Relocations: Queer suburban imaginaries

Relocations: Queer Suburban Imaginaries

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-281

  Tongson, Karen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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EID: 84900694539     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (380)

1. One designer on an August 2009 episode of the HGTV reality competition show Design Star referred to the architecture of mid-century suburban homes in Southern California as "atomic-type ranch house." For a beautiful expansion of atomic metaphor and materiality in letters, cinema, psychoanalysis, and Japanese representational history, see Akira Mizuta Lippit, Atomic Light (Shadow Optics) (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005). I mention Lippit's book here not only in an act of free association with his "speculative reading" of the atomic and the darkness cast by the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but also because (as I explain later in this introduction) this project is haunted by the more violent legacies of Japanese American relocation during World War II.
2. Nearly every scholarly book on the suburbs, regardless of its disciplinary orientation, begins with this premise. Rather than reproduce a comprehensive bibliography in this single note, allow me to register the ones that have been most influential on my own approach to defining the suburbs (in alphabetical order): John Archer, Architecture and Suburbia: From the English Villa to the American Dream House, 1690-2000 (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2005);
3. Eric Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004);
4. Robert A. Beauregard, When America Became Suburban (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2006);
5. Andrew Blauvelt, ed., Worlds Away: New Suburban Landscapes (Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2008);
6. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York: Basic Books, 1987);
7. Dolores Hayden, Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000 (New York: Vintage, 2004);
8. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier:The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985);
9. Catherine Jurca, White Diaspora: The Suburb and the Twentieth-Century American Novel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001);
10. Rob Kling, Spencer Olin, and Mark Poster, eds., Postsuburban California: The Transformation of Orange County since World War II (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991);
11. Becky M. Nicolaides, My Blue Heaven:Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002);
12. Becky M. Nicolaides and Andrew Wiese, eds., The Suburb Reader (New York: Routledge, 2006);
13. Lynn Spigel, Welcome to the Dream House: Popular Media and the Postwar Suburbs (Durham:Duke University Press, 2001).
14. Spigel, Welcome to the Dream House, 33.
15. See Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, "Paranoid Reading and Reparative Reading; or, You're So Paranoid, You Probably Think This Introduction is about You," in Novel Gazing: Queer Readings in Fiction, ed. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), 1-40. Later in this introduction, I describe and animate my own sense of reparative reading from Sedgwick's concept of reparative "critical practices"-which she denies are "theoretical methodologies (and certainly not as stable personality types of critic)," but goes on to describe "as changing and heterogeneous relational stances" (8).
16. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961). A scholar who has been at the forefront of documenting and critiquing the policies and ideologies behind gentrification and urban renewal is the geographer Neil Smith.
17. See The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996). In his introduction to the catalog for the exhibit Worlds Away, titled "Worlds Away and the World Next Door,"
18. Andrew Blauvelt refers to a "reverse suburban migration of empty nesters, who return to the city to enjoy the kind of life they lived before they had kids to raise" (11).
19. Nicolaides and Wiese excerpt full-length academic studies of these topics, including Timothy Fong, The First Suburban Chinatown: The Remaking of Monterey Park, California (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994);
20. Sarah J. Mahler, American Dreaming: Immigrant Life on the Margins (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995);
21. Evan McKenzie, Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
22. David Brooks is credited with coining the term "bourgeois bohemian," or "Bobo," although the term had been in circulation colloquially in France since the 1990s. See Brooks, Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There (New York:Simon and Schuster, 2000).
23. Blauvelt, "City and Suburb," 1.
24. See George Chauncey, Gay New York:Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994);
25. Diane Chisholm, Queer Constellations:Subcultural Space in the Wake of the City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005);
26. Julie Abraham, Metropolitan Lovers:The Homosexuality of Cities (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2009).
27. Judith Halberstam, In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 36.
28. An inevitably incomplete catalog of some of these important, earlier contributions to discussions on nonmetropolitan queer space would include the following: Richard Phillips, Diane Watt, and David Shuttleton, eds., De-centering Sexualities: Politics and Representations beyond the Metropolis (London:Routledge, 2000);
29. Karen Lee Osborne and William J. Spurlin, eds., Reclaiming the Heart land: Lesbian and Gay Voices from the Midwest (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996);
30. Beth Bailey, Sex in the Heartland (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1999);
31. John Howard, ed., Carryin' On in the Lesbian and Gay South (New York: New York University Press, 1997);
32. John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1999);
33. Mary Pat Brady, Extinct Lands, Temporal Geographies:Chicana Literature and the Urgency of Space (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 90;
34. Michael Moon, "Whose History? The Case of Oklahoma," in A Queer World: The Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Martin Duberman (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 24-34;
35. Sherrie A. Inness, "Lost in Space: Queer Geography and the Politics of Location," in Queer Cultures, ed. Deborah Carlin and Jennifer DiGrazia (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/ Prentice Hall, 2004), 254-77. I offer my own, extended genealogy of queer urbanity and its regional interventions in my chapter on JJ Chinois.
36. See Lauren Berlant and Elizabeth Freeman, "Queer Nationality," in Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship (Durham:Duke University Press, 1997), 160-164.
37. Scott Herring, Another Country:Queer Anti-Urbanism (New York: New York University Press, 2010), 4.
38. For more on the United States' transition into suburbanization as its industrial cities went into decline during the 1970s, see Beauregard, When America Became Suburban. See also Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias; Hayden, Building Suburbia;
39. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier.
40. Blauvelt, "City and Suburb," 11.
41. Brooks, Bobos in Paradise, 11.
42. Berlant and Freeman, "Queer Nationality," 165.
43. Lisa Duggan, The Twilight of Equality:Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003), 50.
44. See Richard Florida's The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life (New York: Perseus Books, 2002);
45. and his sequel of sorts, Cities and the Creative Class (New York: Routledge, 2005).
46. Florida, Cities and the Creative Class, 86.
47. Of course, there is a much longer history of queer entanglements with gentrification going back to the mid-twentieth century. See Christina Hanhardt's monograph in progress, "Safe Space: The Sexual and City Politics of Violence." Hanhardt considers the transmogrifications of LGBT politics and policies as they emerged concurrently with neoliberal urban policies from the midtwentieth century to the present.
48. Robert Bruegmann, Sprawl: A Compact History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 23.
49. Carey McWilliams traces the earliest real estate boom cycles in the history of Southern California's development in Southern California: An Island on the Land (1946; repr., Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith Publishing, 1973). An anthology offering multiple perspectives on Southern California's role in a globalized, development-oriented border economy is Michael Dear and Gustavo Leclerc, eds., Postborder City: Cultural Spaces of Bajalta California (New York: Routledge, 2003). See also Jennifer Wolch, Manuel Pastor Jr., and Peter Dreier, "Introduction: Making Southern California: Public Policy, Markets, and the Dynamics of Growth," in Up against the Sprawl: Public Policy in the Making of Southern California, ed. Jennifer Wolch, Manuel Pastor Jr., and Peter Dreier (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 1-44. At the heart of Wolch, Pastor, and Dreier's contribution to the discourse of sprawl in Southern California is their insistence that federal, state, and local factors contribute to a fragmented and "ungovernable" Southern California. For more on the impact of immigration on the region's growth
50. see Enrico A. Marcelli, "From the Barrio to the 'Burbs? Immigration and the Dynamics of Suburbanization," in Wolch, Pastor, and Dreier, Up against the Sprawl, 123-150.
51. See Edward Soja, Postmetropolis:Critical Studies of Cities and Regions (Oxford:Blackwell, 2000)
52. Mike Davis's oeuvre, particularly "Planet of the Slums," New Left Review 26 (March/April 2004): 5-34;
53. Alexandra Moctezuma, "Policing the Third Border," Colorlines 2, no. 3 (1999): http://www. colorlines.com/article.php?ID=331.
54. See Wolch, Pastor, and Dreier, Up against the Sprawl, and Bruegmann, Sprawl.
55. Beauregard, When America Became Suburban, 144.
56. As Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri have argued in Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000): "The United States does indeed occupy a privileged position in Empire, but this privilege derives not from its similarities to these old European imperialist powers, but from its differences. These differences can be recognized most clearly by focusing on the properly imperial (not imperialist) foundations of the United States constitution" (xiv). Parrying with the semantics of "imperial" versus "imperialist," Hardt and Negri differentiate between newer technologies of globalized power and management (largely capitalist and American, though not exclusively so), and the bureaucratic regimes and methodologies of sovereign and nation-state-based empires radiating outward from Europe in the nineteenth century and earlier (xiii-xiv). See also
57. Amy Kaplan, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Imperial Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002);
58. Victor Bascara, Model-Minority Imperialism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006);
59. Inderpal Grewal, Transnational America: Feminisms, Diasporas, Neoliberalisms (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005).
60. Bascara, Model-Minority Imperialism, xxxv.
61. Beauregard, When America Became Suburban, 6.
62. For a blow-by-blow account of the events that led up to, and transpired during, the Orange County bankruptcy, see Mark Baldassare, When Government Fails: The Orange County Bankruptcy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
63. Bryan Walsh, "Recycling the Suburbs," Time, March 12, 2009, http:// www.time.com/time/specials/packages/ article/0,28804,1884779_1884782_1884756,00. html.
64. See Saskia Sassen's "Immigration Policy in a Global Economy," SAIS Review of International Affairs 17 (Summer/Fall 1997): 1-19;
65. and also her more recent essay on "Global Cities and Survival Circuits" in American Studies: An Anthology, ed. Janice A. Radway, Kevin K. Gaines, Barry Shank, and Penny Von Eschen (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009), 185-194.
66. Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco, "Everything You Wanted to Know about Assimilation But Were Afraid to Ask," in The New Immigration: An Interdisciplinary Reader, ed. Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco, Carola Suárez-Orozco, and Desirée Baolian Qin (New York:Routledge, 2005), 77.
67. Hardt and Negri, Empire, xiii-xiv;
68. Grewal, Transnational America, 20-22.
69. Grewal, Transnational America, 21.
70. Sigmund Freud, Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious, trans. James Strachey (New York: Norton, 1960), 61-63, 191-205.
71. See Harry Feinberg, "Full Service Relocation: Introduction," HRO Today, May 2003, http:// www.hrotoday.com/content/594/ full-service-relocation-introduction.
72. Numerous sociologists, psychologists, medical researchers, and business scholars have written articles about the effects of corporate relocations while arguing for and against the practice. A small but diverse sample of such work includes the following:Steven R. Holloway and James O. Wheeler, "Corporate Headquarters Relocation and Changes in Metropolitan Corporate Dominance, 1980-1987," Economic Geography 67 ( January 1991): 54-74;
73. David Wood, Neal Halfon, Debra Scarlata, Paul Newacheck, and Sharon Nessim, "Impact of Family Relocation on Children's Growth, Development, School Function, and Behavior," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 11 (1993): 1334-1338;
74. Daniel C. Feldman and Mark C. Bolino, "Moving on Out: When Are Employees Willing to Follow Their Organization during Corporate Relocation?," Journal of Organizational Behavior 19 (May 1998): 275-288.
75. Beverly D. Roman and John Howells, Insiders' Guide to Relocation (Guilford, CT: Insiders' Guides, 2004).
76. Gayatri Gopinath, "Queer Regions:Locating Lesbians in Sancharram," in The Blackwell Companion to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Studies, ed. George Haggerty and Molly McGarry (Oxford:Blackwell, 2007), 341-353.
77. Jurca, White Diaspora, 3-5.
78. John Archer also tackles this central problem of suburban aesthetics (or a lack thereof ) in his aptly titled "Suburban Aesthetics Is Not an Oxymoron," in Blauvelt, Worlds Away, 129-145.
79. Elizabeth Freeman, "Packing History, Count(er)ing Generations," New Literary History 31 (Autumn 2000): 727-744.
80. Jurca, White Diaspora, 4.
81. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, preface to Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), ix.
82. Sedgwick, "Paranoid Reading and Reparative Reading," 28, 35.
83. Jennifer Doyle, "Preface: A Promiscuous Reader," in Sex Objects: Art and the Dialectics of Desire (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), vi-xvi.
84. José Esteban Muñoz, Disidentifications:Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 4.
85. Jennifer Terry, "Proposal: Remote Intimacy," an application for the University of California Humanities Research Institute working group seminar on "Queer Locations: Race, Space and Sexuality" (Winter/Spring 2004), 2; cited with the permission of the author.
86. For an expansive account of the role repeat programming has played in shaping American popular history and memory, especially since its proliferation in the mid-1970s, see Derek Kompare, Rerun Nation: How Repeats Invented American Television (New York: Routledge, 2005).
87. Josh Kun, Audiotopia: Music, Race, and America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 3.
88. See Sedgwick, "Paranoid Reading and Reparative Reading." 3. I also mean to conjure here a faint echo of the storied East Coast/West Coast rivalry in hip-hop, which also grappled with different visions of the good life.
89. See Murray Forman, "'Represent': Race, Space, and Place in Rap Music," Popular Music 19, no. 1 (2000):65-90. For a concise description of the rivalry
90. see Stephen Best and Douglas Kellner, "Rap, Black Rage, and Racial Difference," Enculturation 2 (Spring 1999): http://enculturation. gmu.edu/2_2/best-kellner.html.
91. Nancy Foner, From Ellis Island to JFK:New York's Two Great Waves of Immigration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000). An essay that contextualizes and contrasts the experience of immigrants on Angel Island to the immigrants on Ellis Island is
92. Roger Daniels's "No Lamps Were Lit for Them:Angel Island and the Historiography of Asian American Immigration," Journal of American Ethnic History 17 (Fall 1997): 3-18.
93. Nguyen, "Bruce Lee I Love You," 275.
94. Lynne Chan, interview with the author via e-mail, May 2004.
95. Freeman, "Packing History, Count(er) ing Generations," 728.
96. "Don't Stop Believin'," composed by Jonathan Cain, Steve Perry, and Neal Schon, on Journey, Escape, Columbia Records, 1981.
97. Herring, Another Country, 25.
98. Chuh, Imagine Otherwise, 3.
99. Archer, Architecture and Suburbia, xix.
100. Barry Langford, "Margins of the City:Towards a Dialectic of Suburban Desire," in Phillips, Watt, and Shuttleton, De-centering Sexualities, 69.
101. Grace Glueck, "Art in Review," New York Times, April 3, 1998, http://query.nytimes.com/ gst/fullpage.html?res=9903EEDF153AF930A35757C0A96E958260&ref=catherine_opie.
102. Samuel Delany, Times Square Red, Times Square Blue (New York: New York University Press, 2001).
103. Janelle Brown, "The Dazed and the Bored on the I-5," New York Times, November 15, 2002, http://www.nytimes. com/2002/11/15/travel/driving-the-dazedand- the-bored-on-i-5.html.
104. Chan, interview with the author via e-mail, November 3, 2002.
105. See Fong, First Suburban Chinatown, 35-54.
106. Chan, interview with the author via telephone, July 20, 2009.
107. O'Hare, Frey, and Fost, "Asians in the Suburbs," 32.
108. Chan, interview with the author via e-mail, November 3, 2002.
109. Lynne Chan, "Tour Dates," http:// www.jjchinois.com/. Chan is not the first to find comfort in the chain store. Virginia Postrel offers a reparative reading of chains in her piece "In Praise of Chain Stores: They Aren't Destroying Local Flavor-They're Providing Variety and Comfort," originally published in the Atlantic Monthly in 2006, but more recently anthologized in Blauvelt, Worlds Away, 70-72.
110. See Mike Davis, City of Quartz:Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Vintage, 1990), 84-88.
111. Chan, interview with the author via e-mail, November 3, 2002.
112. Chuh, Imagine Otherwise, 10.
113. Chauncey, Gay New York.
114. See also Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York:Routledge, 1993);
115. Esther Newton, Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993).
116. See Marc Stein, "Theoretical Politics, Local Communities: The Making of LGBT Historiography," GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 11, no. 4 (2005): 607.
117. John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 167.
118. Stein, "Theoretical Politics, Locational Communities," 607.
119. Chauncey, Gay New York. Scott Herring also offers an extensive genealogy of metronormativity, from Chauncey and Kath Weston onward, in the introduction to Another Country.
120. Chauncey, Gay New York, 23.
121. See Delany, Times Square Red, Times Square Blue, 111-144.
122. Manalansan, Global Divas, 83.
123. Gopinath, Impossible Desires, 20.
124. Chuh, Imagine Otherwise, 111, 10.
125. R. Zamora Linmark, Rolling the R's (New York: Kaya Press, 1997), 1.
126. Manalansan, Global Divas, 46.
127. Rachel Hooper and Jayme Yen, "A Lexicon of Suburban Neologisms," in Blauvelt, Worlds Away, 280, 277, 271, 277.
128. See Judith Halberstam's discussion of rural risk in In a Queer Time and Place, 27.
129. For a local history of the Skowhegan State Fair, see http://www.skowheganstatefair. com/history.html, last accessed May, 18, 2009.
130. Chan, interview with the author via e-mail, October 15, 2004.
131. See http://www.skowheganstatefair. com/.
132. Chan, interview with the author via e-mail, October 15, 2004. JJ has nevertheless consistently cited his political preference as "Republican," both on his website and in the JJ Chinois film. For more remarks on JJ's Republicanism
133. see Oishi, "Bad Asians, the Sequel," 35.
134. Sperling, Great Divide, online ed., http://www.retrovsmetro.org/.
135. Cited from the Washington Post's transcript of the 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address by "Illinois Senate Candidate Barack Obama," July 27, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ articles/A19751-2004Jul27.html.
136. "Barack Hard Abs," TMZ.com, December 22, 2008, http://www.tmz. com/2008/12/22/barack-hard-abs/.
137. Nguyen, "Bruce Lee I Love You," 297.
138. Jason A. Bezis, "Obama's Historic Win in California," The California Majority Report, November 8, 2008, http://www.camajorityreport. com/index.php?module=articles&func= display&aid=3854&ptid=9&theme=print.
139. Cheryl Katz and Mark Baldassare, "Using the 'L-Word' in Public: A Test of the Spiral of Silence in Conservative Orange County," Public Opinion Quarterly 56 (Summer 1992): 233.
140. Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 136.
141. The program for "An Evening With Barry," held on May 30, 1964, is posted as a link in an interview with the Goldwaters lead singer, Ken Crook, at CONELRAD, a website devoted to Cold War culture. See http://www.conelrad.com/media/atomicmusic/sh_boom.php?platter=25b#ticket.
142. See also McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 136.
143. For more on the sexual freedom these amusement parks afforded, see Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986)
144. and Chauncey, Gay New York. For Chauncey's account of gay contact in Coney Island's bathhouses see pp. 210-233.
145. For more on Disney's aversion to Coney Island and other "urban" resorts of its ilk, see Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight, 107-110.
146. For an account of migrant male sexual encounters at the Pike at Long Beach, see Nayan Shah, "Between 'Oriental Depravity' and 'Natural Degenerates': Spatial Borderlands and the Making of Ordinary Americans," American Quarterly 57 (September 2005): 703-725.
147. "Orange County Supervisor Suggests Name Change for Airport" Airline Industry Information, June 10, 2004, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_2004_June_10/ai_n6062218.
148. Gustavo Arellano offered an opinion piece on Orange County Supervisor Chris Norby's suggestion to capitalize on the success of the teen TV hit The O.C. by renaming the airport. See Arellano, "Will the O.C. Bump the Duke?," Los Angeles Times,March 5, 2008, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/05/opinion/oe-arellano5.
149. See also Arellano, Orange County, 212-213.
150. McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 98-100.
151. See also Richard Francaviglia, "Walt Disney's Frontierland as an Allegorical Map of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly 30 (Summer 1999): 155-182.
152. Avila, "'A Rage for Order': Disneyland and the Suburban Ideal," in Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight, 106-144.
153. Dianne Chisholm, "Introduction: Sodom and Gomorrah in the Era of Late Capitalism; or, A Return to Walter Benjamin," in Queer Constellations: Subcultural Space in the Wake of the City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), 1-61.
154. Gustavo Arellano, "The 'Real' Real Orange County Reel, or: About Those Stupid Television Shows, Why Orange County is 'Hip,' and What's Really Real and What's Somewhat Real-for Real!," in Orange County, 211-228.
155. Kimi Yoshino, "An Ordinary County Becomes Must-See O.C.," Los Angeles Times, May 9 2004, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/may/09/local/me-theoc9.
156. Gary R. Salisbury, Studio K creator, interview with the author, August 14, 2008, Buena Park, CA. The California Breakdance Competition television special, produced by Pat Boone (yes, that Pat Boone) and hosted by Byron Allen, aired on KHJ-TV (now KCAL-TV), an L.A.-area station, on April 19, 1984.
157. Arellano, Orange County, 215.
158. See Michael Rogin's definitive book on the mythos surrounding the fortieth president of the United States, Ronald Reagan, the Movie, and Other Episodes in Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
159. Yoshino, "An Ordinary County Becomes Must-See O.C."
160. See also Phil Gallo's review of The O.C. in Daily Variety, August 4, 2003, 4. Gallo emphasizes The O.C.'s role in producing a new fantasy of Southern California for "landlocked Midwesterners."
161. See episode 13 of season 4, titled "The Case of the Franks," aired February 1, 2007. This flashback-driven episode concludes in the present day, with Kirsten giving Sandy an original "Mondale '84" campaign button as a Valentine's Day gift.
162. Structurally, the gated community has been examined as an architectural response to the "fear" engendered by the rapidly diversifying suburbs. See Setha M. Low, Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America (New York: Routledge, 2003).
163. Arellano, Orange County, 219.
164. Data sets are culled from the U.S. Bureau of the Census online at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0651182.html.
165. See Gallo's review of The O.C. in Daily Variety, 4
166. and Yoshino, "An Ordinary County Becomes Must-See O.C."
167. See the "The Strip," season 1, episode 26, aired April 28, 2004.
168. Hochman, "Subversive Sounds of 'The O.C.'"
169. Several trade pieces focus exclusively on the musical programming of the show, which Ahn argues functions to position Schwartz as a small-screen auteur. "Scoring Orange County," 11.
170. See also John Horn, "He's 'O.C.'s' Fresh Breeze," Los Angeles Times, March 21, 2004, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/mar/21/entertainment/ca-horn21.
171. See, for example, the "The Road Warrior," season 3, episode 16, aired March 9, 2006.
172. Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the Whitehouse (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 20
173. "Inside were Nixon's funeral plans. . . . There was a list of honorary pallbearers as well as a list of six musical selections from 'God Bless America' to 'California, Here I Come.' Next to the California song, the poor boy from Whittier who had become president had written, 'Played softly and slowly.'" For a description of the Reagans' return to California, see Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 14.
174. William E. Studwell and Bruce R. Schueneman, State Songs of the United States: An Annotated Anthology (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1997), 25.
175. For more on the Upton Sinclair candidacy and the song parody of "California, Here We Come,"
176. see Mark Allan Jackson, Prophet Singer: The Voice and Vision of Woody Guthrie ( Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007), 86-89.
177. See McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 26
178. "In 1953, California topped New York as the leading state in net value of military prime contracts awarded. Throughout the next decade, awards to the Golden State amounted to twice as much as the annual amount any other state received." See also Ann R. Markusen, Peter Hall, Scott Campbell, and Sabina Deitrick, The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 104
179. "In the 1960s, Orange County developed through spin-offs and subcontracting into an industrial subcontracting of small firms, characterized by dependence on a common labor pool and infrastructural services."
180. See Mike Davis's City of Quartz, which famously offers a cultural history of L.A.'s emergence as a noir city.
181. See The Double-Tongued Dictionary, http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/orange_curtain/.
182. The dictionary, which "records undocumented or under-documented words from the fringes of English, with a focus on slang, jargon, and new words," was created by the American lexicographer Grant Barrett and is administered by Barrett and a staff of "word hunters" (mostly graduate students and other academics). Barrett is also the editor of The Official Dictionary of Unofficial English: A Crunk Omnibus for Thrillionaires and Bampots for the Ecozoic Age (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006).
183. Reginald Dale and Paul Taylor, "Reagan Promises Peace from Behind California's Orange Curtain," Financial Times, September 4, 1984. 4.
184. See Daniel C. Tsang's exhibition catalog Immigrant Lives in the OC and Beyond (Irvine: University of California, Irvine, 2008), 19.
185. See Robert Beauregard, "America's Global Project," in When America Became Suburban, 144-171.
186. Davis and Moctezuma, "Policing the Third Border." The suburbs have been literally scarred, since their inception, by segregation through the redlining practices of the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation, which denied loans to minority residents. A remarkable new database-or "digital archaeology of segregation in California cities"-has been created by David Theo Goldberg and Richard Marciano, among other collaborators, called T-RACES. A demo is accessible at http://salt.diceresearch.org/T-RACES/demo, accessed May 29, 2009.
187. McKenzie, Privatopia.
188. For more on the segregation and "fortressing" of the United States through gated communities, see Edward J. Blakely and Mary Gail Snyder, Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
189. McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 99.
190. See also Rob Kling, Spencer Olin, and Mark Poster's discussion of the region's development through defense in "The Emergence of Postsuburbia," in Kling, Olin, and Poster, Postsuburban California, 20-22.
191. My-Thuan Tran, "From Refugees to Political Players," Los Angeles Times, December 7, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-vietnamese7-2008dec07,0,400174.
192. story. For a sociological account of the different cultures of protest in which Vietnamese communities in Orange County participated after 1975, see Nhu-Ngoc T. Ong and David S. Meyer, "Protest and Political Incorporation: Vietnamese American Protests in Orange County, California, 1975-2001," Journal of Vietnamese Studies 3, no. 1 (2008): 78-107.
193. For a broader political history of Asians in American politics, see the anthology edited by Don T. Nakanishi and James S. Lai, Asian American Politics: Law, Participation, and Policy (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).
194. Kling, Olin, and Poster, "Emergence of Postsuburbia," 22.
195. Arellano, Orange County, 13; emphasis added.
196. Baldassare, When Government Fails, 37.
197. Marcelli, "From the Barrio to the 'Burbs?," 134.
198. See Archer, "Suburban Aesthetics Is Not an Oxymoron."
199. See also Langford, "Margins of the City."
200. For more on the role "edge cities" have played in American spatial paradigms and imaginaries, see Garreau, Edge Cities.
201. Kling, Olin, and Poster rightly amend Garreau's take on edge cities by citing his "failure to examine some of the new ethnic communities, such as those composed of Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians in Garden Grove and Westminster," who "tend to live outside of Garreau's edge cities." See "Beyond the Edge: The Dynamism of Postsuburban Regions," in Kling, Olin, and Poster, Postsuburban California, xv.
202. Fernando Ortiz, Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar, trans. Harriet de Onis (1947; repr., Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).
203. Felipe Hernández, "Introduction: Transcultural Architectures in Latin America," in Transculturation: Cities, Spaces, and Architectures in Latin America, ed. Felipe Hernández, Mark Millington, and Iain Borden (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2005), xi.
204. For an extensive account of the term "conurbation" in relation to Los Angeles, see Soja, Postmetropolis.
205. Baldassare, When Government Fails.
206. See also Kling, Olin, and Poster's discussion of the county bankruptcy debacle of 1994 in "Beyond the Edge," xvi-xviii.
207. Smoodin, "Introduction: How to Read Walt Disney," in Disney Discourse: Producing the Magic Kingdom, ed. Eric Smoodin (New York: Routledge, 1994), 9.
208. See also Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight, 116-124.
209. For more on the crafting of California's sonic presence in the national imaginary, see Yang, "Introduction," in California Polyphony, 1-10.
210. Barney Hoskyns, Hotel California: The True-Life Adventures of Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young, Mitchell, Taylor Brown, Ronstadt, Geffen, the Eagles, and Their Many Friends (Hoboken: Wiley, 2007), 18.
211. For more on John Phillips's role in the Monterey Pop Festival and the sixties counter-culture, see Paul Friendlander and Peter Miller, Rock and Roll: A Social History (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 195-198
212. Edward P. Morgan, The Sixties Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 178-193.
213. Marty Sklar, the Walt Disney Company's international ambassador for imagineering (formerly vice president of concepts and planning)
214. quoted in Mitrašinović, Total Landscape, Theme Parks, Public Space, 60.
215. Yang, California Polyphony, 3.
216. For a history of the Palace of Fine Arts' role in the emergence of San Francisco's municipal art programs, see Anthony W. Lee, Painting on the Left: Diego Rivera, Radical Politics, and San Francisco's Public Mural Art (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 30-42.
217. Smoodin, "Introduction," 9-10.
218. The attraction was open from 1974 (in time for the U.S. bicentennial) to 1988 (the end of Reagan's two terms as president) and occupied the rotating theater that previously housed the "Carousel of Progress" in the Disneyland park Tomorrowland. See Dave Smith and Debbie Johnson, Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia (New York: Hyperion Books, 1996).
219. For more on Disney's obsession with recreating the "real" small-town United States, see Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight, 117-122.
220. Kun, Audiotopia, 30-31.
221. Langford, "Margins of the City," 65.
222. Muñoz, Disidentifications.
223. John D'Emilio, "Capitalism and Gay Identity," in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, ed. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 100-113.
224. For a genealogy of Whitman's role as a "queer ancestor" and pivotal figure in queer disciplinary debates, as well as American national conversations about secularism and spiritualism, see Molly McGarry, "Secular Spirits: A Queer Genealogy of Untimely Sexualities," in Ghosts of Futures Past: Spiritualism and the Cultural Politics of Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 167-176.
225. See also Michael Robertson, "Worshipping Walt: Lancashire's Whitman Disciples," History Today 54 (April 2004): 46-53.
226. Robertson discusses how Whitman's work inspired a homosocial group of spiritual socialists in late Victorian England. See also Diane Chisholm's work situating Whitman's role in an emerging queer discourse about "the city" as a site of freedom and invention for the "gay gaze" in Queer Constellations, 21-23.
227. Kun, Audiotopia, 33.
228. Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight, 106-144.
229. See Leela Gandhi's work on dissident, cross-cultural collaborations between unlikely allies in Affective Communities: Anticolonial Thought, Fin-de-Siècle Radicalism, and the Politics of Friendship (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006).
230. In a 2006 cover story for Entertainment Weekly, Stefani named Michelle Pfeiffer's "drug-addled bombshell from Scarface" as a stylistic muse.
231. Clark Collis, "Holla Back," Entertainment Weekly, December 1, 2006, http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,1562569,00.html.
232. MiHi Ahn, "Gwenihana," Salon.com, April 9, 2005, http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2005/04/09/geisha/.
233. "Harajuku Girls," composed by Bobby Ross Avila, Issiah J. Avila, J. Harris III, Terry Lewis, Gwen Stefani, and James Quenton Wright, on Gwen Stefani, Love. Angel. Music. Baby., Interscope, 2004.
234. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 16.
235. Henry Jenkins, Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers: Exploring Participatory Culture (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 156.
236. Jenkins, Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers, 156.
237. Krohn, Gwen Stefani, 14, 16.
238. Krissi Murison, review of Love. Angel. Music. Baby. by Gwen Stefani, NME, December 10, 2004, http://www.nme.com/reviews/gwen-stefani/7561.
239. We might also track Stefani's Japanophilia to an early object of trendy consumption during her suburban childhood, Hello Kitty: "Gwen was also interested in Japanese trends. Her father often traveled to Japan on business for his job with Yamaha Motorcycles. He would bring back souvenirs for Gwen. 'I loved Hello Kitty and all these different Japanese things,' Gwen remembered." Krohn, Gwen Stefani, 15.
240. Ben Wener, "Gwen Stefani Puts Out Her Own Album but Says No Doubt Will Go On," Orange County Register, November 24, 2004, http://www.nxdscrapbook.com/article/orange-county-register-2.
241. See "Cloud 9 and Studio K," OCThen.com, October 26, 2007, http://www.octhen.com/2007/10/cloud-9-and-studio-k.htm.
242. Salisbury, interview with the author, August 14, 2008, Buena Park, CA.
243. Robin D. G. Kelley, "Looking to Get Paid: How Some Black Youth Put Culture to Work," in Yo' Mama's DisFUNKtional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1997), 43-78.
244. Halifu Osumare, "Global Breakdancing and the Intercultural Body," Dance Research Journal 34 (Winter 2002): 33.
245. Banes, "Breakdancing," 131.
246. Kelley, "Looking to Get Paid," 68.
247. Salisbury, interview with the author, August 14, 2008, Buena Park, CA.
248. See Buena Park's official website, http://www.buenapark.com/.
249. For more on the growth of the South Asian population in Southern California, with specific reference to the Indo-Pak Bridal Expos held in the region starting in 1989, see Karen B. Leonard and Chandra S. Tibrewal, "Asian Indians in Southern California: Occupation and Ethnicity," in Immigration and Entrepreneurship: Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks, ed. Ivan Light and Parminder Bhachu (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993,), 141-163.
250. "We just knew the trends and demographic because my DJs knew it, felt the crowd, and could tell me." Salisbury, interview with the author, August 14, 2008, Buena Park, CA.
251. David Koenig, Mouse Tales: A Behindthe Ears Look at Disneyland (Irvine, CA: Bonaventure Press, 2006), 158.
252. Lewis, "Videoland in the Magic Kingdom."
253. Marciano Angel Martinez, interview with the author via e-mail, December 17, 2008.
254. Stephen L. Becker, interview with the author via e-mail, May 4, 2008. Becker's online group for former regulars at Studio K and Cloud 9, "KBF [Knott's Berry Farm] Locals," can be found at http://groups.myspace.com/kbflocals. Group membership and a MySpace account are required to access the page.
255. Becker, interview with the author via e-mail, May 4, 2008.
256. Bridgette "Mixtress B" Rouletgregg, interview with the author, August 18, 2008, Los Angeles.
257. Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight, 110.
258. John Spano, "Dancing Gays Sue Disneyland anew in Suit Similar to One the Park Lost," Los Angeles Times, February 26, 1988, http://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-26/local/me-30259_1_dance-floor.
259. See Sean Griffin, Tinker Belles and Evil Queens: The Walt Disney Company from the Inside Out (New York: New York University Press, 2000)
260. for a more expansive take on the Disney Company's relationship to gay and lesbian employees and cultural movements. For a more theoretical approach to these entanglements, see Arthur Asa Berger, "Of Mice and Men: An Introduction to Mouseology Or, Anal Eroticism and Disney," in Gay People, Sex, and the Media, ed. Michelle A. Wolf and Alfred P. Kielwasser (New York: Harrington Park Press, 1991), 155-165.
261. Rouletgregg, interview with the author, August 18, 2008, Los Angeles.
262. Judith A. Peraino, Listening to the Sirens: Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 136.
263. Martinez, interview with the author via e-mail, December 17, 2008.
264. D'Emilio, "Capitalism and Gay Identity," 109.
265. Martinez, interview with the author via e-mail, December 17, 2008.
266. D'Emilio, "Capitalism and Gay Identity," 110.
267. D'Emilio, "Capitalism and Gay Identity," 106-109.
268. Douglas Cazaux Sackman, Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 17-19.
269. "The First Seedless Oranges," New York Times, April 20, 1902, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F50712F63B591B728DDDA90A94DC405B828CF1D3.
270. Robert Leicester Wagner, Sleeping Giant: An Illustrated History of Southern California's Inland Empire (Las Vegas: Stephens Press, 2004), 17.
271. Susan Straight, "Introduction," in Inlandia: A Literary Journey through California's Inland Empire, ed., Gayle Wattawa (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2006), xvi.
272. Daniel A. Vallero, Paradigms Lost: Learning from Environmental Mistakes, Mishaps, and Misdeeds (Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006), 216-217.
273. Kate Sanborn, A Truthful Woman in Southern California, and Percival Everett, "909," both excerpted in Wattawa, Inlandia, 55-56, 392.
274. Susan Straight, "California's Inland Empire," Los Angeles Times, March 8, 2009, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/08/opinion/oe-straight8.
275. See also Lawrence Downes's op-ed piece about how Latino families were taken advantage of in the Perris region of the Inland Empire, "A Sinking Feeling in the Inland Empire," New York Times, February 19, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/20/opinion/20fri4.html.
276. Josh Brown, "Stater Bros. Celebrates Grand Opening of New Headquarters," Riverside Press-Enterprise, October 25, 2007, http://www.pe.com/localnews/sanbernardinoarea/business/stories/PE_Biz_D_stater25.3ae299d.html.
277. Mike Davis, "The Inland Empire," in Wattawa, Inlandia, 421.
278. Walsh, "Recycling the Suburbs."
279. Lee Edelman, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004).
280. Alex Espinoza, Still Water Saints (New York: Random House, 2007), 250.
281. Norman Klein, The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory (New York: Verso, 1997).
282. Bascara, Model-Minority Imperialism, ix.
283. Jessica Hagedorn, "Dia Conference Presentation," in Critical Fictions: The Politics of Imaginative Writing, ed. Philomena Mariani (Seattle: Bay Press, 1991), 147.
284. Hall, Pursuing Eden, 79-81.
285. Hall, Pursuing Eden, 84.
286. Riverside Enterprise, November 3, 1906. For a colorful rendering of the event
287. see Hall, Pursuing Eden, 161.
288. For a personal account of what life was like for Asian American pioneers in Riverside, see Mary Paik Lee, Quiet Odyssey: A Pioneer Korean Woman in America, ed. Sucheng Chan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990).
289. Tom Patterson, "Mr. Gage's Canal-It Succeeded; He Didn't," Riverside Press-Enterprise, January 11, 1970, B3.
290. Patterson, "Early Leading Riverside Figure Had an Unfortunate Side, Too," B3.
291. Klein, History of Forgetting, 1-23.
292. Patterson, "Mr. Gage's Canal."
293. Tongson, "Tours of Duty (Free) + an Interview with Mélange LaVonne."
294. For an account of the different labor practices that intersect with the military industrial complex, and its residual effects in the Inland Empire, see Thomas Ehrlich Reifer, "Labor, Race, and Empire: Transport Workers and Transnational Empires of Trade, Production, and Finance," in Labor versus Empire:Race, Gender, and Migrations, ed. Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Raul A. Fernandez, Vivian Price, David Smith, and Linda Trinh Võ (New York:Routledge, 2004), 17-36.
295. Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, "The Echo of the Subject," in Typography: Mimesis, Philosophy, Politics, ed. Christopher Fynsk (1989; repr., Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 139-207.
296. Sedgwick, preface to Between Men, ix.
297. See Wilbur Zelinsky, "The Twinning of the World: Sister Cities in Geographic and Historical Perspective," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81 (March 1991):1-31.
298. See also the official "Sister Cities International" website for a list of current collaborations:http://www.sister-cities.org/. Extensive information about "town twinning," specifically Germany's involvement in the concept
299. can be found in Martina Weyreter, "Germany and the Town Twinning Movement," Contemporary Review, January 2003, http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1644_282/ ai_97228022/.
300. Halberstam, In a Queer Time and Place, 183.
301. Freeman, "Packing History, Count(er) ing Generations," 729.
302. Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, ed. Peter Ackroyd (London: Penguin Books, 1985), 23.
303. "Cemetery Gates," composed by Johnny Marr and Morrissey, on the Smiths, The Queen Is Dead, Rough Trade, 1986.
304. Gandhi, Affective Communities, 4.
305. Muñoz, Disidentifications, 12.
306. Mark Gelernter, A History of American Architecture (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1999), 272.
307. See also Alan Hess, "Styling the Strip: Car and Roadside Design in the 1950s," in The Car and the City:The Automobile, the Built Environment, and Daily Urban Life, ed. Martin Wachs and Margaret Crawford (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 167-179.
308. Jade Chang, "In Defense of Mini-Malls," Metropolis Magazine, April 1, 2003, http://www.metropolismag.com/ story/20030401/in-defense-of-mini-malls.
309. Melton, "Brief History of the Mini-Mall." 95.
310. Chang, "In Defense of Mini-Malls." 96
311. Espinoza, interview with the author, May 1, 2009, Los Angeles.
312. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 179.
313. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 68.
314. Belinda Acosta, "Skewed Expectations:Alex Espinoza on Still Water Saints," Austin Chronicle, March 2, 2007, http:// www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/ story?oid=oid%3A451538.
315. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 79.
316. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 111. For more on ethnic businesses and economies of nostalgia, specifically in Latino communities
317. see Alex Oberle, "Latino Business Landscapes and the Hispanic Ethnic Economy," in Landscapes of the Ethnic Economy, ed. David H. Kaplan and Wei Li (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006), 149-164.
318. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 111.
319. Bascara, Model-Minority Imperialism, xxiii.
320. See the San Bernardino County Museum's website, http://www.sbcounty.gov/ museum/branches/agua.htm.
321. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 60.
322. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 161.
323. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 166.
324. Puar, Terrorist Assemblages, 95.
325. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 175.
326. Puar, Terrorist Assemblages, 22.
327. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 213-230.
328. Jurca, introduction to White Diaspora, 3-19.
329. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 87-102.
330. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 180.
331. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 208.
332. Espinoza, Still Water Saints, 240.
333. "Boom! There She Was," composed by David Gamson and Green Gartside, on Scritti Politti, Provision, Virgin, 1988.
334. Jennifer Stoever, "Riverside," in Budget Press International, ed. Johnnie B. Baker, 1, no. 1 (1998): n.p. The Press-Enterprise is Riverside's local newspaper.
335. Frith, "Suburban Sensibility in British Rock and Pop," 144-146.
336. Juana María Rodríguez, Queer Latinidad: Identity Practices, Discursive Spaces (New York: New York University Press, 2003).
337. Steve Hymon, "Property Owner Ready for Fire Fight," Los Angeles Times, October 11, 2005, http://articles.latimes.com/2005/ oct/11/local/me-florentine11. For more on the golden age glamour of the Florentine Gardens in Hollywood
338. see Jim Heimann, "Those Hollywood Nights," Los Angeles Times, May 21, 2006, http://articles.latimes.com/2006/ may/21/entertainment/ca-125nightlife21.
339. Daniel Hernandez, "Club Fans Fight Proposed Takeover," Los Angeles Times, December 28, 2004, http://articles.latimes. com/2004/dec/28/local/me-gardens28.
340. Manalansan, Global Divas, 89.
341. See Don Michael Randel, ed., The New Harvard Dictionary of Music (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1986), s.v. "coda." 42. The "remote intimacies" I've invoked here is a lush concept inspired by Jennifer Terry's work in progress on information transit, the Internet, and surveillance cultures. See chap. 1.
342. See Bienestar's "History" on their official website, http://www.bienestar.org/ eng/page/31/About-Us.html.
343. Cheng, preface to In Other Los Angeleses, xv-xxx.
344. Butchlalis de Panochtitlan home page, http://www.myspace.com/butchlalis.
345. Cheng, In Other Los Angeleses, 13.
346. See Tongues' official statement about its founding, "The Story," at http://www. tonguesmagazine.org/.
347. Gutierrez, e-mail interview with the author, May 23, 2008.
348. For more on the lesbian punk rock subcultures that rocked Homo A Go Go, among other music festivals, see Angela Wilson, "'The Galaxy Is Gay': Examining the Networks of Lesbian Punk Rock Subculture," in Queer Youth Cultures, ed. Susan Driver (Albany: SUNY Press, 2008), 51-68.
349. Claudia Rodriguez, interview with the author via e-mail, May 16, 2007.
350. Gutierrez, interview with the author via e-mail, August 1, 2009.
351. Gail Doeff, "Changing Channels; As Freezer Cases Fill, Frozen Dessert Makers Seek New Growth Avenues," Dairy Foods, March 1996, http://findarticles.com/p/ articles/mi_m3301/is_n3_v97/ai_18305040/.
352. Mari Garcia, Raquel Gutierrez, and Claudia Rodriguez, interview with the author via e-mail, October 3, 2009.
353. Rosa Linda Fregoso, The Bronze Screen: Chicana and Chicano Film Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 49.
354. Alex Wescott, a PhD candidate in the Department of English at the University of Southern California, is writing a dissertation on the cultural history of the slacker within late-capitalist shifts in labor politics.
355. Cornelia Butler Flora, "The Political Economy of Fotonovela Production in Latin America," Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 8 (1989): 215-230.
356. Michael Emme, Anna Kirova, and Carolina Cambre, "Fotonovela and Collaborative Storytelling: Researching the Spaces between Image, Text, and Body," Exposure: The Journal of the Society for Photographic Education 39, no. 2 (2006): 45-50.
357. Stephanie Greco Larson, Media and Minorities: The Politics of Race in News and Entertainment (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006), 60.
358. See also Christine List, "Self-Directed Stereotyping in the Films of Cheech Marin," in Chicanos and Film: Essays on Chicano Representation and Resistance, ed. Chon A. Noriega (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), 183-194.
359. For more on the creativity and theoretical contemplation inspired by traffic, particularly by women stuck in traffic in Southern California, see McHugh, "Women in Traffic." 77. Live Q&A session after BdP Get U.G.L.Y., moderated by the author at Highways Performance Space, February 24, 2007.
360. Villa, Barrio Logos, 5.
361. Villa, Barrio Logos, 226.
362. Rodriguez, "Making Queer Familia," in Next of Kin, 171.
363. Colin Gunckel, "Vex Marks the Spot:The Intersection of Art and Punk in East Los Angeles," in Tompkins and Gunckel, Vexing, 15.
364. Gutierrez, The Barber of East L.A., 55.
365. Delany, Times Square Red, Times Square Blue, 178.
366. Florida, Cities and the Creative Class, 99.
367. Florida, Cities and the Creative Class, 85.
368. Klein, History of Forgetting, 133-134.
369. See also Eric Avilla, "Suburbanizing the City Center: The Dodgers Move West," in Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles, 145-184.
370. Florida, Cities and the Creative Class, 35.
371. Claudia Rodriguez and Raquel Gutierrez, "Softball Diamond Girl (Me Haces Sentirrr . . . )," unpublished script, 2005, 2.
372. Vazquez, "Instrumental Migrations," 188.
373. This portion of Vazquez's dissertation has since been revised and redacted into article form as "Can You Feel the Beat? Freestyle's Systems of Living, Loving, and Recording," Social Text 28 (Spring 2010): 107-124.
374. Vazquez, "Instrumental Migrations," 186.
375. See JK Havell's comment on http://www.discomusic.com/ records-more/634_0_2_0_C/.
376. Mari Garcia, Raquel Gutierrez, Claudia Rodriguez, and Nadine Romero, "Cockfight," unpublished script, 2005, 2.
377. Claudia Rodriguez and Raquel Gutierrez, "drrrty White Girls," unpublished script, 2005, 1.
378. Claudia Rodriguez and Raquel Gutierrez, "Lolo and Perla Return to Avenge Klub Fantasy," in Teenage Papi: The Remix, unpublished script, 2005, 1.
379. Rodriguez and Gutierrez, "Lolo and Perla Return to Avenge Klub Fantasy," 1.
380. Rodriguez and Gutierrez, "Lolo and Perla Return to Avenge Klub Fantasy," 1.