How Newark became Newark: The rise, fall, and rebirth of an American city

How Newark became Newark: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of an American City

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-352

  Tuttle, Brad R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85037577038     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (481)

1. Adolf Konrad, “An Artist Looks at Newark” (Newark Museum pamphlet from exhibit, April 16, 1966-September 5, 1966).
2. John T. Cunningham, Newark (Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1966), 314.
3. Eugene H. Methvin, The Riot Makers: The Technology of Social Demolition (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1970), 32.
4. Report for Action: Governor’s Select Commission on Civil Disorder (Trenton: State of New Jersey, February 1968), 12;
5. Robert L. Allen, Black Awakening in Capitalist America: An Analytic History (New York: Anchor Books, 1969), 129.
6. Michael C. D. MacDonald, America’s Cities: A Report on the Myth of Urban Renaissance (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 328.
7. Philip Roth, Zuckerman Bound: A Trilogy and Epilogue (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1985), 335-336.
8. Frank John Urquhart, A History of the City of Newark, New Jersey: Embracing Nearly Two and a Half Centuries, 1666-1913 (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1913), 1: 49.
9. Isabel MacBeath Calder, The New Haven Colony (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1970), 218-219.
10. Edward P. Rindler, “The Migration from the New Haven Colony to Newark, East New Jersey” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1977), 218-219.
11. Rindler, Migration from New Haven Colony, 334.
12. John Thornton’s “New Mapp of East and West New Jersey," in The Mapping of New Jersey: The Men and the Art, ed. John P. Snyder (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973), 30.
13. Calder, New Haven Colony, 254-256.
14. Alexander MacWhorter “A Century Sermon," given January 1, 1801, NPL.
15. David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 23.
16. Nicholas Cressell, The Journal of Nicholas Cressell (New York: Dial Press, 1924), 157.
17. Cunningham, Newark, 86.
18. John W. Barber, Historical Collections of New Jersey: Past and Present (published by subscription, 1868), 181;
19. Joseph Atkinson, The History of Newark (Newark: William B. Guild, 1878), 138;
20. Urquhart, History of the City of Newark, 377, 421.
21. Paul A. Stellhorn, ed., The Governors of New Jersey, 1664-1974 (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 91.
22. Urquhart, History of the City of Newark, 377.
23. Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), 370-387;
24. June Avignon, ed., Downtown Paterson (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 1999), 11-13.
25. Urquhart, History of the City of Newark, 377.
26. Atkinson, History of Newark, 328-329;
27. Joel Schwartz, “The Development of New Jersey Society," New Jersey History Series, 10: 29.
28. William H. Shaw, History of Essex and Hudson Counties, New Jersey (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1884), 688-689.
29. Cunningham, Newark, 83-84;
30. Atkinson, History of Newark, 146-149.
31. Howard L. Green, ed., Words That Make New Jersey History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rivergate Books, 2006), 88-89.
32. Raymond Michael Ralph, “From Village to Industrial City: The Urbanization of Newark, New Jersey, 1830-1860" (PhD diss., New York University, 1978), 19-20.
33. Boyden, including “New Jersey Inventors and Their Inventions," Jersey Journeys (New Jersey Historical Society) (Oct. 2000), 1: 3;
34. G. Clifford Jones, “Seth Boyden: A Forgotten Inventor” (unpublished manuscript, NPL);
35. O. Henry Mace, “Seth Boyden: Unsung Hero of Photography” (New Jersey Historical Commission, 1991);
36. Terry Karschner, comp., Industrial Newark (Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial Archaeology, May 1985, available at NJHS), 43-45, 116;
37. Theodore Runyon, “An Address Delivered at the Newark Opera House, May 22, 1872
38. Atkinson, History of Newark, 160-161;
39. Cunningham, Newark, 99;
40. Susan Eleanor Hirsch Bloomberg, “Industrialization and Skilled Workers: Newark, 1826 to 1860" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1974), 20-23.
41. Ralph, “From Village," 13.
42. Richard F. Veit, The Old Canals of New Jersey: A Historical Geography (Little Falls, NJ: New Jersey Geographical Press, 1963), 19-21.
43. Richard F. Veit, The Old Canals of New Jersey: A Historical Geography (Little Falls, NJ: New Jersey Geographical Press, 1963), 28.
44. Richard F. Veit, The Old Canals of New Jersey: A Historical Geography (Little Falls, NJ: New Jersey Geographical Press, 1963), 32-33, 45.
45. Richard F. Veit, The Old Canals of New Jersey: A Historical Geography (Little Falls, NJ: New Jersey Geographical Press, 1963), 32.
46. Harry Sinclair Drago, Canal Days in America: The History and Romance of Old Towpaths and Waterways (New York: Crown Publishers, 1972), 119;
47. Russell Bourne, Floating West: The Erie and Other American Canals (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 194.
48. Drago, Canal Days in America, 119;
49. Cunningham, Newark, 101.
50. Thomas F. Gordon, Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey (Trenton: Daniel Fenton, 1834), 24.
51. Drago, Canal Days in America, 119-120.
52. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 569.
53. Veit, The Old Canals, 45, 53.
54. Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom, eds., The Industrial Revolution in America (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007), 9: 10-13;
55. Drago, Canal Days in America, 111.
56. Cunningham, Newark, 106-108;
57. Maxine Lurie and Marc Mappan, eds., Encyclopedia of New Jersey (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 113, 199, 674-675.
58. Veit, The Old Canals, 56-57.
59. Veit, The Old Canals, 53-54.
60. Atkinson, History of Newark, 190-191.
61. Atkinson, History of Newark, 191.
62. Frederick Branch and Jean Kuras, Bloomfi eld Revisited (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2006), 8;
63. Henry Whittemore, History of Montclair Township (New York: Suburban Publishing Co., 1894), 34.
64. Atkinson, History of Newark, 184-185;
65. Cunningham, Newark, 104, 109-110.
66. Bloomberg, “Industrialization and Skilled Workers," 35;
67. Cunningham, Newark, 113.
68. Atkinson, History of Newark, 193, 233.
69. Cunningham, Newark, 114-124;
70. Stuart Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 1832-1895 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1975), 11-14;
71. Bloomberg, “Industrialization and Skilled Workers," 28, 55.
72. Richard C. Jenkinson, Old Broad Street (Newark: Newark Public Library, 1930), 20-21;
73. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 34-39;
74. Bloomberg, “Industrialization and Skilled Workers," 35.
75. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 34-39;
76. Bloomberg, “Industrialization and Skilled Workers," 35.
77. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 30-34.
78. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 16-17;
79. Bloomberg, “Industrialization and Skilled Workers," 39.
80. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 11, 16-17.
81. William W. Morris, “Biographical Sketches of Mayors” (NJHS MG#92);
82. Biographical and Genealogical History of the City of Newark and Essex County, New Jersey (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1898), 2: 15-18;
83. Cyclopedia of New Jersey Biography (New York: American Historical Society, 1923), 159-160;
84. William H. Shaw, History of Essex and Hudson Counties, New Jersey (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1884), 582-583;
85. Alan A. Siegel, For the Glory of the Union (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press, 1984), 52;
86. Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, “Death of Senator Wright” (NJHS Collections, 1866);
87. Samuel Orcutt, A History of the Old Town of Stratford and the City of Bridgeport, Connecticut (New haven: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, 1886), 712-715;
88. Edward F. Folsom, ed., The Municipalities of Essex County, 1666-1924 (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1925), biographical volume 126-127.
89. Austin Dickinson, The National Preacher (New York: E. Carpenter, 1853), 17: 34-42.
90. Cunningham, Newark, 107;
91. Henry Varnum Poor, History of the Railroads and Canals of the United States (New York: J. H. Schultz & Co., 1860), 411;
92. “An Appeal to the Whigs of New-Jersey by the Conservative Whigs of the Fifth District” (NJHS manuscript, 1847).
93. Kenneth C. Davis, Don’t Know Much About the Civil War (New York: William Morrow, 1996), 136-137.
94. William Gillette, Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854-1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 103-104.
95. Shaw, History of Essex and Hudson Counties, 58
96. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 86;
97. Edwin A. Charlton, New Hampshire As It Is (Claremont, NH: A. Kenney & Co., 1857), 557.
98. Cunningham, Newark, 151.
99. Siegel, For the Glory of the Union, 52.
100. Urquhart, A History of the City of Newark, 680.
101. Charles Perrin Smith, New Jersey Political Reminiscences, 1828-1882 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 108.
102. Urquhart, A History of the City of Newark, 680.
103. Siegel, For the Glory of the Union, 19.
104. Bradley M. Gottfried, Kearny’s Own: The History of the First New Jersey Brigade in the Civil War (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 6-7.
105. Davis, Don’t Know Much About the Civil War, 257.
106. Davis, Don’t Know Much About the Civil War, 257-262.
107. Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988), 326.
108. Cunningham, Newark, 159.
109. Charles Merriam Knapp, “New Jersey Politics during the Period of the Civil War and Reconstruction” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1924), 71-72.
110. William J. Jackson, New Jerseyans in the Civil War: For Union and Liberty (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 107.
111. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 202-203;
112. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," 74;
113. Jackson, New Jerseyans in the Civil War, 109.
114. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 147-148;
115. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," 63-65.
116. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 227;
117. William Cook Wright, Secession and Copperheadism in New Jersey during the American Civil War (Master’s thesis, University of Delaware, 1965), 229-231.
118. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 229-231;
119. Edward F. Folsom, ed., The Municipalities of Essex County, 1666-1924 (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1925), biographical volume, 126-127.
120. Smith, New Jersey Political Reminiscences, 138-139.
121. Davis, Don’t Know Much About the Civil War, 312.
122. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," 146.
123. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," 40, 147;
124. Larry A. Greene, “The Emancipation Proclamation in New Jersey and the Paranoid Style," New Jersey History (Summer 1973): 118-119.
125. Siegel, For the Glory of the Union, 148.
126. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," 96.
127. Luc Sante, Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991), 350-353.
128. Wright, Secession and Copperheadism in New Jersey, 265-267.
129. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," footnote 96.
130. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," 119.
131. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 268;
132. Davis, Don’t Know Much About the Civil War, 374-375.
133. Jennifer L. Weber, Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 198-199.
134. Jackson, New Jerseyans in the Civil War, 201.
135. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 223-224;
136. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 311.
137. Edgar H. Trelease, “Letter from a Soldier," Harper’s Weekly, January 1, 1865, 93-94.
138. The Northern Monthly Magazine, November 1867, 19;
139. Cunningham, Newark, 159.
140. Cunningham, Newark, 159-160;
141. Jackson, New Jerseyans in the Civil War, 109;
142. “Copperhead Love for the Soldier” (NJHS manuscript, 1865), 6.
143. Cunningham, Newark, 163.
144. Donald A. Sinclair, A Bibliography: The Civil War and New Jersey (New Brunswick, NJ: Friends of the Rutgers University Library, 1968), 130.
145. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 323.
146. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 323;
147. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," 182.
148. Knapp, “New Jersey Politics," 163-165;
149. Gillette, Jersey Blue, 325-326.
150. Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), 20: 571.
151. The Northern Monthly Magazine, September 1867, 385.
152. Neil Baldwin, Edison: Inventing the Century (New York: Hyperion, 1996), 50-52, 60-72;
153. Reese V. Jenkins, ed., The Papers of Thomas A. Edison (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 1: 146-149, 301, 385, 642-644.
154. Cunningham, Newark, 180-181;
155. Cunningham, Newark, 179-180;
156. William H.A. Carr, From Three Cents a Week: The Story of the Prudential Insurance Company of America (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975), 12-24;
157. Cunningham, Newark, 186.
158. Carr, From Three Cents a Week, 28-30, 62, 169;
159. Cunningham, Newark, 186-188.
160. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 64-65.
161. Martha Lamb, “Sketch of Newark," Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, October 1876, 675-676.
162. David Steven Cohen, ed., America, The Dream of My Life: Selections from the Federal Writers’ Project’s New Jersey Ethnic Survey (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 63-64.
163. Angelique Lampros, Remembering Newark’s Greeks: An American Odyssey (Virginia Beach: Donning Company Publishers, 2006), 27.
164. Stuart Galishoff, Safeguarding the Public Health: Newark, 1895-1918 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1975), 135.
165. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 103-104.
166. Cunningham, Newark, 200;
167. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 137;
168. Cunningham, Newark, 200;
169. “The Ninth Annual Message of Hon. Joseph E. Haynes, 1892" (NJHS pamphlet), 66.
170. Lamb, “Sketch of Newark," 677.
171. Cunningham, Newark, 224-225;
172. Cyclopedia of New Jersey Biography (New York: American Historical Society, 1923), 2: 226-227;
173. Frederick W. Ricord, Biographical and Genealogical History of the City of Newark and Essex County, New Jersey (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1898), 112-114.
174. Cunningham, Newark, 226;
175. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 124.
176. Ricord, Biographical and Genealogical History, 112-114;
177. Cunningham, Newark, 226.
178. Galishoff, Safeguarding the Public Health, 126-129;
179. Glenn R. Modica, “The History of the Newark Sewer System” (Cranbury, NJ: Richard Grubb & Associates, 2001).
180. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 66.
181. Lamb, “Sketch of Newark," 678.
182. Ricord, Biographical and Genealogical History, 114;
183. Ricord, Biographical and Genealogical History, 114;
184. Charles Wesley Churchill, The Italians of Newark: A Community Study (New York: Arno Press, 1975), 24-27, 38.
185. Ronald L. Becker, “History of the Jewish Community in Newark, New Jersey," part of Greater Newark’s Jewish Legacy, a 1995 NPL exhibit;
186. Patricia M. Ard and Michael Aaron Rockland, The Jews of New Jersey: A Pictorial History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 10, 15;
187. “The Essex Story: A History of the Jewish Community in Essex County, New Jersey” (Jewish Education Association of Essex County, 1955), 46.
188. Samuel H. Popper, “Newark, New Jersey, 1870-1910: Chapters in the Evolution of an American Metropolis” (PhD diss., New York University, 1952), 392.
189. Frank Kingdon, John Cotton Dana: A Life (Newark: Newark Public Library and Museum, 1940), 83-84, 94, 97;
190. Cunningham, Newark, 218-220.
191. Cunningham, Newark, 227-229;
192. Jean-Rae Turner and Richard T. Koles, Newark, New Jersey (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2001), 69.
193. Karl Baedeker, ed., The United States, with an Excursion into Mexico: A Handbook for Travellers (1893; rpr. New York: Da Capo Press, 1971), 208;
194. Galishoff, Newark: The Nation’s Unhealthiest City, 22-23, 66, 100;
195. Popper, “Newark, New Jersey, 1870-1910," 433-435.
196. Alan A. Siegel, Our Past: A History of Irvington, New Jersey (Irving Centennial Committee, 1974), 190-194;
197. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 148-150.
198. Bradley Robert Rice, Progressive Cities: The Commission Government Movement in America, 1901-1920 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977), 3-18.
199. Municipal Freedom (New York: Doubleday, 1915).
200. Willard D. Price, “The Ironbound District: A Study of a District in Newark, N.J." (Newark: Neighborhood House, 1912), 4-12, 24-25.
201. Andrew Sinclair, Prohibition: The Era of Excess (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), 180-181.
202. “Final Report of the Charter Commission of the City of Newark” (Charter Commission, 1953), 14.
203. Paul Anthony Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline, Newark, New Jersey: 1929-1941" (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1982), 17-18, 39-40, 54.
204. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 49-50;
205. Cunningham, Newark, 262.
206. Cunningham, Newark, 233, 245-249, 264;
207. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 40, 50;
208. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 50.
209. William M. Ashby, Tales without Hate (Newark: Newark Preservation and Landmarks Committee; Metuchen, NJ: Upland Press, 1996), 109-102.
210. Mark A. Stuart, Gangster #2: Longy Zwillman, the Man Who Invented Organized Crime (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1985), 19-22.
211. Stuart, Gangster #2, 23-27.
212. Carl Sifakis, The Mafi a Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. (New York: Facts on File, 2005), 412, 488;
213. Douglas V. Shaw, Immigration and Ethnicity in New Jersey History (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1994), 55;
214. Stuart, Gangster #2, 31-32.
215. Stuart, Gangster #2, 33;
216. Stuart, Gangster #2, 34-35.
217. Stuart, Gangster #2, 30-35.
218. Stuart, Gangster #2, 40.
219. Stuart, Gangster #2, 45-46, 50-53.
220. Stuart, Gangster #2, 58;
221. Michael Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy: The Vanished First Ward (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 110-111.
222. Stuart, Gangster #2, 58-66.
223. Kenneth T. Jackson, “Gentleman’s Agreement: Discrimination in Metropolitan America," in Refl ections on Regionalism, ed. Bruce Katz (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), 198;
224. Federal Writers’ Project, New Jersey: A Guide to Its Present and Past (New York: Hastings House, 1946), 325, 327.
225. Cunningham, Newark, 270-272;
226. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 26-33.
227. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 55, 58;
228. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 67-71, 82;
229. Joseph Gowaskie, “Workers in New Jersey History," New Jersey History Series 6 (New Jersey Historical Commission, 1992), 52;
230. T. H. Watkins, The Great Depression: America in the 1930s (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), 55.
231. Gowaskie, “Workers in New Jersey History," 52;
232. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 84.
233. Gowaskie, “Workers in New Jersey History," 51;
234. Kenneth T. Jackson and Barbara B. Jackson, “The Black Experience in Newark: The Growth of the Ghetto, 1870-1970," New Jersey since 1860, ed. William C. Wright (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1972), 39, 44.
235. Jackson and Jackson, “Black Experience in Newark," 46, 49.
236. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 80-82.
237. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 82-84, 93;
238. Cunningham, Newark, 281.
239. Stuart, Gangster #2, 132.
240. Paul Sann, Kill the Dutchman: The Story of Dutch Schultz (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971), 11-25.
241. Sann, Kill the Dutchman, 19-20;
242. Stuart, Gangster #2, 101-102;
243. Stuart, Gangster #2, 114, 186;
244. Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy, 111.
245. Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy, 130-131;
246. Sifakis, Mafi a Encyclopedia, 47;
247. Richard Ben Cramer, Joe DiMaggio: The Hero’s Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 132-133.
248. Encyclopedia of New Jersey, 562-563.
249. Edward S. Shapiro, “Ethnicity and Employment: The Early Years of the Jewish Vocational Services of Newark, 1939-1952," New Jersey History, no. 1/2 (1988): 23-27.
250. Stuart, Gangster #2, 107-111;
251. Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy, 112;
252. Warren Grover, Nazis in Newark (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003)
253. Ron Nessen, “Newark’s Other Riots," New Jersey Monthly, July 2005, 58-75.
254. Stellhorn, “Depression and Decline," 27-28.
255. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 275.
256. Cunningham, Newark, 299;
257. Gowaskie, “Workers in New Jersey History," 48.
258. Cunninghan, Newark, 288-296.
259. Theft of the City: Readings on Corruption in Urban America, ed. John A. Gardiner and David J. Olsen (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), 68-72.
260. Stuart, Gangster #2, 174-185;
261. Sifakis, Mafia Encyclopedia, 240-241;
262. Cunningham, Newark, 305-307.
263. Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy, 80-97.
264. Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy, 65-79.
265. Harold Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics: Slum Clearance in Newark (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963);
266. David Levitus, “An Anatomy of Urban Renewal in Newark, N.J., 1933-1967: How Patronage Politics, Planning Policy, and a Powerbroker Shaped a City” (Master’s thesis, New York University, 2005) 39-67;
267. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 40-41.
268. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 40-41.
269. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 42.
270. Jay Rumney and Sara Shuman, “The Cost of Slums in Newark” (Housing Authority of the City of Newark, 1946).
271. Central Planning Board, The Master Plan for the Physical Development of the City of Newark, N.J. (Newark: Central Planning Board, 1947), 9, 38, 45-46, 51.
272. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 114-115.
273. Le Corbusier, The Radiant City (New York: Orion Press, 1967), 121.
274. Le Corbusier, The City of To-morrow, 3rd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971), 1, 164;
275. Charles V. Craster, “Slum Clearance: The Newark Plan," American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health (September 1944): 935.
276. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 15.
277. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 36, 164.
278. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 225-227.
279. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 225.
280. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 10-11.
281. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 12-13;
282. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 151.
283. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 15-16.
284. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 17.
285. “Rebuilding Newark” (NHA pamphlet, 1952), 3.
286. Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy, 128.
287. Immerso, Newark’s Little Italy, 142-143.
288. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 53.
289. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 54-55.
290. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 155.
291. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 152-153.
292. “Construction Report” (NHA, 1956) 17-20.
293. “Newark’s Children” (NHA pamphlet, 1957)
294. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 47-48.
295. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 55.
296. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 159.
297. Jane Jacobs, Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961) 4.
298. Jacobs, Death and Life, 8-9.
299. Jacobs, Death and Life, 9.
300. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 66.
301. George Sternlieb, The Tenement Landlord (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966), 165.
302. Sternlieb, Tenement Landlord, 167.
303. Sternlieb, Tenement Landlord, 13.
304. Bernard J. Friden and Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 52;
305. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 66.
306. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 66;
307. Central Planning Board, “Renew Newark” (Central Planning Board, Final Report 1961), 84, 100, 103;
308. Levitus, “Anatomy of Urban Renewal," 66;
309. Central Planning Board, “Renew Newark” (Central Planning Board, Final Report 1961), 84, 100, 103.
310. Tom Hayden, Rebellion in Newark: Offi cial Violence and Ghetto Response (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), 6-10.
311. Ronald Porambo, No Cause for Indictment (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2006), 100-104.
312. Hayden, Rebellion in Newark, 10.
313. Anonymous oral history in When I Was Comin’ Up: An Oral History of Aged Blacks (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1982), 25.
314. Florette Henri, Black Migration: Movement North, 1900-1920 (New York: Anchor Books, 1976), 51-55.
315. Henri, Black Migration, 57, 60.
316. Ashby, Tales without Hate, 17-18.
317. When I Was Comin’ Up, 22, 206.
318. Helen Pendleton, in Freedom Not Far Distant: A Documentary of Afro-Americans in New Jersey, ed. Clement A. Price (Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1980), 213.
319. Jackson and Jackson, “Black Experience in Newark," 39;
320. Price, Freedom Not Far Distant, 194.
321. Giles R. Wright, New Jersey Ethnic Life Series 3 (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1986), 13.
322. Price, Freedom Not Far Distant, 214.
323. Clement A. Price, “The Beleaguered City as Promised Land: Blacks in Newark, 1917-1947," in Urban New Jersey Since 1870, ed. William C. Wright (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), 16-17, 38.
324. Central Planning Board, The Master Plan for the Physical Development of the City of Newark, N.J. (Newark: Central Planning Board, 1947), 38.
325. Clement A. Price, “The Struggle to Desegregate Newark: Black Middle Class Militancy in New Jersey, 1932-1947," New Jersey, no. 3/4 (1981): 219-220;
326. Jackson and Jackson, “The Black Experience in Newark," 55-56.
327. Barbara J. Kukla, Swing City: Newark Nightlife, 1925-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991), 16-17, 23, 53-60, 121-127, 166-170.
328. James Overmyer, Effa Manley and the Newark Eagles (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1993), 62-67;
329. Amiri Baraka, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones (New York: Freundlich Books, 1984), 33-34.
330. Newark Municipal Council, “Soaring Eagles: Newark and the Negro Leagues” (Newark: The Writing Company, 2002), 20-25.
331. Overmyer, Effa Manley and the Newark Eagles, 101-107.
332. Edward D. Williams, The First Black Captain (New York: Vantage Press, 1974), 2-3.
333. Williams, First Black Captain, 4.
334. Ashby, Tales without Hate, 121-123.
335. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 7, 30-31.
336. Ashby, Tales without Hate, 93-97.
337. Williams, First Black Captain, 18.
338. Ashby, Tales without Hate, 188.
339. Robert L. Allen, Black Awakening in Capitalist America: An Analytic History (New York: Anchor Books, 1969), 26-27;
340. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968), 69-70
341. Jackson and Jackson, “Black Experience in Newark," 56.
342. Jackson and Jackson, “Black Experience in Newark," 39-41;
343. Price, Freedom Not Far Distant, 194.
344. Larry A. Greene, Leonard Harris, Clement Price, and Lee Hagan, “New Jersey Afro-Americans: From Colonial Times to the Present," in The New Jersey Ethnic Experience, ed. Barbara Cunningham (Union City, NJ: Wm. H. Wise & Co., 1977), 82;
345. Curtis Lucas, Third Ward Newark (Chicago: Ziff-Davis Publishing Co., 1946), 39.
346. Dorothy H. Guyot, “Newark: Crime and Politics in a Declining City," excerpted in Crime in City Politics, ed. Anne Heinz, Herbert Jacob, and Robert L. Lineberry (New York: Longman, 1983), 54-55.
347. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 260.
348. Allen, Black Awakening, 126.
349. Allen, Black Awakening, 34.
350. Jerry Gafio Watts, Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 332.
351. Williams, First Black Captain, 84-86.
352. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 153-156.
353. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 244.
354. Hayden, Rebellion in Newark, 17.
355. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 259-260.
356. Williams, First Black Captain, 90;
357. Williams, First Black Captain, 92;
358. Porambo, No Cause for Indictment, 128-130.
359. Allen, Black Awakening, 135.
360. Allen, Black Awakening, 158;
361. Allen, Black Awakening, 157.
362. Allen, Black Awakening, 12, 159.
363. Allen, Black Awakening, 160.
364. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 266.
365. Jerry Gafio Watts, Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 22.
366. Hettie Jones, How I Became Hettie Jones (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1990).
367. Watts, Amiri Baraka, 44-45.
368. Jones, How I Became Hettie Jones, 139, 201, 218.
369. Jones, How I Became Hettie Jones, 218.
370. Jack Richardson, “Blues for Mr. Jones," Esquire, June 1966, 106.
371. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 230.
372. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 244, 267;
373. David Llorens, “Ameer (LeRoi Jones) Baraka," Ebony, August 1969, 75-83.
374. Allen, Black Awakening, 165-168.
375. Allen, Black Awakening, 168-170;
376. Theodore R. Hudson, From LeRoi Jones to Amiri Baraka: The Literary Works (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1973), 34-36.
377. Ebony, August 1969, 80.
378. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 264-267.
379. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 268, 272.
380. Stanley B. Winters, “Turbulent Decade: Newark since the Riots," in Newark: An Assessment, 1967-1977, ed. Stanley B. Winters (Newark: New Jersey Institute of Technology, 1979), 3.
381. Komozi Woodard, A Nation within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 94-97.
382. Allen, Black Awakening, 141, 201;
383. Watts, Amiri Baraka, 358-359.
384. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 274.
385. Allen, Black Awakening, 135-138;
386. Watts, Amiri Baraka, 307.
387. Allen, Black Awakening, 137-138.
388. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 274-275;
389. Woodard, A Nation within a Nation, 97, 112;
390. Watts, Amiri Baraka, 358-359.
391. Williams, First Black Captain, 95-97.
392. Williams, First Black Captain, 95-97.
393. Porambo, No Cause for Indictment, 76-77.
394. Porambo, No Cause for Indictment, 77.
395. Nikki Giovanni, “Black Poems, Poseurs and Power," Negro Digest, June 1969, 30-31.
396. Amiri Baraka, Raise Race Rays Raze: Essays since 1965 (New York: Random House, 1971), 98.
397. Negro Digest, January 1969, 4-9, 77-79.
398. Negro Digest, January 1969, 4-9, 77-79.
399. Watts, Amiri Baraka, 367;
400. Woodard, Nation within a Nation, 118.
401. Allen, Black Awakening, 176;
402. Harry J. Elam, Jr., Taking It to the Streets: The Social Protest Theater of Luis Valdez and Amiri Baraka (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 116.
403. Paul Mulshine, “Happy Kwanzaa," Front Page Magazine, 12/26/2002;
404. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 275-276;
405. Watts, Amiri Baraka, 367.
406. Fred Barbaro, “Political Brokers," Society, September-October 1972, 42-55;
407. Woodard, Nation within a Nation, 147.
408. Atlantic Monthly, August 1969.
409. L. H. Whittemore, Together: A Reporter’s Journey into the New Black Politics (New York: William Morrow, 1971), 99.
410. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 284.
411. Woodard, A Nation within a Nation, 144-148.
412. Fred Barbaro, “Political Brokers," Society, September-October 1972, 50.
413. Whittemore, Together, 106, 109;
414. Whittemore, Together, 198.
415. Whittemore, Together, 106-107;
416. Whittemore, Together, 198.
417. Woodard, A Nation within a Nation, 153.
418. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 287.
419. Baraka, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 287.
420. Michael Dorman, Payoff: The Role of Organized Crime in American Politics (New York: David McKay, 1972), 52-67.
421. Dorman, Payoff, 55-63.
422. Robert Curvin, “Black Power in City Hall," Society, September-October 1972, 57.
423. Steve Golin, The Newark Teacher Strikes: Hopes on the Line (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002).
424. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 124.
425. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 124-126.
426. Frank A. Fiorito, The Anatomy of a Strike (Newark: Teachers Union, 1970), 92-96;
427. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 80-81, 110-114.
428. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 154-155;
429. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 156-166.
430. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 146-147;
431. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 174.
432. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 173.
433. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 176-178.
434. Woodard, A Nation within a Nation, 230-231;
435. Watts, Amiri Baraka, 371.
436. Woodard, A Nation within a Nation, 232-239.
437. Watts, Amiri Baraka, 372.
438. Robert Curvin, “The Persistent Minority: The Black Political Experience in Newark” (PhD diss., Princeton University, 1975), 1.
439. Michael Fernandez, “The Puerto Ricans in New Jersey," in New Jersey Ethnic Experience, 372.
440. Arthur M. Louis, “The Worst American City," Harper’s, January 1975, 67-71.
441. Wilbur C. Rich, Black Mayors and School Politics: The Failure of Reform in Detroit, Gary, and Newark (New York: Garland Publishing, 1996), 101.
442. Winters, Newark: An Assessment, 47-48;
443. Willa Johnson, “Illusions of Power: Gibson’s Impact upon Unemployment Conditions in Newark, 1970-1974" (PhD. diss., Rutgers University, 1978), 137-138.
444. Winters, Newark: An Assessment, 3-6, 363;
445. Winters, Newark: An Assessment, 3-6, 363.
446. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 223-224.
447. Winters, Newark: An Assessment, 6-11.
448. Winters, Newark: An Assessment, 6-11.
449. New Jersey Monthly, January 1979, 52, 81.
450. Guyot, “Newark: Crime and Politics in a Declining City," 78.
451. Guyot, “Newark: Crime and Politics in a Declining City," 88-90.
452. New Jersey Monthly, January 1979, 91.
453. Johnson, “Illusions of Power," 149-150;
454. Johnson, “Illusions of Power," 146.
455. Johnson, “Illusions of Power," 148.
456. Rich, Black Mayors and School Politics, 122.
457. Rich, Black Mayors and School Politics, 114-122;
458. Tom Dunkel, “Sharpe James’s Possible Dream," New Jersey Monthly, February 1987, 46-49, 130-131.
459. Dunkel, “Sharpe James’s Possible Dream," 50.
460. Dunkel, “Sharpe James’s Possible Dream," 46.
461. Marc Holzer, Elizabeth Strom, Lois Redman-Simmons, and Tony Carrizales, Reinventing Newark: Visions of the City from the Twentieth Century (Newark: National Center for Public Productivity, 2005), 90-91.
462. Holzer et al., Reinventing Newark, 90-91.
463. Gordon Bishop, Greater Newark: A Microcosm of America (Chatsworth, CA: Windsor Publications, 1989), 187.
464. Dunkel, “Sharpe James’s Possible Dream," 46-49;
465. Helen M. Stummer, “Ordinary Miseries," Society, March-April 1987, 83;
466. United Community Corporation, “Brick City Blues: Demographic Changes in Newark, 1970 to 1990" (UCC, 1997).
467. Warren Craig, “The Council Cashes In," New Jersey Reporter, July-August 1987, 8-13.
468. Rich, Black Mayors and School Politics, 123.
469. New Jersey Monthly, January 1979;
470. Navdeep Mathu, “Revitalization: Newark’s Tale of Two Cities," New Jersey Reporter, April-May 2002.
471. Shakti Bhatt and Mark J. Magyar, “The Battle for Newark," New Jersey Reporter, April-May 2002, 20.
472. James E. McGreevey, The Confession (New York: Regan, 2006), 166-168.
473. Marshall Curry, Street Fight (Marshall Curry Productions, 2005).
474. Bhatt and Magyar, “Battle for Newark," 21.
475. Bhatt and Magyar, “Battle for Newark," 22.
476. Bhatt and Magyar, “The Battle for Newark," in New Jersey Reporter, 19.
477. McGreevey, Confession, 211.
478. Cory Booker, New Jersey Monthly, February 2007;
479. New Jersey Monthly, February 2007.
480. Esquire, October 2006;
481. Esquire, October 2006.