ed. Michael B. Preston, Lenneal Henderson Jr., and Paul L. Puryear (New York: Longman, 1987), 139-71.
449. Preston, "The Election of Harold Washington"
450. See also Zoltan Hajnal, Changing White Attitudes toward Black Political Leadership (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
451. Browning, Marshall, and Tabb, Protest Is Not Enough.
452. Ruth Ann Strickland and Marcia Lynn Whicker, "Comparing the Wilder and Gantt Campaigns: A Model for Black Candidate Success in Statewide Elections," PS: Political Science and Politics 25, no. 2 (1992): 204-12.
453. David T. Canon, Matthew M. Schousen, and Patrick J. Sellers, "The Supply Side of Congressional Redistricting: Race and Strategic Politicians, 1972-1992," Journal of Politics 58, no. 3 (1996): 846-62.
454. Luis Quintana, interview, December 17, 2007.
455. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
456. Stefan Pryor, interview, July 31, 2008.
457. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
458. See Mamie Bridgeforth, interview, July 16, 2007.
459. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
460. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006.
461. Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008.
462. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
463. Katie Wang and Jeffrey Mays, "Booker Wins Big," Newark Star-Ledger, May 10, 2006.
464. Hector Corchado, interview, July 18, 2007.
465. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006.
466. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2006.
467. Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008.
468. Ras Baraka, interview, September 16, 2007.
469. Ronald L. Rice, interview, December 16, 2007.
470. William Payne, interview, July 16, 2007.
471. Luis Quintana, interview, December 17, 2007.
472. Stephen Adubato Sr., interview, November 3, 2007.
473. William Payne, interview, July 16, 2007.
474. Stephen Adubato Sr., interview, November 3, 2007.
475. "Results: New Jersey," 2008, cnn.com, available at http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/state/#val=NJ (accessed January 26, 2011).
476. Jeffery C. Mays, "Booker Sees Slate of District Leaders Fall Short," Newark Star-Ledger, June 5, 2008.
477. Joan Whitlow, "Worrisome Returns for the Mayor," Newark Star-Ledger, June 6, 2008.
478. Joan Whitlow, interview, July 31, 2008.
479. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
480. Andrew Jacobs, "Access to Mayor Doesn't Solve All Problems," New York Times, March 8, 2007.
481. Blonnie Watson, interview, June 13, 2008.
482. Joseph Parlavecchio, interview, July 31, 2008.
483. Phillip Thigpen, interview, June 16, 2008.
484. "District 34 Profile: 2008-2009 Legislative Delegation," available at www.njvoterinfo.org/d/34.php (accessed January 17, 2009).
485. Terrance Bankston, interview, January 9, 2008.
486. Blonnie Watson, interview, June 13, 2008.
487. Jeffrey C. Mays and Katie Wang, "Ward Politics Again Get Better of Newark Mayor," Newark Star-Ledger, June 11, 2008.
488. Chanta L. Jackson, "Six Female Candidates among Those Vying for Newark Council Seat," Newark Star-Ledger, October 19, 2008, available at http://www.nj.com/newark/index.ssf/2008/10/six_female_candidates_among_th.html (accessed February 17, 2011).
489. Jeffrey C. Mays, "Charles Bell Wins Newark Central Ward Seat," Newark Star-Ledger, November 5, 2008, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/11/charles_bell_wins_newark_centr.html, (accessed February 17, 2011).
490. Blonnie Watson, interview, June 13, 2008.
491. Joseph Parlavecchio, interview, July 31, 2008.
492. Max Pizarro, "Amador, East Ward Democrats, Feel Dissed by Booker on Election Day," Politickernj.com, June 3, 2008.
493. Luis Quintana, interview, December 17, 2007.
494. Joseph Parlavecchio, interview, July 31, 2008.
495. Phillip Thigpen, interview, June 16, 2008.
496. Wendell Phillips, interview, August 8, 2008.
497. Calvin West, interview, June 10, 2008.
498. Thomas Giblin, interview, May 1, 2008.
499. Steve De Micco, interview, June 12, 2008.
500. Thomas Giblin, interview, May 1, 2008.
501. See David W. Chen, "Corzine Prevails in a Nasty Governor's Campaign in New Jersey," New York Times, November 9, 2005.
502. Steve De Micco, interview, June 12, 2008.
503. George Norcross, interview, September 30, 2010.
504. Karen Kaufmann, The Urban Voter: Group Conflict and Mayoral Voting Behavior in American Cities (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 43.
505. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Fact Sheet: Newark City, New Jersey (American Community Survey 2005-2007)," available at http://factfinder.census.gov/qfd/sttes/34/3451000.html (accessed August 31, 2009).
506. Sam Roberts, "Biggest Urban Growth Is in South and West," New York Times, June 28, 2007
507. Roberto Suro and Audrey Singer, "Latino Growth in Metropolitan America: Changing Patterns, New Locations," working paper, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and the Pew Hispanic Center (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2002), 18.
508. Kenneth Gibson, interview, December 18, 2007.
509. Luis Quintana, interview, December 17, 2007.
510. Anibal Ramos, interview, December 19, 2007.
511. Pablo Fonseca, interview, January 10, 2008.
512. Marilyn Gaynor, interview, June 28, 2006.
513. Cory Booker, interview, August 3, 2008.
514. David Giambusso, "Poll Finds Newark Mayor Cory Booker Would Be Strong NJ Gov Candidate," Newark Star-Ledger, November 12, 2009.
515. Jonathan Miller and Richard G. Jones, "Ex-Newark Mayor Convicted of Fraud," New York Times, April 17, 2008.
516. David Giambusso, "Newark Mayor Cory Booker Has Raised $7.5M for Upcoming Election, Report Says," Newark Star-Ledger, May 5, 2010.
517. Clifford Minor, interview, July 8, 2010.
518. Josh Margolin, "Stephen Adubato Sr. and Cory Booker Bury the Hatchet," nj.com, June 22, 2009.
519. Clifford Minor, interview, July 8, 2010.
520. See Joe Ryan, "Ex-Essex County Prosecutor Clifford Minor Is Charged with Bribery, Obstructing Justice," nj.com, September 23, 2010, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/09/former_essex_county_prosecutor.html (accessed February 17, 2011).
521. Joan Whitlow, "Mayor Cory Booker Still in a Political Street Fight in Newark," Newark Star-Ledger, February 12, 2010
522. Carl Sharif, interview, July 22, 2010.
523. Stephen Adubato Sr., interview, November 3, 2007.
524. Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins, interview, June 10, 2008.
525. David Giambusso, "Central Ward Council Runoff between Bell, Sharif Is Too Close to Call," nj.com, June 15, 2010, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/charles_bell_wins_against_chal.html (accessed November 4, 2010).
526. David Giambusso, "NJ Sen Codey Supports Newark Council Candidate Darrin Sharif with Automated Calls," nj.com, May 3, 2010, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/05/nj_sen_codey_robo-calls_newark.html (accessed June 17, 2010)
527. Carl Sharif, interview, July 26, 2010
528. Chris Megarian, "Newark Mayor Rebuffs Codey, Throws Support to Sweeney for Senate Presidency," nj.com, October 1, 2009, available at http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2009/10/newark_mayor_rebuffs_codey_thr.html (accessed June 17, 2010).
529. Max Pizarro, "Unofficial Results in Newark's Central Ward: Sharif Beats Bell by 25 Votes," politickernj.com, June 15, 2009, available at http://www.politickernj.com/max/39754/unofficial-results-newarks-central-ward-sharif-beats-bell-20-votes (accessed November 4, 2010).
530. see Joan Whitlow, "Off the Cuff Remark Weakened Mayor Cory Booker's Hand," Newark Star-Ledger, August 13, 2010).
531. See David Giambusso, "Newark Mayor Booker Likely to Seek Third Term on Heels of $100M Schools Grant," Newark Star-Ledger, September 26, 2010.
532. David Giambusso, "Poll Finds Newark Mayor Cory Booker Would Be Strong NJ Gov Candidate," Newark Star-Ledger, November 12, 2009.
533. Andra Gillespie and Emma Tolbert, "Racial Authenticity and Redistricting: A Comparison of Artur Davis's 2000 and 2002 Congressional Campaigns," in Whose Black Politics? Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, ed. Andra Gillespie (New York: Routledge, 2010), 45-66.
534. Charles J. Dean, "Davis Set to Declare Governor's Race Bid: Would Be First Democrat to Announce," Birmingham News, February 1, 2009.
535. See "Artur Davis Finds Opposition Coming from Black Leadership," Associated Press, December 9, 2009, available at http://blog.al.com/live/2009/12/artur_davis_davis_finds_strongest_op.html (accessed January 29, 2011).
536. See Gillespie and Tolbert, "Racial Authenticity and Redistricting."
537. Chuck Dean, "Artur Davis' Loss in Alabama's Black Precincts 'Stunning,'" Birmingham News, June 3, 2010.
538. Robert Albritton et al., "Deracialization and the New Black Politics," in Race, Politics and Governance in the United States, ed. Huey L. Perry (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996), 173-92
539. Charles E. Jones and Michael Clemons, "A Model of Racial Crossover Voting: An Assessment of the Wilder Victory," in Dilemmas of Black Politics, ed. Georgia A. Persons (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 132.
540. Carol A. Pieranuzzi and John D. Hutcheson, "The Rise and Fall of Deracialization: Andrew Young As Mayor and Gubernatorial Candidate," in Race, Politics and Governance in the United States, ed. Huey L. Perry (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996), 96-106.
541. See Mary Orndorff, "Outgoing Alabama Rep Artur Davis Shuts Door on State Politics," al.com, October 3, 2010, available at http://blog.al.com/sweethome/2010/10/outgoing_alabama_rep_artur_dav.html (accessed November 4, 2010)
542. Thomas Spencer, "Artur Davis Says He Won't Run for Office Again after Loss in Alabama Governor's Race," al.com, June 3, 2010, available at http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2010/06/davis_wont_run_for_office_agai.html (accessed August 10, 2010).
543. Kenneth Lovett et al., "Harold Ford to Announce He Will Not Run for U.S. Senate Seat against Kirsten Gillibrand," New York Daily News, March 1, 2010
544. Harold Ford Jr., "Ford: I'm Gearing Up for Senate Race," New York Post, January 12, 2010.
545. "Florida Senate-Democratic Primary," Real Clear Politics, available at http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2010/senate/fl/florida_senate_democratic_primary-1096.html#polls (accessed November 4, 2010)
546. Beth Reinhard and Adam C. Smith, "Kendrick Meek Calls Win 'a Victory for Everyday People,'" Miami Herald, August 25, 2010
547. Beth Reinhard, "Marco Rubio Defeats 2 Rivals for Florida Senate," Miami Herald, November 2, 2010.
548. Brian Mooney, "An Incumbent Defies Odds to the End," Boston Globe, November 3, 2010
549. Frank Phillips and Michael Levenson, "Patrick Roars to 2d Term," Boston Globe, November 3, 2010.
550. Tim Craig and Nikita Stewart, "Gray Defeats Fenty As Voters Choose Conciliatory Approach over Brash Tactics," Washington Post, September 15, 2010.
551. See Frank Rich, "Obama's Squandered Summer," New York Times, September 12, 2010
552. Mica Brevington, "Leadership Expert: Obama Is No 'A' Student," fortune.com, October 25, 2010, available at http://money.cnn.com/2010/10/25/news/economy/obama_leadership_review.fortune/index.htm (accessed November 4, 2010)
553. Jim Rutenberg and Jeff Zeleny, "Democrats Outrun by a 2-Year GOP Comeback," New York Times, November 3, 2010.
554. See Nikita Stewart, "Vincent Gray Campaign under Vigorous Federal Scrutiny," Washington Post, October 15, 2011, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/vincent-gray-campaign-under-vigorous-federal-scrutiny/2011/10/13/g IQAfz0Qn L_story.html (accessed October 20, 2011)
555. Nikita Stewart, Jon Cohen, and Peyton Craighill, "Gray's Popularity Takes a Plunge, New Poll Shows," Washington Post, June 19, 2011, A1.
556. Raymond Chambers, interview, August 6, 2010
557. Shavar Jeffries, interview, July 21, 2010.
558. David Giambusso, "Poll Finds Newark Mayor Cory Booker Would Be Strong NJ Gov Candidate"
559. David Giambusso, "Newark Mayor Cory Booker Rules Out 2012 US Senate Run, Keeps 2014 Speculation Alive," both at nj.com, June 9, 2011, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/06/newark_mayor_cory_booker_rules.html (accessed October 22, 2011).
560. See Phillip Read, "Former Newark Building Officials Plead Guilty to Theft," nj.com, October 2, 2009, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/10/former_newark_building_officia_1.html (accessed October 17, 2011)
561. Katie Wang, "Ex-Newark Official Pleads Guilty to Attempted Extortion, Bribery," nj.com, November 24, 2008, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/11/exnewark_official_pleads_guilt.html (accessed October 17, 2011)
562. Carmen Juri, "Former Aide to Newark City Councilman Indicted for Soliciting $1,000 from Bar Owner," nj.com, March 10, 2009, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/03/former_aide_to_newark_city_cou.html (accessed October 17, 2011)
563. David Giambusso, "Verdict in Newark Corruption Trial: Former Deputy Mayor Salahuddin Found Guilty of Conspiracy," nj.com, October 14, 2011, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/10/verdict_in_newark_corruption_t.html (accessed October 20, 2011).
564. Lorrie Frasure, "The Burden of Jekyll and Hyde: Barack Obama, Racial Identity and Black Political Behavior," in Whose Black Politics? Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, ed. Andra Gillespie (New York: Routledge, 2010), 133-54.
565. Raymond Chambers, interview, August 6, 2010.
566. Martin Luther King Jr., "Address at Public Meeting of the Southern Christian Ministers Conference of Mississippi," in The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr., ed. Clayborne Carson, vol. 5, Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 to December 1960 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 289.
567. Damien Cave, "The Bicycle Act, Revisited," nytimes.com, March 21, 2006.
568. See Alexandra Starr, "We Shall Overcome, Too," Business Week, July 15, 2002
569. Roland Martin, "Ready or Not . . .," Savoy, March 2003, 52-56.
570. See Cathy J. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
571. Walter Fields, interview, December 18, 2007.
572. See Charles E. Jones and Michael Clemons, "A Model of Racial Crossover Voting: An Assessment of the Wilder Victory," in Dilemmas of Black Politics, ed. Georgia A. Persons (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 128-46.
573. See Robert Cochran, "Black Father: The Subversive Achievement of Joel Chandler Harris," African American Review 38, no. 1 (2004): 21-34.
574. See Cochran, "Black Father," 21-34
575. Joan Whitlow, "Mayor Gives Newarkers Cause to Doubt," Newark Star-Ledger, August 3, 2007.
576. Robert M. Farnsworth, introduction to The Conjure Woman, by Charles W. Chesnutt (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), v-xix.
577. See U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Table 434: Bond Ratings for City Governments by Largest Cities, 2008," available at http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2010/tables/10s0434.xls (accessed November 4, 2010)
578. Jeffrey C. Mays, "Newark Retains Its Bond Rating," Newark Star-Ledger, April 27, 2007, 31
579. David Giambusso, "Newark Faces Possible Downgrade of Bond Rating," Newark Star-Ledger, August 13, 2010.
580. See David Giambusso, "Municipal Utility Authority Could Bring Millions to Newark," Newark Star-Ledger, June 20, 2010.
581. See Giambusso, "Municipal Utility Authority Could Bring Millions to Newark."
582. see David Giambusso, "In Pushback against Pressure from Mayor, Newark Council Delays Vote on Municipal Utility Authority," Newark Star-Ledger, July 15, 2010.
583. Donald Payne Jr., interview, July 21, 2010.
584. Phillip Read, "Newark Mayor Cory Booker Announces 4-Day Work Week for Non-Uniformed City Workers," Newark Star-Ledger, July 22, 2010
585. Bill Hutchinson, "Cory Booker, Newark Mayor, Won't Spend Public Funds on Toilet Paper for City Employees," New York Daily News, July 22, 2010
586. Steven Hoffer, "$70M Budget Gap Means Newark Mayor Can't Spare a Square," aolnews.com, July 22, 2010, available at http://www.aolnews.com/surge-desk/article/70m-budget-gap-means-newark-mayor-cant-spare-a-square/19566243 (accessed November 4, 2010).
587. Meredith Galante, "Hundreds of Newark Residents Attend Booker Municipal Authorities Hearing," nj.com, July 26, 2010, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/07/hundreds_of_newark_residents_a.html (accessed July 27, 2010).
588. Kareem Fahim, "Fears of Regression and Newark Police Force Is Cut," New York Times, December 2, 2010.
589. See David Giambusso, "Parking Prolongs Prudential Center Rent Dispute between Newark, Devils," Newark Star-Ledger, May 26, 2010.
590. Star Ledger Wire Services/Bloomberg News, "NJ Towns See Their Bond Ratings Head South," Newark Star-Ledger, December 23, 2009.
591. Bloomberg News, "Moody's Downgrades Newark's Credit Rating As City Faces $30.5 Million Deficit," nj.com, available at http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/12/moodys_downgrades_newarks_cred.html (accessed October 11, 2011).
592. David Giambusso, "Newark Council May Resist Booker's Push for Quick Approval of Utility Authority," Newark Star-Ledger, July 15, 2010.
593. William E. Nelson, "Cleveland: The Evolution of Black Political Power,"
594. Linda Williams, "Black Political Progress in the 1980's: The Electoral Arena," both in The New Black Politics: The Search for Political Power, 2nd ed., ed. Michael B. Preston, Lenneal J. Henderson Jr., and Paul Puryear (New York: Longman, 1987), 172-99.
595. See Rachel Yon, "The Declining Significance of Race: Adrian Fenty and the Smooth Electoral Transition," in Whose Black Politics? Cases in Post-racial Black Leadership, ed. Andra Gillespie (New York: Routledge, 2010), 195-213.
596. Adrian Fenty, interview, March 5, 2008.
597. Nikita Stewart and Jon Cohen, "Poll Shows DC Mayor Fenty Getting More Credit Than Support in Primary Race against Gray," Washington Post, August 28, 2010.
598. Nikita Stewart and Jeffrey Mays, "A Tale of Two Post-racial Mayors," The Root, September 14, 2010, available at http://www.theroot.com/views/adrian-m-fenty-cory-booker (accessed September 14, 2010).
599. See Michael Burawoy et al., Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 2, 272.
600. Richard F. Fenno Jr., Watching Politicians (Berkeley: IGS Press/University of California, 1990), 12-14.
601. Elijah Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)
602. Mary Patillo, Black on the Block (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
603. Alan S. Gerber and Donald P. Green, "The Effects of Canvassing, Direct Mail and Telephone Contact on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment," American Political Science Review 94, no. 3 (2000): 653-63
604. Andra Gillespie, "Community, Coordination and Context: A Black Politics Perspective on Voter Mobilization" (Ph D diss., Yale University, 2005).
605. Marshall Curry, director, "Street Fight" (DVD), 2005.
606. Burawoy et al., Ethnography Unbound, 246.
607. Mary Waters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities (Cambridge: Harvard University Press/Russell Sage Foundation, 1999).
608. See Michael Hastings, "The Runaway General," Rolling Stone, July 2010, 90-97, 120-21.