Fans, bloggers, and gamers: Exploring participatory culture

Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers: Exploring Participatory Culture

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-277

  Jenkins, Henry ^a  

^a NONE

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References (247)

1. James Paul Gee, Situated Language and Learning: A Critique of Traditional Schooling (New York: Routledge, 2004);
2. David Buckingham, After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media (London: Polity Press, 2000).
3. Rosemary J. Coombe, The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties: Authorship, Appropriation, and the Law (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998).
4. Steve Duncombe, Notes from the Underground: Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture (London: Verso, 1997).
5. Kurt Lancaster, Interacting with Babylon 5: Fan Performances in a Media Universe (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001).
6. Robert V. Kozinets, " Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption," Journal of Consumer Research 28 (June 2001): 67-88.
7. Geraldine Bloustein, Girl-Making: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Processes of Growing Up Female (Sydney: Bergham Books, 2004).
8. Thomas McLaughlin, Street Smarts and Critical Theory: Listening to the Vernacular (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996).
9. David A. Brewer, The Afterlife of Character, 1726-1825 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005);
10. Carolyn Sigler, Alternative Alices: Visions and Revisions of Lewis Carroll's Alice Books (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1977).
11. Ien Ang, Watching Dallas: Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination (London: Methuen, 1985);
12. Janice Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984);
13. John Tulloch, Doctor Who: The Unfolding Text (London: St. Martin's, 1983);
14. David Morley, The Nationwide Audience: Structure and Decoding (London: British Film Institute, 1980);
15. John Fiske, Television Culture (London: Methuen, 1987).
16. Camille Bacon-Smith, Enterprising Women: Television Fandom and the Creation of Popular Myth (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991);
17. Constance Penley, NASA/Trek: Popular Science and Sex in America (London: Verso, 1997).
18. Tom Wolfe, New Journalism (New York: Harper Collins, 1973).
19. Matt Hills, Fan Cultures (London: Routledge, 2002).
20. See also my conversation with Matt Hill, reproduced in Chapter 1 of this book.
21. Janet Staiger, Perverse Spectators: The Practices of Film Reception (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 54.
22. Janice Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984).
23. Camille Bacon-Smith, Enterprising Women: Television Fandom and the Creation of Popular Myth (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).
24. Richard Burt, Unspeakable Shaxxxspeares (London: Macmillan, 1998), 15.
25. Thomas McLaughlin, Street Smarts and Critical Theory: Listening to the Vernacular (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996).
26. David Giles, Illusions of Immortality: A Psychology of Fame and Celebrity (London: Macmillan, 2000), 135.
27. Lawrence Grossberg, " Is There a Fan in the House? The Affective Sensibility of Fandom," in The Adoring Audience, ed. Lisa A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 57.
28. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
29. For more on Clive Barker and the aesthetics of horror, see Henry Jenkins, " Monstrous Beauty and Mutant Aesthetics: Rethinking Matthew Barney's Relationship to the Horror Genre," in The Wow Climax: Exploring Popular Art (New York: New York University Press, 2006).
30. John Tulloch, Watching Television Audiences: Cultural Theories and Methods (London: Arnold, 2000)
31. Matt Hills, " The 'Common Sense' of Cultural Studies: Qualitative Audience Research and the Role of Theory in(-)Determining Method," Diagesis 5 (Winter 1999): 6-15.
32. David Morley, Family Television: Cultural Power and Domestic Leisure (London: Routledge, 1988).
33. John Hartley, Popular Reality: Journalism, Modernity, Popular Culture (London: Arnold, 1996).
34. Ian Craib, Experiencing Identity (New York: Sage, 1998).
35. Charles Leerhsen, " Star Trek's Nine Lives," Newsweek, December 22, 1986, p. 66.
36. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 174.
37. E. P. Thompson, " The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century," Past and Present 50 (1971): 76-136.
38. Elizabeth Osbourne, letter to Treklink 9 (1987): 3-4.
39. Sondra Marshak and Myrna Culbreath, Star Trek: The New Voyages (New York: Bantam Books, 1978).
40. Camille Bacon-Smith, " Spock among the Women," New York Times Book Review, November 16, 1986, pp. 1, 26, 28.
41. David Bleich, " Gender Interests in Reading and Language," in Gender and Reading: Essays on Readers, Texts and Contexts, ed. Elizabeth A. Flynn and P. P. Schweickart (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 239.
42. Mary Ellen Brown and Linda Barwick, " Fables and Endless Generations: Soap Opera and Women's Culture," paper presented at a meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Montreal, May 1987.
43. Cheris Kramarae, Women and Men Speaking (Rowley, MS: Newbury House, 1981).
44. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Gender in Victorian America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 45.
45. Judith Spector, " Science Fiction and the Sex War: A Womb of One's Own," Gender Studies: New Directions in Feminist Criticism, ed. Judith Spector (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Press, 1986), 163.
46. S. E. Whitfield and Gene Roddenberry, The Making of Star Trek (New York: Ballantine, 1968).
47. Pamela Rose, " Women in the Federation," in The Best of Trek 2, ed. W. Irwin and G. B. Love (New York: New American Library, 1977);
48. Yoni Lay, letter to Comlink 28 (1986): 15.
49. Lay, letter to Comlink, 15.
50. Jane Land, Kista (Larchmont, NY: Author, c. 1984), p. 1;
51. Catherine A. Siebert, " Journey's End at Lover's Meeting," Slaysu 1 (1980): 33.
52. Siebert, " Journey's End at Lover's Meeting," 33.
53. Karen Bates, Starweaver Two (Missouri Valley, IA: Ankar Press, 1982);
54. Nuages One and Nuages Two (Tucson, AZ: Checkmate Press, 1982 and 1984).
55. Jane Land, Demeter (Larchmont, NY: Author, 1987).
56. Tania Modleski, Loving with a Vengeance: Mass-Produced Fantasies for Women (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1982).
57. Jacqueline Lichtenberg, personal communication, August 1987.
58. Bethann, " The Measure of Love," Grup 5 (n.d.): 54.
59. Kendra Hunter, " Characterization Rape," in The Best of Trek 2, p. 78.
60. Janice Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 149.
61. Hunter, " Characterization Rape," 78.
62. Joan Verba, " Editor's Corner," Treklink 6 (c. 1985): 2.
63. Jean Lorrah, Full Moon Rising (Bronx, NY: Author, 1976), 9-10.
64. Tim Blaes, letter to Treklink 9 (1987): 6.
65. Siebert, " By Any Other Name," Slaysu 4 (1982): 44-45.
66. Thompson, " The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the 18th Century," 78.
67. Shari Schnuelle, letter to Socia trek 4 (1987): 9.
68. Hunter, " Characterization Rape," 77.
69. Jean Lorrah, introduction to The Vulcan Academy Murders (Bronx, NY: 1984).
70. Leslie Thompson, " Star Trek Mysteries-Solved!" The Best of Trek, ed. Walter Irwin and G. B. Love (New York: New American Library, 1974), 208.
71. Thera Snaider, letter to Treklink 8 (1987): 10.
72. M. Chandler, letter to Treklink 8 (1987): p. 10.
73. Regina Moore, letter to Treklink 4 (1986): 7.
74. Slusher, personal communication, 1986.
75. Land, Demeter, ii.
76. Ian Spelling, Robert Lofficier, and Jean-Marie Lofficier, " William Shatner, Captain's Log: Star Trek V," Starlog (May 1987): 40. notes to chapter 3
77. For more information on the Gaylaxian Network, see Franklin Hummel, " SF Comes to Boston: Gaylaxians at the World Science Fiction Convention," New York Native, October 23, 1989, p. 26.
78. John Hartley, Tele-ology: Studies in Television (New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1992), 5.
79. Susan Sackett, executive assistant to Gene Roddenberry, letter to Franklin Hummel, March 12, 1991.
80. Mark A. Altman, " Tackling Gay Rights," Cinefantastique (October 1992): 74.
81. Franklin Hummel, Director, Gaylactic Network, letter to Gene Roddenberry, May 1, 1991.
82. Hummel, letter to Roddenberry, May 1, 1991.
83. Hummel, " Where None Have Gone Before," 12.
84. Edward Gross, The Making of The Next Generation (Las Vegas: Pioneer Books), as reprinted in Gaylactic Gayzette, May 1991.
85. David Gerrold, letter to Frank Hummel, November 23, 1986.
86. Steve K., " Gays and Lesbians in the 24th Century: Star Trek-The Next Generation," The Lavender Dragon 1, no. 3 (August 1991): 1.
87. Theresa M., " Star Trek: The Next Generation Throws Us a Bone," The Lavender Dragon 2, no. 2 (April 1992) 1.
88. " Star Trek: The Next Genderation," The Advocate, August 27, 1991, p. 74.
89. Richard Arnold, letter to J. DeSort, Jr., March 10, 1991.
90. Richard Arnold, letter to J. DeSort, Jr., September 10, 1989.
91. Mark A. Perigard, " Invisible, Again," Bay Windows, February 7, 1991, p. 8.
92. Arnold, letter to DeSort, March 10, 1991.
93. Patricia Clark, " Star Trek: The Next Genderation," The Advocate, August 27, 1991, p. 8.
94. Ruth Rosen, " Star Trek Is on Another Bold Journey," Los Angeles Times, October 30, 1991.
95. John Perry, " To Boldly Go . . . These Are the Not-So-Gay Voyages of the Starship Enterprise," Washington Blade, September 20, 1991, p. 36.
96. Altman, " Tackling Gay Rights," 74.
97. Gene Roddenberry, Star Trek: The Motion Picture (New York: Pocket Books, 1979), 22.
98. D. A. Miller, " Anal Rope," in Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories, ed. Diana Fuss (New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1991), 124. For other useful discussions of this subject
99. see Danae Clarke, " Commodity Lesbianism," Camera Obscura 25, no. 6 (January-May 1991): 181-202;
100. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
101. Altman, " Tackling Gay Rights," 73.
102. Christine M. Conran, letter to Gene Roddenberry, May 23, 1991.
103. Altman, " Tackling Gay Rights," 74.
104. Altman, " Tackling Gay Rights," 74.
105. Steve K., " Gays and Lesbians in the 24th Century," 2.
106. Miller, " Anal Rope," 125.
107. Ien Ang, Watching Dallas: Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination (London: Methuen, 1985).
108. See my Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture (New York: Routledge, 1992).
109. For a fuller account of computer net discussions of Star Trek, see John Tulloch and Henry Jenkins, Science Fiction Audiences: Watching Doctor Who and Star Trek (London: Routledge, 1995).
110. My use of the term " emotional realism" is derived from Ien Ang.
111. Pierre Levy, Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace (Cambridge: Perseus, 1997), 217.
112. A fuller account of Gernsbeck's role in the development of science fiction fandom can be found in Andrew Ross, Strange Weather: Culture, Science and Technology in the Age of Limits (New York: Verso, 1991). For a fuller account of contemporary literary SF fandom, see Camille Bacon-Smith, Science Fiction Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000).
113. John Tulloch and Henry Jenkins, Science Fiction Audiences: Watching Doctor Who and Star Trek (London: Routledge, 1995).
114. Sherry Turkle, The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit (New York: Touchstone, 1984), provides some glimpse of the centrality of science fiction in that early hacker culture, as does my study of Star Trek fans at MIT in Tulloch and Jenkins, Science Fiction Audiences.
115. Susan J. Clerc, " Estrogen Brigades and 'Big Tits' Threads: Media Fandom Online and Off," in Wired Women: Gender and New Realities in Cyberspace, ed. Lynn Cherney and Elizabeth Reba Weise (Seattle: Seal, 1996).
116. Nancy Baym, " Talking about Soaps: Communication Practices in a Computer-Mediated Culture," in Theorizing Fandom: Fans, Subculture, and Identity, ed. Cheryl Harris and Alison Alexander (New York: Hampton Press, 1998).
117. Levy, Collective Intelligence, 20.
118. Baym, " Talking about Soaps," 115-16.
119. Matthew Hills, Fan Cultures (London: Routledge, 2002).
120. For a useful discussion of the ways that the net is challenging traditional forms of expertise, see Peter Walsh, " That Withered Paradigm: The Web, the Expert and the Information Hegemony," http://media-in-transition.mit.edu.
121. Hills, Fan Cultures, 78-79.
122. For an overview of anime and its fans, see Susan J. Napier, Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation (New York: Palgrave, 2001).
123. The phrase " week-end only world" is discussed in the concluding chapter of Henry Jenkins, Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture (New York: Routledge, 1992).
124. Andre McDonald, " Uncertain Utopia: Science Fiction Media Fandom and Computer-Mediated Communication," in Theorizing Fandom: Fans, Subculture, and Identity, ed. Cheryl Harris and Alison Alexander (New York: Hampton Press, 1998).
125. Nancy Baym, Tune In, Log On: Soaps, Fandom and Online Community (New York: Corwin, 1999).
126. Stephen Duncombe, Notes from Underground: Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture (New York: Verso, 1997).
127. For a fuller discussion of fan video practices, see Textual Poachers. For a larger context on amateur media production, see Patricia R. Zimmermann, Reel Families: A Social History of Amateur Film (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995).
128. Henry Jenkins, " Quentin Tarantino's Star Wars? Digital Cinema, Media Convergence and Participatory Culture," in Dfilm, ed. Bart Cheever and Nick Constant (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001).
129. Levy, Collective Intelligence, 121.
130. Kurt Lancaster, Interacting with Babylon 5: Fan Performances in a Media Universe (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001).
131. Levy, Collective Intelligence, 125.
132. Amelie Hastie, " Proliferating Television in the Market and in the Know," paper presented at the " Console-ing Passions" conference, Bristol, UK, July 6, 2001.
133. Lancaster, Interacting with Babylon 5, 26.
134. See also Alan Wexelblat, " An Auteur in the Age of the Internet," in Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture, ed. Henry Jenkins, Tara McPherson, and Jane Shattuc (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002).
135. Allison McCracken, " Bronzers for a Smut-filled Environment: Reading Fans Reading Sexual Identity at Buffy.com," paper presented at the " Consoleing Passions" conference, Bristol, UK, July 6, 2001.
136. David Spitz, " Contested Codes: Toward a Social History of Napster" (Masters thesis, Comparative Media Studies Program, MIT, June 2001).
137. See, for example, Eileen Meehan, " Holy Commodity Fetish, Batman!" : The Political Economy of a Political Intertext" in The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media, ed. Roberta Pearson and William Uricchio (New York: Routledge, 1991).
138. This formulation of the issue was inspired by Sara Gwenllian Jones, " Conflicts of Interest? The Folkloric and Legal Status of Cult TV Characters in Online Fan Culture," paper presented at the Society for Cinema Studies Conference, Washington, DC, May 26, 2001.
139. Levy, Collective Intelligence, 237.
140. For example, see Amy Jo Kim, Community Building on the Web: Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities (Berkeley: Peachpit Press, 2000).
141. Jupiter Communication, as cited in " Just Exactly What Is Viral Marketing?" http:marketsherpa.co.uk.
142. Don Peppers, " Introduction," in Seth Godon, Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends, and Friends into Customers (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 12.
143. Robert V. Kozinets, " Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek's Culture of Consumption," Journal of Consumer Research (June 2001): http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JCR/journal/.
144. See, for example, Elizabeth Kolbert, " Pimps and Dragons: How an Online World Survived a Social Breakdown," New Yorker, May 28, 2001.
145. Kurt Squire, " Wars Galaxies: A Case Study in Participatory Design," Joystick 101, www.joystick101.org, forthcoming.
146. Personal interview, April 2001.
147. Mark Dery, Culture Jamming: Hacking, Slashing and Sniping in the Empire of Signs (Open Magazine Pamphlet Series, 1993), http://web.nwe.ufl.edu/~mlaffey/cultjam1.html. For elaboration on the concept of culture jamming
148. see also Gareth Branwyn, Jamming the Media: A Citizens Guide for Reclaiming the Tools of Communication (San Francisco: Chronicle, 1997);
149. and David Cox, " Notes on Culture Jamming," http:www.syntac.net/hoax/manifesti/notes.php.
150. For a useful overview of media activism in this period, see Douglas Rushkoff, Media Virus! Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture (New York: Ballantine, 1996).
151. Philip Hayward, " Situating Cyberspace: The Popularization of Virtual Reality," in Future Visions: New Technologies of the Screen, ed. Philip Haywood and Tana Wollen (London: British Film Institute).
152. Levy, Collective Intelligence, 171.
153. Todd Gitlin, Media Unlimited: How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives (New York: Metropolitan, 2002).
154. Jeff Yang, Dina Gan, Terry Hong, and the Staff of A. Magazine, eds., Eastern Standard Time: A Guide to Asian Influence on American Culture from Astro Boy to Zen Buddhism (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997).
155. For the most thorough discussion of the Bert and Bin Laden story, see http://www.lindqvist.com/index.php?katID=7&lang=eng&incl=bert.php.
156. Grant McCracken, Plenitude, published online as a work in progress at http://www.cultureby.com/books/plenit/cxc_trilogy_plenitude.html.
157. Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide (New York: New York University Press, 2006).
158. Ulf Hannerz, " Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture," in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modernity, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990), 237.
159. For another take on what I am calling pop cosmopolitanism, see Martin Roberts, " Notes on the Global Underground: Subcultural Elites, Cospicious Cosmopolitanism," paper presented at " Globalization, Identity and the Arts" conference, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, 2000.
160. Matt Hills, " Transcultural Otaku: Japanese Representations of Fandom and Representations of Japan in Anime/Manga Fan Cultures," paper presented at " Media-in-Transition 2: Globalization and Convergence" conference at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2002.
161. Ramaswami Harindranath, " Reviving 'Cultural Imperialism': International Audiences, Global Capitalism and the Transnational Elite," in Planet TV, ed. Lisa Parks and Shanti Kumar (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 156.
162. For overviews of the debates on media imperialism, see John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991);
163. David Howe, " Commodities and Cultural Borders," in Cross-Cultural Consumption: Global Markets, Local Realities, ed. David Howes (London: Routledge, 1996);
164. Tamar Liebes and Elihu Katz, The Export of Meaning: Cross-Cultural Readings of Dallas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990);
165. Mike Featherstone, " Localism, Globalism and Cultural Identity," in Global/Local: Cultural Production and the Transnational Imaginary, ed. Rob Wilson and Wimal Dissanayake (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).
166. Janet Wasko, Mark Phillips, and Eileen R. Meehan, eds., Dazzled by Disney? The Global Disney Audiences Project (London: Leicester University Press, 2001).
167. Rana Foroohar, " Hurray for Globowood: As Motion-Picture Funding, Talent and Audiences Go Global, Hollywood is No Longer a Place, but a State of Mind," Newsweek International, May 27, 2002;
168. Christina Klein, " The Globalization of Hollywood," paper presented at the Modern Language Association conference, New York, 2002.
169. Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: The Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 4.
170. Mike Levin, " Independent Distributors and Specialty Labels Move Product in the U.S. by Such International Artists as Shakira," 15. Koichi Twauchi, Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 25-27.
171. Anne Allison, " A Challenge to Hollywood: Japanese Character Goods Hit the U.S.," Japanese Studies 20, no.1 (2002): 67-88.
172. Anne Allison, " The Cultural Politics of Pokemon Capitalism," paper presented at " Media-in-Transition 2: Globalization and Convergence" conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2002.
173. Heather Hendershott, Saturday Morning Censors (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998).
174. Kaoru Hoketsu, Iron Chef: The Official Book (Berkeley: Berkeley Publishing Group, 2001).
175. Alison James, " Cooking the Books: Global or Local Identities in Contemporary British Food Cultures?" in Cross-Cultural Consumption: Global Markets, Local Realities, ed. David Howes (London: Routledge, 1996).
176. Don Kaplan, " Iron Chef to America," New York Post, May 18, 2001.
177. Charlie McCollum, " Iron Chef USA: Something's Lost During Translation," San Jose Mercury, November 16, 2001. For other negative reactions to the Americanization of the series
178. see Tim Goodman, " Iron Chef USA Is an Abomination: UPN Remake Is an Insult to Food Fans," San Francisco Chronicle, November 16, 2001;
179. Douglas Levy, " Iron Chef," Oakland Press Online Edition, November 16, 2001.
180. Hannerz, " Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture," 250.
181. Aswin Punathambekar, " Bollywood Bytes: A Story of How I Found an Online Adda" (unpublished manuscript).
182. On the role of ethnic groceries in preserving diasporic traditions, see Hamid Nafficy, The Making of Exile Cultures: Iranian Television in Los Angeles (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992).
183. Nabeel Zuberi, Sounds English: Transnational Popular Music (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002);
184. Sanjay Sharma, John Hutnyk, and Ashwani Sharma, eds., Dis-Orienting Rhythms: The Politics of the New Asian Dance Music (London: Zed, 1996);
185. George Lipsitz, Dangerous Crossroads: Popular Music, Postmodernism, and the Politics of Place (London: Verso, 1994).
186. Sunaina Marr Maira, Desis in the House: Indian American Youth Culture in New York City (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002).
187. Sandhya Shukla, " Building Diaspora and Nation: The 1991 Cultural Festival of India," Cultural Studies 11, no. 2 (1997): 296-315;
188. Anandam P. Kavoori and Christina A. Joseph, " Why the Dancing Diasporic Desi Men Cross-Dressed," Jump Cut, no.45 (Fall 2002), available online at http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jcas.2002/kavoori/index.html.
189. " Bollywood Goes Global," Newsweek International, February 28, 2000.
190. Cynthia Littleton, " Nair, CWM Bring Family Values to ABC for Comedy," Hollywood Reporter, December 5, 2002;
191. Michael Fleming, " Monsoon Forecast for Broadway," Variety, December 15, 2002;
192. John Lahr, " Whirlwind: How the Filmmaker Mira Nair Makes People See the World Her Way," New Yorker, December 9, 2002.
193. " Bright Launch," The Hindu, June 28, 2002;
194. " Indian Summer: Raising the Curtain on Bombay Dreams," Theatregoer, June 2002.
195. Foroohar, " Hurray for Globowood." 34. Abhijeet Chatterjee, " Leela Is a Hollywood Production with the Soul of a Hindi Film," Rediff.com, January 2 2001, http://www.rediff,com/entertai/2001/jan/021leela.htm
196. Sunaina Maira, " Henna and Hip Hop: The Politics of Cultural Production and the Work of Cultural Studies," Journal of Asian American Studies 3, no. 3 (2000): 329-69.
197. Hills, " Transcultural Otaku." 37. Sean Leonard, personal correspondence, February 2003.
198. On Manga fandom, see Frederik Schodt, Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga (Berkeley: Stone Bridge, 1996);
199. Sharon Kinsella, Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000);
200. Patrick Macias and Carl Gustav Horn, eds., Japan Edge: The Insider's Guide to Japanese Pop Subculture (San Francisco: Cadence Books, 1999).
201. Sean Leonard, personal correspondence, February 2003.
202. " Anime Airwaves," Wizard (March 2003): 102.
203. Douglas Wolk, " Manga, Anime Invade the U.S.: Japanese Comics and Animation Work Together to Attract Readers," Publisher's Weekly, March 12, 2001;
204. Sachiko Sakimaki, " Manga Mania: Cartoonists Eye America," Washington Post, September 5, 2002;
205. Mie Sakamoto, " Shonen Jump Manga Takes Giant Leap into U.S. Market," Japan Economic Newswire, January 5, 2003.
206. Susan Napier, Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Japanese Animation (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 242.
207. See also Annilee Newitz, " Anime Otaku: Japanese Animation Fans Outside Japan," Bad Subjects 13, http://eserver.org/bs/13/Newitz.html;
208. Joseph Tobin, " An American Otaku or, a Boy's Virtual Life on the Net," in Digital Diversions: Youth Culture in the Age of Multimedia, ed. Julian Sefton-Green (London: University College of London Press, 1998).
209. Hannerz, " Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture," 240.
210. For useful overviews on the literature about hybridity, see Jan Nederveen Pieterse, " Globalization as Hybridization," in Global Modernities, ed. Michael Featherstone (New York: Sage, 1995);
211. Nestor Garcia Canclini, Consumers and Citizens: Globalization and Multicultural Conflicts (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
212. Christina Klein, " Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: A Diasporic Reading," Cinema Journal 43, no. 4 (2004): 18-42.
213. Rene A. Guzman, " Manga Revises Marvel Heroes," San Antonio Express-News, January 23, 2002.
214. " Tsunami Splash," Wizard (March 2003): 100.
215. Available online at http://whatisthematrix.warnerbros.com/rl_cmp/animatrix_trailer_640.html.
216. Olivia Barker, " The Asianization of America But Eastern Influences Do Not Mean Asian-Americans Are Insiders," USA Today, March 22, 2001.
217. Renalto Rosaldo, Culture and Truth (Boston: Beacon, 1992).
218. John Michael, Anxious Intellectuals: Academic Professionals, Public Intellectuals, and Enlightenment Values (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000).
219. Brad King and John Borland, Dungeons and Dreamers: The Rise of Computer Game Culture from Geek to Chic (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003).
220. John Borland, " Star Wars and the Fracas over Fan Films," Cnet News.com, May 2, 2005, http://news.com.com/Star+Wars+and+the+fracas+over+fan+films/2008-7337_3-5690595.html.
221. Atikus XI-The Lawyer of Doom, " A Conversation with Dr. Henry Jenkins," Penny Arcade, http://www.penny-arcade.com/lodjenkins.php.
222. National Organization of Women, Action Alert, " Speak Out Against Grand Theft Auto III," January 25, 2002, http://www.asmainegoes.com/ubb/Forum/HTML/009958.html.
223. David Grossman, " Teaching Kids to Kill," Phi Kappa Phi National Forum (2000), available online at http://www.killology.org/article_teachkid.htm.
224. Eugene Provenzo, " Children and Hyperreality: The Loss of the Real in Contemporary Childhood and Adolescence," paper presented at the University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center conference, Chicago, 2002, available online at http://culturalpolicy.uchicago.edu/conf2001/papers/provenzo.html.
225. James Gee, What Video Games Have to Tell Us about Learning and Literacy (New York: Palgrave, 2000).
226. Kurt Squire, " Replaying History: Learning World History through Playing Civilization III" (Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University School of Education, 2004).
227. Talmadge Wright, " Creative Player Actions in FPS Online Video Games: Playing Counter-Strike," Game Studies (December 2002), available online at http://www.gamestudies.org/0202/wright/.
228. Katie Salens and Eric Zimmerman, Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003).
229. Zhan Li, " The Potential of America's Army: The Video Game as Civilian-Military Public Sphere" (master's thesis, Comparative Media Studies Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003).
230. Gerard Jones, Killing Monsters: Why Children Need Fantasy, Super Heroes, and Make-Believe Violence (New York: Basic, 2002), 11.
231. Marjorie Heins, Brief Amica Curiae of Thirty Media Scholars, submitted to the U.S. Court of Appeals, Eight Circuit, Interactive Digital Software Association et al. v. St. Louis County et al., archived at http://fepproject.org/courtbriefs/stlouissummary.html.
232. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education, Policy Statement on Media Violence (2001), archived at http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics; 108/4/1222.
233. Judge Richard Posner, U.S. Court of Appeals, American Amusement Machine Association et al. v. Teri Kendrick et al., as quoted at http://www.fepproject.org/courtbriefs/kendricksummary.html.
234. Will Wright, personal communication, May 2002.
235. Miriam Formanek-Brunnel, " The Politics of Dollhood in Nineteenth-Century America," in The Children's Culture Reader, ed. Henry Jenkins (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 363-81.
236. Christopher Weaver, personal communication, May 2002.
237. Henry Jenkins, " Coming Up Next! Ambushed on Donahue," Salon (September 2002), reprinted as Chapter 12 of this volume.
238. Neil Postman, The Disappearance of Childhood (New York: Vintage, 1994), 88.
239. For an alternative perspective on teen's use of the net, see Henry Jenkins, " The Kids Are Alright Online," Technology Review (January-February 2001): 121;
240. Henry Jenkins, " Empowering Children in the Digital Age: Towards a Radical Media Pedagogy," Radical Teacher (Spring 1997): 30-35.
241. Several other authors have used Buffy as a springboard for adult-teen discussions. See, for example, Steven C. Slotzman, " Vampires and Those Who Slay Them: Using the Television Program Buffy the Vampire Slayer in Adolescent Therapy and Psychodynamic Education," Academic Psychiatry 24, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 49-55;
242. Richard Campbell with Caitlin Campbell, " Demons, Aliens, Teens, and Television," Television Quarterly (Winter 2001), accessed at http://www.slayage.tv/essays/slayage2/campbell.htm.
243. " The Monsters Next Door," Time, May 3, 1999, 22-36.
244. Jon Katz, " Voices from the Hellmouth," Slashdot 24 (April 1999) and subsequent issues. Katz is currently developing a book based on these columns.
245. For a useful overview of the concept of moral panic as it has been developed in cultural studies, see Martin Barker and Julian Petley, eds., Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate (London: Routledge, 1997).
246. Mary Douglas, Risk and Blame (London: Routledge, 1994).
247. " The Columbine Tapes," Time, December 20, 1999, 40-51.