Entangling alliances: Foreign war brides and American soldiers in the twentieth century

Entangling Alliances: Foreign War Brides and American Soldiers in the Twentieth Century

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-298

  Zeiger, Susan ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900669815     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (161)

1. "American Girl War Bride. Miss Wood Goes to Wed General Huerta's Officer," New York Times, 24 May 1914, 11.
2. "French Envoys of Cupid in America," Literary Digest 64 (14 February 1920), 57-61.
3. Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 96.
4. Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism, 1915-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 215-216.
5. Paul Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), 220.
6. Margaret H. Darrow, French Women and the First World War: War Stories of the Home Front (Oxford: Berg, 2000), 71.
7. "Franco-Yanko Romance." 19. New York Times, 7 July 1919, 13
8. Hilary Kaiser, ed., French War Brides in America: An Oral History (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008), 3-23.
9. Arthur E. Barbeau and Florette Henri, The Unknown Soldiers: Black American Troops in World War I (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974), quote p. 143.
10. Barbeua and Henri, Unknown Soldiers, 114-115, 142-145.
11. Jennifer D. Keene, Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 126-131.
12. W. A. Bethel, Judge Advocate AEF to Commander in Chief, "Marriage of American Soldiers to French Girls" (memo), 18 June 1918, RG 120, entry 594, Box 22, NARA.
13. This and other letters from unit commanders compiled in Lt. Col. Albert B. Kellogg, "Marriages of Soldiers, Report for the Historical Section of the Army War College" (July 1942), p. 5, RG 165, Records of War Department General and Special Staffs, War College Division, Entry 310C, Box 74, NARA.
14. Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
15. Zeiger, "She Didn't Raise Her Boy to Be a Slacker," 6-39.
16. Ruth Harris, "The 'Child of the Barbarian.'" On fears of women's sexuality in wartime Britain and France, see Grayzel, Women's Identities at War, chap. 4.
17. Candace Lewis Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own: Women, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
18. "Cooperation with Army," 15 October 1920 (New York: YWCA, 1920), 178.
19. Beane, "Impressions in World War I"; "Doughboys and French Girls," New York Times, 11 May 1919, sec. 4, p. 7.
20. John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism 1860-1925, 2nd ed. (New York: Atheneum, 1985), 195, 222.
21. Roy L. Garis, Immigration Restriction (New York: Macmillan, 1927), 142-143
22. Harold Knutson, "The Incomparable Migration," Outlook 126 (29 December 1920), 763-765
23. Higham, Strangers in the Land, chap. 11.
24. Nancy F. Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), chap. 6.
25. Bill Ong Hing, Making and Remaking Asian America through Immigration Policy, 1850-1990 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), 54-55. For contract marriage in the immigration restriction drive, also see Garis, Immigration Restriction, 326.
26. Natalie De Bogory, "Adventurers in Marriage," Outlook 128 (17 August 1921), 618-620.
27. Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995)
28. Kathleen Blee, Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
29. "Assimilation of War Brides," New York Times, 14 December 1919, XX7
30. John R. Ellingston, "Paths of French War Brides Are Rocky," New York Times Magazine, 2 August 1925, 10.
31. Mark Wyman, Round-Trip America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880-1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 99-105, 118-122.
32. Wecter, When Johnny Comes Marching Home, 340-341
33. Calvin Hall, "The Instability of Post-war Marriages," Journal of Social Psychology 5 (1934), 523-530.
34. J. Herbie DiFonzo, Beneath the Fault Line: The Popular and Legal Culture of Divorce in Twentieth-Century America (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997)
35. Glenda Riley, Divorce: An American Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
36. Frank V. Thompson, Schooling of the Immigrant (New York: Harper, 1920)
37. New Republic 22 (5 May 1920), 314-317
38. Noah Jedidiah Pickus, True Faith and Allegiance: Immigration and American Civic Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
39. Edna Wagner, Atlantic Division, American National Red Cross, to Jane Hoey, 10 December 1919
40. Jane Hoey, Assistant Director, Civilian Relief, Atlantic Division, to Mrs. Donald Wilhelm, ARC, Washington, DC, 26 December, 1919, ARC papers.
41. Col. Charles M. Gandy, Army Medical Corps, to the Field Director, American Red Cross Headquarters Eastern Department, New York, 16 January 1920, ARC papers.
42. Jane M. Hoey to J. Byron Deacon, 26 March 1919, ARC papers, NARA.
43. "Changed Fiances," New York Times, 22 June 1920, 4.
44. Frances Willison to W. A. Harris, Department of Civilian Relief, Potomac Red Cross, 28 July 1919, ARC papers, NARA.
45. Nancy Gentile Ford, Americans All! Foreign-Born Soldiers in World War I (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001), 5-6, 66-67.
46. Nancy K. Bristow, Making Men Moral: Social Engineering during the Great War (New York: NYU Press, 1996).
47. Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 165.
48. "Mediterranean Theater of Operations, Venereal Disease Survey, June-August 1945," World War II Survey Collection: SO 233, RG 330, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Research Division, NARA.
49. Leisa Meyer, Creating G.I. Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps during World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), chap. 5. On the government's suppression of female sexuality at home, consult Hegarty, Victory Girls.
50. Beth L. Bailey and David Farber, The First Strange Place: The Alchemy of Race and Sex in World War II Hawaii (New York: Free Press, 1992), chap. 3; quote p. 100.
51. Medical Department, U.S. Army, Preventive Medicine in World War II, vol. 5, Communicable Diseases (Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1960), chap. 10.
52. Pamela Winfield, Melancholy Baby: The Unplanned Consequences of the G.I.s' Arrival in Europe for World War II (Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2000), chaps. 3 and 4; Shukert and Scibetta, War Brides, 132-133.
53. Frederick Hagan, Office of the Chief of Chaplains, to Chaplain Karl Darkey, 14 September 1943, RG 247, Chief of Chaplains Decimal File, Marriages (vol. 4), NARA.
54. Norman Longmate, The G.I.'s: The Americans in Britain 1942-1945 (New York: Scribner's, 1975), chap. 3
55. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1948), quoted in Longmate, G.I.'s, 32; Reynolds, Rich Relations, chaps. 7 and 8.
56. Medical Department, U.S. Army, Preventive Medicine in World War II, vol. 8, Civil Affairs (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1976), 396-401.
57. Jenel Virden, Good-bye, Piccadilly: British War Brides in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 20-21.
58. Penny Summerfield, Women Workers in the Second World War (London: Croom Helm, 1984)
59. Pat Ayers, Women at War: Liverpool Women, 1939-1945 (Merseyside: Liver Press, 1988), chaps. 1 and 2; quote from Virden, Good-bye, 13.
60. Cyril Radcliffe, quoted in Reynolds, Rich Relations, 144
61. also cited by Barbara G. Friedman, From the Battlefront to the Bridal Suite: Media Coverage of British War Brides (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007), 59. For Friedman's summary, see page 58.
62. George Korson, At His Side: The Story of the American Red Cross Overseas in World War II (New York: Coward-McCann, 1945), chap. 12
63. Winfield, Melancholy Baby, 2-4.
64. Ernie Pyle, Brave Men, edited edition (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 124.
65. George Korson, At His Side: The Story of the American Red Cross Overseas in World War II (New York: Coward-McCann, 1945), 46, 241, 260.
66. "Report of the Transport Service, Naples," War Brides Ship Service, July-December 1946, RG 200, ARC papers, Box 986, NARA; Shukert and Scibetta, War Brides, 98.
67. Fabrice Virgili, Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France, English edition (New York: Berg Press, 2002).
68. "The Trip Back to America," Naples, June 1946, War Brides, Ship Service, July-December 1946, RG 200, ARC papers, Box 986, NARA; Shukert and Scibetta, War Brides, 100.
69. Marcella Olschki, Oh, America (Palermo: Sellerio Editore, 1996), 27. Selections from Olschki's memoir were translated from Italian for the author by Daria Lewis.
70. Interview with Anna Della Casa Gonzales, "War Brides Gather to Tell Tales." Also see testimony of the same bride in Shukert and Scibetta, War Brides, 96-97.
71. "MacArthur in Philippines," Los Angeles Times, 20 October 1944, 1.
72. Preventive Medicine, vol. 8, pp. 575, 593-599, 602.
73. Preventive Medicine, vol. 8, pp. 595-608.
74. Maureen C. Pagaduan, "Leaving Home: Filipino Women Surviving Migration," in Sadhna Arya and Anupama Roy, eds., Poverty, Gender and Migration (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006), chap. 2.
75. Preventive Medicine, vol. 8, p. 608; vol. 5, pp. 290-302.
76. Pittsburgh Courier, 22 December 1951, 2.
77. Train Service report, 4 November 1946, RG 200, ARC papers, Box 986, NARA.
78. Memo "Re: War Brides aboard the General Patrick," 11 February 1948
79. also on the poverty of Filipina brides, typescript report, "War Bride Program in the Philippines," 27 April 1947, RG 200, ARC papers, Box 985, NARA.
80. Gilbo, The American Red Cross, 167.
81. Vallangca, Second Wave, 59-60
82. Nilda Rimonte, "Colonialism's Legacy: The Inferiorizing of the Filipino," in Root, Filipino Americans, 39-61.
83. Penny Summerfield, Reconstructing Women's Wartime Lives: Discourse and Subjectivity in Oral Histories of the Second World War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998)
84. Budani, Italian Women's Narratives; Sherna Berger Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Women, the War and Social Change (Boston: Twayne, 1987).
85. Testimony of Cesira Slawson, Italian war bride, interviewed by Gretchen Morgan, n.d., "Immigrant Journeys" website, http://www.immigrantjourneys.com/stories/slawson_ italy.html (accessed 12 April 2007).
86. Kerry Segrave, American Films Abroad: Hollywood's Domination of the World's Movie Screens (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1997). Also see Matthews, Dance Hall, chap. 5.
87. On Hollywood and overseas perceptions of American soldiers, see Lake, "Desire for a Yank," 629-630
88. Hedrick, Big Sky, 65
89. Winfield, Melancholy Baby, 3
90. Long, From Britain with Love, 67, 131
91. Goetinck, Bottled Dreams, 4, 25
92. "British Brides," Life, 19 November 1945, 45-48
93. "'Ome Is Where the 'Eart Is," Newsweek, 22 October 1945, 58
94. Reynolds, Rich Relations, 418
95. Shukert and Scibetta, War Brides, 37-39.
96. Reynolds, Rich Relations, 418.
97. George Kent, "Brides from Overseas," Reader's Digest 47 (September 1945), 97-98.
98. Malvina Lindsay, "The Gentler Sex," Washington Post, 6 February 1946, 14.
99. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, rev. ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
100. Michael J. Bennett, When Dreams Came True: The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America (Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1996).
101. "Gangplank Marriages," in War Marriage and Its Problems, 83.
102. Tenenbaum, "Fate of Wartime Marriages." 12. Letter to editor, New York Times Magazine, 24 February 1946, 89
103. Isabelle Mallet, "Marriage Banns across the Sea," New York Times Magazine, 26 November 1944, 20.
104. Lindsay, "Gentler Sex," 14
105. Elfrieda Berthiaume Shukert and Barbara Smith Scibetta, War Brides of World War II (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1988).
106. Biographical Directory of U.S. Congress: Asa Leonard Allen (1891-1969), served in Congress 1937-1952, http://bioguide.congress.gov (accessed 10 October 2006).
107. Cited in David Reynolds, Rich Relations: The American Occupation of Britain (New York: Random House, 1995), 417.
108. "Weekly Nursery to Aid War Brides," New York Times, 3 April 1947, 29.
109. Albert Jonsson, Iceland, NATO and the Keflavik Base (Reykjavík: Icelandic Commission on Security and International Affairs, 1989)
110. Benedikt Grondal, Iceland: From Neutrality to NATO Membership (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1971).
111. Jessamyn West, "Reunion Half a World from London Bridge," Ladies' Home Journal 63 (August 1946), 127-132
112. Long, From Britain with Love, 80
113. Frances Van der Meid, "Those English Brides," Christian Science Monitor, 25 May 1946, 5
114. Lee E. Graham, "Yank on a Pedestal," New York Times, 13 April 1947, 152
115. "In Defense of War Brides," letter to the editor, Chicago Daily Tribune, 10 March 1946, 20.
116. David Lamson, "Bride from over the Water," Saturday Evening Post 219 (9 November 1946), 28.
117. Joyce Bryan Vonstrahl, "Horrors on Board the Zebulon B. Vance," The American War Bride Experience: GI Brides of World War II, http://www.geocities.com/us_warbrides/ww2warbrides.html.
118. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003), 11.
119. Yuka Tsuchiya, "Military Occupation as Pedagogy: American Women in the U.S. Occupation of Japan, 1945-1952," Thirteenth Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Scripps College, Claremont, CA, June 2-5, 2005
120. Van der Meid, "Those English Brides." 63. New York Times, 27 December 1946, 21.
121. "British Brides on West Side Greet American Way of Life with Enthusiasm," photo spread, Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 May 1946, W5.
122. Samuels, "40,000 GI Brides Appraise Us," 11.
123. Annual Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1950), tables 9A and 9B.
124. Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender and Foreign Relations, 1945-1949 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), chap. 3; quote on pp. 80-81.
125. Quentin Reynolds, "War Bride," Collier's 120 (September 13, 1947), 12.
126. Malvina Lindsay, "Marriage Melting-Pot," Washington Post, 14 August 1948, 4
127. "Reds Stress Sex in Drive against U.S.," Washington Post, 22 November 1949, 20.
128. "Reds' Prisoner Picture Makes U.S. Wife Happy," Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 September 1950, 7.
129. Graham Smith, When Jim Crow Met John Bull: Black American Soldiers in World War II Britain (London: Tauris, 1987), chaps. 8 and 9; quotes on pp. 206, 222.
130. "War Brides Report, Mediterranean Theater," unpublished typescript, RG 200, American Red Cross Papers, 1935-1946, Box 985, NARA.
131. Spickard discusses this finding from Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy, in Mixed Blood, 300.
132. "Flies from Italy to Marry Ex-GI," Chicago Defender, 16 August 1947, 5.
133. William H. Robinson, "Honeymoon U.S.A.," Pittsburgh Courier, 11 June 1949, 19.
134. Wendy Kline, Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), chaps. 3-5; quote on p. 125.
135. War Marriage and Its Problems: Proceedings of the Annual Institute on Marriage and Home Adjustment, Penn State College, State College, PA, 23-25, October 1944, 29.
136. Christina Klein, Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945-1961 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
137. Caroline Chung Simpson, An Absent Presence: Japanese Americans in Postwar American Culture, 1945-1960 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), 3-8.
138. Caridad Concepcion Vallangca, The Second Wave: Pinay and Pinoy, 1945-1960 (San Francisco: Strawberry Hill Press, 1987), oral history of Gloria Clement, pp. 60-63.
139. James H. Willbanks, Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 257
140. Olivier Todd, Cruel April: The Fall of Saigon, trans. Stephen Becker (New York: Norton, 1987).
141. Lee, Big Brother, Little Brother, 9-13. Lee follows and extends Edward Said's argument in Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).
142. Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 2.
143. Bruce Cumings, "Silent But Deadly: Sexual Subordination in the U.S.-Korean Relationship," in Sturdevant and Stoltzfus, Let the Good Times Roll, 170.
144. Bok-Lim C. Kim, "Asian Wives of U.S. Servicemen: Women in the Shadows," Amerasia Journal 4 (1977), 91-115.
145. Eighth Army resistance to Korean-American marriage is evidenced in "Marriage by GI's Problem in Korea," New York Times, 24 October 1965, 2. Also see Moon, Sex among Allies, 84-85.
146. Eric M. Bergerud, Red Thunder, Tropic Lightning: The World of a Combat Division in Vietnam (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), 219-220, quote on 224
147. Christian G. Appy, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 253-255.
148. John Ketwig, And a Hard Rain Fell: A GI's True Story of the War in Vietnam (New York: Macmillan, 1985), 73.
149. Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies, trans. Stephen Conway (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), vol. 1, chap. 1, pp. 70-79 on the "castrating whore." 40. Ketwig, And a Hard Rain Fell, 71.
150. Gloria Emerson, Winners and Losers: Battles, Retreats, Gain, Losses and Ruins from a Long War (New York: Random House, 1976), 16
151. Carol Fallows, Love and War: Stories of War Brides from the Great War to Vietnam (Sydney: Bantam Books, 2002), 217-223.
152. Also on language translators and office romances, see Judy Klemesrud, "Vietnamese War Brides: Happiness Mixed with Pain," New York Times, 13 September 1971, 42.
153. Shaplen, "Girls They Leave Behind." 48. Hayslip, When Heaven and Earth Changed Places, 223-227, 169-170.
154. Shaplen, "Girls They Leave Behind." 51. DeBonis, Children of the Enemy, 18.
155. Suzan Ruth Travis-Robyns, "What Is Winning Anyway? Redefining Veteran: A Vietnamese American Woman's Experiences in War and Peace," Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies 18 (1997), 145-167.
156. John A. Talbott, "The American Expatriate in South Viet Nam," American Journal of Psychiatry 126 (October 1969), 555-560.
157. Charley Trujillo, Soldados: Chicanos in Vietnam (San Jose, CA: Chusma House, 1990).
158. Bill Raspberry, "Our Amerasian Children," Chicago Tribune, 8 April 1982, 19.
159. DeBonis, Children of the Enemy; Thomas A. Bass, Vietnamerica: The War Comes Home (New York: Soho Press, 1996)
160. Reimers, Other Immigrants, 278-279.
161. Susan Jeffords, The Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).